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{{Pfam_box| Symbol = LRR_1| Name = | image = 2bnh_topview.png| width =| caption = An example of a leucine-rich repeat protein, a porcine ribonuclease inhibitor| Pfam= PF00560| Pfam_clan =CL0022| InterPro= IPR001611| SMART=| Prosite =| SCOP = 2bnh| TCDB =| OPM family=| OPM protein= | PDB=| Membranome family = 605}}

factoids

factoids

factoids

factoids

factoids

factoids

A leucine-rich repeat (LRR) is a protein structural motif that forms an α/β horseshoe fold.JOURNAL, Kobe B, Deisenhofer J, The leucine-rich repeat: a versatile binding motif, Trends Biochem. Sci., 19, 10, 415–21, October 1994, 7817399, 10.1016/0968-0004(94)90090-6, JOURNAL, Enkhbayar P, Kamiya M, Osaki M, Matsumoto T, Matsushima N, Structural principles of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins, Proteins, 54, 3, 394–403, February 2004, 14747988, 10.1002/prot.10605, 19951452, It is composed of repeating 20–30 amino acid stretches that are unusually rich in the hydrophobic amino acid leucine. These tandem repeats commonly fold together to form a solenoid protein domain, termed leucine-rich repeat domain. Typically, each repeat unit has beta strand-turn-alpha helix structure, and the assembled domain, composed of many such repeats, has a horseshoe shape with an interior parallel beta sheet and an exterior array of helices. One face of the beta sheet and one side of the helix array are exposed to solvent and are therefore dominated by hydrophilic residues. The region between the helices and sheets is the protein’s hydrophobic core and is tightly sterically packed with leucine residues.Leucine-rich repeats are frequently involved in the formation of protein–protein interactions.JOURNAL, Kobe B, Kajava AV, The leucine-rich repeat as a protein recognition motif, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 11, 6, 725–32, December 2001, 11751054, 10.1016/S0959-440X(01)00266-4, JOURNAL, Gay NJ, Packman LC, Weldon MA, Barna JC, A leucine-rich repeat peptide derived from the Drosophila Toll receptor forms extended filaments with a beta-sheet structure, FEBS Lett., 291, 1, 87–91, October 1991, 1657640, 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81110-T, 84294221, free,

Examples

Leucine-rich repeat motifs have been identified in a large number of functionally unrelated proteins.JOURNAL, Rothberg JM, Jacobs JR, Goodman CS, Artavanis-Tsakonas S, slit: an extracellular protein necessary for development of midline glia and commissural axon pathways contains both EGF and LRR domains, Genes Dev., 4, 12A, 2169–87, December 1990, 2176636, 10.1101/gad.4.12a.2169, free, The best-known example is the ribonuclease inhibitor, but other proteins such as the tropomyosin regulator tropomodulin and the toll-like receptor also share the motif. In fact, the toll-like receptor possesses 10 successive LRR motifs which serve to bind pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns.Although the canonical LRR protein contains approximately one helix for every beta strand, variants that form beta-alpha superhelix folds sometimes have long loops rather than helices linking successive beta strands.One leucine-rich repeat variant domain (LRV) has a novel repetitive structural motif consisting of alternating alpha- and 310-helices arranged in a right-handed superhelix, with the absence of the beta-sheets present in other leucine-rich repeats.JOURNAL, Peters JW, Stowell MH, Rees DC, A leucine-rich repeat variant with a novel repetitive protein structural motif, Nat. Struct. Biol., 3, 12, 991–4, December 1996, 8946850, 10.1038/nsb1296-991, 36535731,

Associated domains

Leucine-rich repeats are often flanked by N-terminal and C-terminal cysteine-rich domains, but not always as is the case with C5orf36They also co-occur with LRR adjacent domains. These are small, all beta strand domains, which have been structurally described for the protein Internalin (InlA) and related proteins InlB, InlE, InlH from the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Their function appears to be mainly structural: They are fused to the C-terminal end of leucine-rich repeats, significantly stabilising the LRR, and forming a common rigid entity with the LRR. They are themselves not involved in protein-protein-interactions but help to present the adjacent LRR-domain for this purpose. These domains belong to the family of Ig-like domains in that they consist of two sandwiched beta sheets that follow the classical connectivity of Ig-domains. The beta strands in one of the sheets is, however, much smaller than in most standard Ig-like domains, making it somewhat of an outlier.JOURNAL, Schubert WD, Gobel G, Diepholz M, Darji A, Kloer D, Hain T, Chakraborty T, Wehland J, Domann E, Heinz DW, Internalins from the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes combine three distinct folds into a contiguous internalin domain, J. Mol. Biol., 312, 4, 783–94, September 2001, 11575932, 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4989, JOURNAL, Schubert WD, Urbanke C, Ziehm T, Beier V, Machner MP, Domann E, Wehland J, Chakraborty T, Heinz DW, Structure of internalin, a major invasion protein of Listeria monocytogenes, in complex with its human receptor E-cadherin, Cell, 111, 6, 825–36, December 2002, 12526809, 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)01136-4, 17232767, free, JOURNAL, Freiberg A, Machner MP, Pfeil W, Schubert WD, Heinz DW, Seckler R, Folding and stability of the leucine-rich repeat domain of internalin B from Listeri monocytogenes, J. Mol. Biol., 337, 2, 453–61, March 2004, 15003459, 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.044, An iron sulphur cluster is found at the N-terminus of some proteins containing the leucine-rich repeat variant domain (LRV). These proteins have a two-domain structure, composed of a small N-terminal domain containing a cluster of four Cysteine residues that houses the (Iron-sulfur cluster|4Fe:4S cluster), and a larger C-terminal domain containing the LRV repeats. Biochemical studies revealed that the 4Fe:4S cluster is sensitive to oxygen, but does not appear to have reversible redox activity.

See also

• Leucine zipper

References

{{Reflist|2}}

Further reading

• BOOK, Tooze, John, Brändén, Carl-Ivar, Introduction to Protein Structure, 2nd, Garland Publishing, New York, 1999, 0-8153-2305-0,
• JOURNAL, Wei T, Gong J, Jamitzky F, Heckl WM, Stark RW, Roessle SC, LRRML: a conformational database and an XML description of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), BMC Struct. Biol., 8, 1, 47, November 2008, 18986514, 10.1186/1472-6807-8-47, 2645405, free,

External links

• {{ELM|LIG_SCF_Skp2-Cks1_1}}
• scop.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/scop/data/scop.b.d.bb.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20180529083543scop.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/scop/data/scop.b.d.bb.html">SCOP LRR fold
• www.cathdb.info/cgi-bin/cath/GotoCath.pl?cath=3.80" title="web.archive.org/web/20070312154627www.cathdb.info/cgi-bin/cath/GotoCath.pl?cath=3.80">CATH Alpha-beta horseshoe architecture
• tollml.lrz.de/" title="web.archive.org/web/20110719055538tollml.lrz.de/">LRRML: a conformational database of leucine-rich repeats

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