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dog communication
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{{Short description|Communication of dogs with other dogs and as well as humans}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}{{multiple image| direction = horizontal| total_width = 480| image1 = Ano-Genital-Kontrolle.jpg- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
124}}|| image2 = Cooper the bloodhound meets and greets friend.jpg| caption2 = The mucus on a dog’s wet nose traps particles from everything the dog has recently smelled or eaten. When dogs meet, they smell each other’s noses to see what the other dog did that day and if there is any food nearby.| image3 = Husky (1).jpg | 120â122}}}}Dog communication is the transfer of information between dogs, as well as between dogs and humans. Behaviors associated with dog communication are categorized into visual and vocal.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} Visual communication includes mouth shape and head position, licking and sniffing, ear and tail positioning, eye gaze, facial expression, and body posture. Dog vocalizations, or auditory communication, can include barks, growls, howls, whines and whimpers, screams, pants and sighs. Dogs also communicate via gustatory communication, utilizing scent and pheromones.JOURNAL, Pageat, Patrick, Gaultier, Emmanuel, March 2003, Current research in canine and feline pheromones,linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195561602001286, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, en, 33, 2, 187â211, 10.1016/S0195-5616(02)00128-6, 12701508, Humans can communicate with dogs through a wide variety of methods. Broadly, this includes vocalization, hand signals, body posture and touch. The two species also communicate visually: through domestication, dogs have become particularly adept at “reading” human facial expressions, and they are able to determine human emotional status. When communicating with a human, their level of comprehension is generally comparable to a toddler.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}Dogâhuman communicationFile:Lorenz emotions.png|left|thumb|250px|A drawing by Konrad Lorenz showing facial expressions of a dog â a communication behavior. Both humans and dogs are characterized by complex social lives with complex communication systems, but it is also possible that dogs, perhaps because of their reliance on humans for food, have evolved specialized skills for recognizing and interpreting human social-communicative signals.JOURNAL, Kaminski, Juliane, Waller, Bridget M., Diogo, Rui, Hartstone-Rose, Adam, Burrows, Anne M., Evolution of facial muscle anatomy in dogs, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2019, 116, 29, 14677â14681, 10.1073/pnas.1820653116, 31209036, 6642381, free, 2019PNAS..11614677K, Four basic hypotheses have been put forward to account for the findings.
Visual{{One source|section|date=August 2023}}Dogs communicating emotions through body positioning were illustrated in Charles Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals published in 1872.File:Expression of the Emotions Figure 4.png|“Small dog watching a cat on a table“File:Expression of the Emotions Figure 5.png|“Dog approaching another dog with hostile intentions“File:Expression of the Emotions Figure 6.png|“Dog in a humble and affectionate frame of mind“File:Expression of the Emotions Figure 8.png|“Dog caressing his master“File:Expression of the Emotions Figure 7.png|“Half-bred shepherd dog“File:Expression of the Emotions Figure 14.png|“Head of snarling dog“In her book On Talking Terms with Dogs, Turid Rugaas identifies around 30 signals that she calls calming signals. The notion of dominance and submission is much debated.BOOK, Eatron, Barry, Dominance in dogs: Fact or Fiction, Dogwise Publishing, B011T6R50G, WEB, Rousseau, Steph, Digging the dirt on dominance,www.pdte.eu/#!Digging-the-dirt-on-dominance-in-dogs/c1ldq/5519a0080cf21e26babf278e, Pet Dog Trainers of Europe Blog, In her book, she does not use these terms to differentiate behaviour. She describes calming signals as a way for dogs to calm themselves or other humans/dogs around them. These are some of the signals she identifies:{hide}Div col|colwidth=17em|content=
Mouth shape
Head position
YawnSimilarly to humans, dogs yawn in an attempt to awaken. Dogs will also yawn when under stress, or as a pacifying signal when being menaced by aggression signals from another dog. Yawning, accompanied by a head turned away from the aggressor, can defuse a potentially threatening situation.{{rp|120â122}} It is also recognized as a calming signal.Licking and sniffingLicking behavior has multiple causes and meanings and should not be simply interpreted as affection. Dogs that are familiar with each other may lick each other’s faces in greeting, then sniff any moist membranes where odors are strongest (i.e. mouth, nose, anal region, or urogenital region.) Mating behaviors are characterized by licking in a more vigorous manner than used during greetings.{{rp|124}} Licking can communicate information about dominance, intentions, and state of mind, and, like the yawn, is mainly a pacifying behavior. All pacifying behaviors contain elements of puppy behavior, including licking. Puppies lick themselves and their littermates as part of the cleaning process, and it appears to build bonds. Later in life, licking ceases to be a cleaning function and forms a ritualized gesture indicating friendliness.{{rp|124â125}} When stressed, a dog might lick the air, its own lips, or drop down and lick its paws or body.{{rp|126}} Lip-licking and sniffing are also recognized as calming signals.EarsDogs’ ability to move their ears is different among each breed. In addition, some ears move very little if they are artificially altered or cropped by humans.
EyesWhen dogs want to threaten a perceived adversary, they will stare. In contrast, dogs will avoid eye contact if trying to decrease tension. They can communicate emotional states by having “soft” eyes or “hard” eyes. Soft eyes are used when a dog feels relaxed and not threatened. Hard eyes are used when feeling tension and unease about a potentially threatening situation. The eyes are slightly closed, the brow area is wrinkled, and their teeth may be showing. A dog should not be approached when they are communicating this way and should be removed from the high tension situation, if possible.
Tail{{see also|Tail wagging by dogs}}
Body{{See also | Body language of dogs}}Dogs’ bodies alone can communicate a lot. By increasing the size and tension of their bodies and making themselves look larger, they can communicate confidence, alertness, or even threat. Actions meant to reduce the size of the body, such as lowering to the floor with tail tucked and lowered ears, can communicate stress, fear, nerves, or a desire to avoid conflicts.
Auditory{{One source|section|date=August 2023}}Long-distance contact calls are common in Canidae, typically in the form of either barks (termed “pulse trains“) or howls (termed “long acoustic streams“).Robert L. Robbins, “Vocal Communication in Free-Ranging African Wild Dogs”, Behavior, vol. 137, No. 10 (October 2000), pp. 1271-1298.J.A. Cohen and M.W. Fox, “Vocalizations in Wild Canids and Possible Effects of Domestication,” Behavioural Processes, vol. 1 (1976), pp. 77-92. The long-distance howling of wolvesJohn B. Theberge and J. Bruce Falls, “Howling as a Means of Communication in Timber Wolves,” American Zoologist, vol. 7, no. 2 (May 1967), pp. 331-338. and coyotesP.N. Lehner, “Coyote vocalizations: a lexicon and comparisons with other canids,” Animal Behavior, vol. 26 (1978) pp. 712-722.H. McCarley, “Long distance vocalization of coyotes (Canis latrans),” J. Mammal., vol. 56 (1975), pp. 847-856.Charles Fergus, “Probing Question: Why do coyotes howl?” Penn State News (15 January 2007). is one way in which dogs communicate.By the age of four weeks, the dog has developed the majority of its vocalizations. The dog is the most vocal canid and is unique in its tendency to bark in myriad situations. Barking appears to have little more communication functions than excitement, fighting, the presence of a human, or simply because other dogs are barking. Subtler signs such as discreet bodily and facial movements, body odors, whines, yelps, and growls are the main sources of actual communication. The majority of these subtle communication techniques are employed at a close proximity to another, but for long-range communication, only barking and howling are employed.BOOK, Fox, Michael W., Behaviour of Wolves, Dogs, and Related Canids, 1971, Harper & Row, New York, 0-89874-686-8, 183â206, 1st United States,books.google.com/books?id=bBXbAgAAQBAJ, {{rp|Ch10}}(File:Military dog barking.JPG|thumb|Rapid barking with a midrange pitch is the basic alarm bark.{{rp|79}})Barks
Growls
Howls{{anchor|Howls}}
Whines and whimpersWhining and whimpers are short, high pitched sounds designed to bring the listener closer to show either fear or submission on the behalf of the whiner or whimperer. These are also the sounds that puppies make as pacifying and soliciting sounds.{{rp|89}}
ScreamingA yelp for several seconds in length much like a human child, then repeated â anguish or agony, a call to the pack-mates for help, is rarely heard. It could be an indication of severe injury. It is recommended to take a dog to a veterinarian immediately if they scream.{{rp|92â93}}PantingPanting is an attempt to regulate body temperature. Excitement can raise the body temperature in both humans and dogs. Although not an intentional communication, if the dog pants rapidly even though it is not exposed to warm conditions or intense physical activity, then this signals excitement due to stress.{{rp|95}}SighsSighs are an expression of emotion, usually when the dog is lying down with its head on its paws. When the eyes are half-closed, it signals pleasure and contentment. When the eyes are fully open, it signals displeasure or disappointment.{{rp|96}}Play SneezingPlay sneezing is another calming signal that dogs useBOOK, Rugaas, Turid,www.worldcat.org/oclc/63519566, On talking terms with dogs : calming signals, December 2005, 1-929242-36-0, Second, Wenatchee, Wash., 63519566, to indicate that they are not being aggressive, or that they are just playing. Play sneezes are not actual sneezes, but more of an expulsion of air that resembles a sneeze, and occur frequently during play.{{cn|date=April 2024}}Olfactory{{Further|Dog anatomy#Smell}}{{multiple image| direction = horizontal| total_width = 440| image1 = Dog urinating on lifeguard’s chair.jpg | TITLE=WOLVES: BEHAVIOR, ECOLOGY, AND CONSERVATION | DATE=1 OCTOBER 2010 | ISBN=978-0-226-51698-1, | image3 = New_Guinea_Singing_Dog_marking_territory_via_scent_rub.jpg| caption3 = Scent rubbing}}Dogs have an olfactory sense 40 times more sensitive than a human’s and they commence their lives operating almost exclusively on smell and touch.{{rp|247}} The special scents that dogs use for communication are called pheromones.BOOK, Beaver, Bonnie V. G.,books.google.com/books?id=S6o5ypyRPQEC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=123&hl=en, Canine Behavior: Insights and Answers, 2009-01-01, Elsevier Health Sciences, 978-1-4160-5419-1, en, Pheromones are composed of natural chemicals that mediate olfactory communication with conspecifics. These pheromones that contain chemical signals serve to send information to other dogs about social status, age, sexual or reproductive status, aggressive behavior, and territorial marking.JOURNAL, Heath, Sarah, 2007, Understanding pheromones,doi.org/10.1080/17415349.2007.11013611, Veterinary Nursing Journal, 22, 9, 22â23, 10.1080/17415349.2007.11013611, 219319909, Taylor and Francis Group, JOURNAL, Petak, Irena, 2010-06-01, Patterns of carnivores’ communication and potential significance for domestic dogs,www.academia.edu/77482431, Periodicum Biologorum, They can serve to either attract or repel other dogs. Pheromone signals are received in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) that is included in the olfactory tract.BOOK, Serpell, James,books.google.com/books?id=I8HU_3ycrrEC&dq=olfactory&pg=PA120, The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People, 1995, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-521-42537-7, en, In order for a dog to detect a stimulus, or odor, the VNO has to be opened. It is opened when a pheromone attaches to the membrane of the nervous cells in the vomeronasal organ.JOURNAL, Pageat, Patrick, Gaultier, Emmanuel, 2003, Current research in canine and feline pheromones,pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12701508/, The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 33, 2, 187â211, 10.1016/s0195-5616(02)00128-6, 0195-5616, 12701508, PubMed, From the VNO, the pheromone signals are sent to the accessory olfactory bulb and transferred to the amygdala. The pheromone will finally be sent to the ventromedial hypothalamus, where the signal is perceived. The Flehmen Response is a behavior in dogs in which the upper lip curves up to reveal to their teeth; this behavior strengthens the intake of pheromones.Chemical signals are diffused into the environment by anal secretions, pedal glands, urine and fecal deposits, body odor, and rubbing their body on certain items. This is called scent marking, when individuals leave strong smelling scents on specific areas in the environment in order to mark their territory. The scent mark contains chemical messages about the sender. For example, when a female is in estrus, she will urinate more frequently to attract a potential mate. The urine contains information about a female’s reproductive status and it also conveys messages to the receiver about the female’s location. The compound p-hydroxybenzoate is found in the pheromones that attract a male to a female in estrus.The most common type of scent marking is urine-marking to identify their territory.JOURNAL, KokociÅska-Kusiak, Agata, WoszczyÅo, Martyna, Zybala, MikoÅaj, Maciocha, Julia, BarÅowska, Katarzyna, 2021, Canine Olfaction: Physiology, Behavior, and Possibilities for Practical Applications, Animals, 11, 8, 2463, 10.3390/ani11082463, 34438920, 8388720, free, Adult males prefer to mark vertical surfaces with urine, using the raised-leg posture. The raised-leg posture provides increased dispersal of the elevated mark, allowing the wind to carry it further. Females; however, tend to utilize a squatting posture and urinate less frequently than males. Additionally, smaller dogs can use a higher leg raise when urinating to embellish their competitive ability.Overmarking is when an individual covers another’s scent mark with its own. Both males and females practice overmarking, although it is more common in males. Overmarking is used to send information about social status and dominance. It enables dogs to find potential mates or acknowledge potential competitors. Such as males may overmark a female’s urine to guard a potential mate.Scratching the ground is a common behavior seen after urination or defecation and is another way in which chemical signals are secreted. Pheromones are excreted from the pedal glands, aiding in territorial marking or adding additional odor to the scent mark. The chances of a dog scratching the ground increases when the individual is aggressively aroused. It is also usually followed by another male counter marking with urine in order to cover the area with their own scent and more prevalent when there is a female in estrus around.Dogs also receive information about a conspecific by sniffing particular glands. When greeting, dogs tend to be more attentive to the neck, face, inguinal, and peripheral areas. There are specific glands in these areas that produce different odors, such as glands at the corner of the mouth, in the ear pinnae, the preputial and vaginal glands, and anal glands. Dogs gain social information by sniffing particular odors secreted from these areas.JOURNAL, Siniscalchi, Marcello, d’Ingeo, Serenella, Minunno, Michele, Quaranta, Angelo, 2018-07-31, Communication in Dogs, Animals, 8, 8, 131, 10.3390/ani8080131, 30065156, 6116041, 2076-2615, free, Dogs can also gain information from anal secretions. All canines have two symmetric sacs on either side of the anal sphincter that produce anal secretions during defecation. These are important in marking territory and sending information about social status.See alsoReferencesExternal links{{Domestic dog}} |
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