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| map_type = Japan Gifu Prefecture#Japan| map_relief = i| territory = Tokugawa clan gains nominal control of all JapanTokugawa clan>Eastern army victory

• Beginning of Tokugawa shogunate

20px) Western Army: Forces loyal to Ishida Mitsunari, many clans from Western Japan20px) Eastern Army: Forces loyal to Tokugawa Ieyasu, clans of Eastern JapanIshida Mitsunari{{executed}}Ukita HideieÅŒtani Yoshitsugu{{KIA}}Shima Sakon{{KIA}}Chōsokabe MorichikaGamō clan#Gamō Yorisato>Gamō Yorisato{{KIA}}Shimazu YoshihiroShimazu Toyohisa{{KIA}}Akashi TakenoriKonishi Yukinaga{{executed}}Toda Katsushige{{KIA}}Ankokuji Ekei{{executed}}Mōri HidemotoNatsuka Masaie{{KIA}}Hiratsuka Tamehiro{{KIA}}Defected:Kobayakawa HideakiKikkawa HiroieWakisaka YasuharuKutsuki MototsunaAkaza NaoyasuOgawa SuketadaTokugawa IeyasuFukushima MasanoriTōdō TakatoraHosokawa TadaokiIkeda TerumasaOda Nagamasu>Oda UrakusaiIi NaomasaMatsudaira TadayoshiKuroda NagamasaTakenaka ShigekadoHonda TadakatsuFuruta ShigekatsuKatō YoshiakiTerazawa HirotakaIkoma KazumasaTsutsui SadatsuguHorio TadaujiKanamori NagachikaAsano YoshinagaYamauchi KatsutoyoKyōgoku TakatomoDavisp=204}}81,890 by the time of battle{{sfn1995}}Davisp=204}}88,888 by the time of battle{{sfn1995}}| casualties1 = 8,000–32,000『関原軍記大成』 killed~23,000 defected| casualties2 = 4,000–10,000『関原合戦記』 killed}}{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Tokugawa Ieyasu}}{{Campaignbox Campaigns of the Mori clan}}{{Campaignbox Campaigns of the Chosokabe}}{{Campaignbox Campaigns of the Shimazu}}{{Campaignbox Sekigahara Campaign}}{| class=“infobox” style="width: 17em; font-size: 95%;”! colspan=“2” bgcolor=“#b0c4de” | Commanders of Eastern Army (Tokugawa Force) style="vertical-align: center;“| |Tokugawa Ieyasu (head of the alliance): 30,000 men| |Maeda Toshinaga| |Date Masamune| |Katō Kiyomasa: 3,000 men| |Fukushima Masanori: 6,000 men| |Hosokawa Tadaoki: 5,000 men||Numata Jakō| |Asano Yoshinaga: 6,510 men| |Ikeda Terumasa: 4,560 men| |Kuroda Nagamasa: 5,400 men| |Katō Yoshiaki: 3,000 men| |Komatsuhime| |Tanaka Yoshimasa: 3,000 men| |Tōdō Takatora: 2,490 men| |Sanada Nobuyuki| |Mogami Yoshiaki| |Yamauchi Katsutoyo: 2,058 men| |Hachisuka Iemasa| |Honda Tadakatsu: 500 men| |Terazawa Hirotaka: 2,400 men| |Ikoma Kazumasa: 1,830 men| |Ii Naomasa: 3,600 men| |Matsudaira Tadayoshi: 3,000 men| |Oda Nagamasu: 450 men| |Tsutsui Sadatsugu: 2,850 men| |Kanamori Nagachika: 1,140 men| |Tomita Nobutaka: 1,300 men||Yuki no Kata||Okaji no Kata| |Furuta Shigekatsu: 1,200 men| |Wakebe Mitsuyoshi| |Horio Tadauji| |Nakamura Kazutada| |Arima Toyouji: 900 men| |Kyōgoku Takatomo: 3,000 men||Kuki Moritaka! colspan=“2” bgcolor=“#b0c4de” | Commanders of Western Army (Ishida Force) style="vertical-align: top;“| |Mōri Terumoto (official head of the alliance) (not present)| |Ishida Mitsunari (de facto head of the alliance): 4,000 men| |Niwa Nagashige| |Uesugi Kagekatsu| Maeda Toshimasa (1578)>Maeda Toshimasa (Brother of Maeda Toshinaga)| |Ukita Hideie: 17,000 men| |Shimazu Yoshihiro: 1,500 men| |Kobayakawa Hideaki (defected): 15,600 men| |Konishi Yukinaga: 4,000 men| |Mashita Nagamori| |Ogawa Suketada (defected): 2,100 men| |ÅŒtani Yoshitsugu: 600 men| |ÅŒtani Yoshikatsu: 3,500 men| |Wakisaka Yasuharu (defected): 990 men| |Ankokuji Ekei: 1,800 men| |Satake Yoshinobu| |Oda Hidenobu| |Chōsokabe Morichika: 6,600 men| |Kutsuki Mototsuna (defected): 600 men| |Akaza Naoyasu (defected): 600 men| |Kikkawa Hiroie (defected): 3,000 men| |Natsuka Masaie: 1,500 men| |Mōri Hidemoto: 15,000 men||Tachibana Ginchiyo| |Toda Katsushige: 1,500 men| |Sanada Masayuki| |Sanada Yukimura: 40| |Shima Sakon: 1,000 men| |Gamo Yorisato: 1,000 men| |Shimazu Toyohisa: 750 men| |Kuki Yoshitaka| |Vassals of the Toyotomi: 2,000 menThe Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: ; KyÅ«jitai: , Hepburn romanization: Sekigahara no Tatakai) was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu Prefecture, Japan, at the end of the Sengoku period. This battle was fought by the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu against a coalition of Toyotomi loyalist clans under Ishida Mitsunari, several of which defected before or during the battle, leading to a Tokugawa victory. The Battle of Sekigahara was the largest battle of Japanese feudal history and is often regarded as the most important. Mitsunari’s defeat led to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate.Tokugawa Ieyasu took three more years to consolidate his position of power over the Toyotomi clan and the various daimyō, but the Battle of Sekigahara is widely considered to be the unofficial beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan for another two and a half centuries until 1868.WEB, Battle of Sekigahara {{!, Summary, Facts, & Outcome {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Sekigahara |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}

Background

Toyotomi clan rule

Toyotomi Hideyoshi was a prominent general under Oda Nobunaga. Nobunaga unified much of Japan under his rule after defeating the Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki and ending the Ashikaga shogunate; however, he was betrayed by Akechi Mitsuhide and died at the Honnō-ji Incident of 1582. Hideyoshi quickly avenged his master and consolidated control over Japan afterward, with the aid of his brother Hidenaga. Hideyoshi had risen from humble roots—his father having been an ashigaru (foot soldier)—to become the ruler of Japan. To bolster his claim, Hideyoshi married noble women so that his heirs at least would descend from suitably distinguished families.BOOK, Yoshikawa, Eiji, Taiko, Kodansha International, {{sfn|Davis|1999|p=205}}The final years of Hideyoshi’s reign were troubled. While rivals in the Hojo clan were defeated at the Siege of Odawara in 1590, failures in the invasions of Korea significantly weakened the Toyotomi clan’s power and its support from bureaucrats who served in the government.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=205}} Additionally, Hideyoshi ordered the execution of Toyotomi Hidetsugu and his entire family in 1595. Hidetsugu was his nephew and heir, as well as the regent at the time who had been expected to take up leadership after Hideyoshi. When Hideyoshi was on his deathbed in 1598, he set up a regency government, as his new heir, Toyotomi Hideyori, was only five years old. Hideyoshi’s death created a power vacuum; there was no appointed shōgun over the armies.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=205}}{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=8}} The respected regent Maeda Toshiie, a neutral party between the clashing factions, kept the peace for a time, but he too died in 1599.

Feuding factions

Two main factions arose during the fading years of Hideyoshi’s rule and the immediate aftermath of his death. Tokugawa Ieyasu was unrivaled in terms of seniority, rank, reputation, and overall influence within the regency government, and had the allegiance of many of the lords of eastern Japan. Toyotomi clan loyalists and the lords of western Japan rallied behind Ishida Mitsunari. Tensions between them sometimes boiled into open hostilities, with relations eventually degenerating into the conflicts of 1600 that led to the Battle of Sekigahara.Katō Kiyomasa and Fukushima Masanori were publicly critical of the bureaucrats, especially Mitsunari and Konishi Yukinaga. Tokugawa Ieyasu took advantage of this situation and recruited them, redirecting the animosity to weaken the Toyotomi clan.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=10}} Rumours started to spread stating that Ieyasu, at that point the only surviving contemporary ally of Oda Nobunaga, would take over Hideyoshi’s legacy just as Nobunaga’s was taken. This was especially evident amongst the loyalist bureaucrats, who suspected Ieyasu of agitating unrest amongst Toyotomi’s former vassals.Later, a supposed conspiracy to assassinate Ieyasu surfaced, and many Toyotomi loyalists, including Maeda Toshiie’s son, Toshinaga, were accused of taking part and forced to submit to Ieyasu’s authority.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=10}} Uesugi Kagekatsu, one of Hideyoshi’s appointed regents, defied Ieyasu by building up his military. When Ieyasu officially condemned him and demanded that he come to Kyoto to explain himself, Kagekatsu’s chief advisor, Naoe Kanetsugu, responded with a counter-condemnation that mocked Ieyasu’s abuses and violations of Hideyoshi’s rules; Ieyasu was infuriated.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|pp=12, 89}}Afterwards, Ieyasu summoned the help of various supporters and led them northward to attack the Uesugi clan. However, many of them were at that moment besieging Hasedō. Ishida Mitsunari, grasping the opportunity created by the chaos, rose up in response and created an alliance to challenge Ieyasu’s supporters.

Troop deployment

Ishida, in his home Sawayama Castle, met with ÅŒtani Yoshitsugu, Mashita Nagamori and Ankokuji Ekei. Here, they forged their alliance, and invited Mōri Terumoto to be its head. They formed what came to be referred to as the Western Army. Mōri seized Osaka Castle for their base of operations, since most of Tokugawa’s forces had vacated the area to attack Uesugi.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|pp=12, 90}}{{stack|{{multiple image| direction = vertical| align =| width = 225| image1 = Battle of Sekigahara folding screen.jpg| alt1 = The battle depicted on folding screens| caption1 = The battle| image2 = EdoJapaneseArquebuse.jpg| alt2 = Three Japanese arquebus depictedarquebus (Tanegashima (Japanese matchlock)>Tanegashima) of the Edo era}}}}Ishida wanted to reinforce Mōri at the impregnable Osaka Castle. This would let Ishida control the capital of Kyoto and challenge the Tokugawa. To this end, Ishida’s forces headed for Gifu Castle in order to use it as a staging area to move on Kyoto, since it was controlled by his ally Oda Hidenobu.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=205}}Back in Edo, Tokugawa Ieyasu received news of the situation in the Kansai region and decided to deploy his forces. Ieyasu himself commanded 30,000 men and his subordinates led another 40,000 men. This made up the bulk of what would later be called the Eastern Army.{{sfn|Davis|1999|pp=205–206}} He had some former Toyotomi daimyō engage with the Western Army, while he split his troops and marched west on the Tōkaidō towards Osaka.Since the Tokugawa army departed from Edo, it could only take two roads, both of which converged on Gifu Castle. Ieyasu marched on Gifu while Ishida Mitsunari was delayed at Fushimi Castle. This fortress was a halfway point between Osaka and Kyoto and was controlled by the Tokugawa ally Torii Mototada.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|pp=89–90}} Ishida could not risk leaving a force that could attack his rear, so he marched on it. It took him ten days to capture Fushimi, and in that time Gifu Castle had fallen. This forced Ishida Mitsunari to retreat southward in the rain.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=205}} The rain was relevant in that the bulk of both armies were equipped with matchlock rifles (tanegashima), which required dry gunpowder to fire. Ishida Mitsunari and his troops were stationed at ÅŒgaki Castle by mid-October, 1600. They were evaluating their situation when Tokugawa’s army arrived two days later at Mino Akasaka, a few miles away from their location.Initially, the Eastern Army had 75,000 men, while the Western Army numbered 120,000.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=204}} Ieyasu had also brought a supply of arquebuses.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=206}} Knowing that the Tokugawa forces were heading towards Osaka, Ishida decided to abandon his positions and marched to Sekigahara. Even though the Western army had tremendous tactical advantages, Ieyasu had already been in contact with many of the daimyō in the Western Army for months, promising them land and leniency after the battle should they switch sides.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=206}}Shima Sakon, one of Mitsunari’s commanders, requested permission to attack the nearest Tokugawa troops. Later, Sakon clashed with Honda Tadakatsu at the Battle of Kuisegawa. As a result, the Eastern Army suffered significant losses from the battle and had to pull back from the Mino Akasaka territory to Sekigahara. Not wanting to lose the advantage, Mitsunari ordered his army to surround Ieyasu at Sekigahara. Ishida deployed his troops in a strong defensive position, flanked by two streams with high ground on the opposite banks. His right flank was reinforced by daimyō Kobayakawa Hideaki on Mount Matsuo.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=206}}On October 20, 1600, Ieyasu learned that Ishida Mitsunari had deployed his troops at Sekigahara in a defensive position. They had been following the Western Army, and benefited from considerably better weather.

The battle

At dawn on October 21, 1600, the Tokugawa advance guard stumbled into Ishida’s army. Neither side saw each other because of the dense fog caused by the earlier rain. Both sides panicked and withdrew, but each was now aware of their adversary’s presence.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=206}}Ishida held his defensive position while Ieyasu deployed his forces south of Ishida forces, sending his allies’ forces in a line to the front and holding his own troops in reserve. Around 8:00 am, wind blew away the fog, and both sides noticed their respective adversary’s positions. Last-minute orders were issued and the battle began.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=207}}{{stack|File:Sekigahara Kassen Byōbu-zu (Gifu History Museum).jpg|thumb|400px|Edo periodEdo period}}The battle started when Ii Naomasa, who was heavily involved in the Battle of Gifu Castle before, immediately commanded his notable 3,600 crimson clad Ii no Akazoane (Ii’s red devils) units to attack the center of the Western army.{{harvtxt|Stephen Turnbull |2012 |p=48}}{{harvtxt|Anthony J. Bryant |2013 |pIi Naomasa}} Naomasa himself along with 30 spearmen clashed with the ranks of the Western army.BOOK, James Murdoch, James Murdoch (Scottish Orientalist), A History of Japan Volume 2, 1996, Routledge, 417,www.google.co.id/books/edition/A_History_of_Japan/fjSQOixtgngC?hl=, 7 May 2024, En, This was followed by Fukushima Masanori, the leader of the Tokugawa advance guard, charging north from the Eastern Army’s left flank along the Fuji River against the Western Army’s right centre under Ukita Hideie. The ground was still muddy from the previous day’s rain, so the conflict there devolved into something more primal. Ieyasu then ordered attacks from his right and centre against the Western Army’s left in order to support Fukushima’s attack.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=206}}This left the Western Army’s centre unscathed, so Ishida ordered this unit - under the command of Shimazu Yoshihiro - to reinforce his right flank. Shimazu refused, as daimyō of the day only listened to respected commanders, which Ishida was not.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=206}}Fukushima’s attack was slowly gaining ground, but this came at the cost of exposing his troops’ flank to attack from across the Fuji River by ÅŒtani Yoshitsugu, who took advantage of this opportunity. Just past ÅŒtani’s forces were those of Kobayakawa Hideaki on Mount Matsuo.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=206}}At this point, the battle entered a deadlock. ÅŒta GyÅ«ichi - who was present at the battle - wrote in his chronicle that “friends and foes are pushing each other” and “gunfire thunders while hails of arrows fly in the sky...”.{{sfn|Bryant|1995 |p=65 }}BOOK, Kamaluddin, Kusumawati, Riana, THE SPIRIT OF SAMURAI, MEGA PRESS NUSANTARA, 9786238313402, 78,www.google.co.id/books/edition/THE_SPIRIT_OF_SAMURAI/l0rkEAAAQBAJ?hl=, 1 May 2024, Id,

Kobayakawa changes sides

Kobayakawa Hideaki was one of the daimyō who had been courted by Tokugawa. Even though he had agreed to defect to the Tokugawa side beforehand, during the actual battle he was allegedly hesitant and remained neutral, and is reported to have joined the battle only around noon as a member of the Eastern Army. Some later historical accounts claim that as the battle grew more intense, Ieyasu finally ordered his arquebuses to fire at Kobayakawa’s position on Mount Matsuo to force a choice. However, the sheer distance between the Eastern Army positions and Kobayakawa’s, far out of range of arquebuses and likely too far for a shot to even be heard, make this very unlikely. Historian Shiramine Jun has argued that “the earliest accounts of Sekigahara show that Hideaki’s so-called treachery happened when the battle began, not halfway through”,WEB,www.ospreypublishing.com/uk/osprey-blog/2019/the-battle-of-sekigahara-what-went-right/, The battle of Sekigahara – what went right?, Turnbull, Stephen, 28 August 2019, Osprey Publishing, 25 April 2024, and that the “story about Ieyasu ordering ‘probing shots’ to be fired into his ranks is therefore a complete myth.“Regardless of what actually transpired, in the end Kobayakawa forces charged ÅŒtani’s position. ÅŒtani’s forces had dry gunpowder, so they opened fire on the turncoats, making the charge of 16,000 men mostly ineffective.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=207}} However, ÅŒtani’s troops were already engaging against forces under the command of Tōdō Takatora and Oda YÅ«raku when Kobayakawa charged. At this point, the buffer ÅŒtani had established was outnumbered. Seeing this, Western Army daimyos Wakisaka Yasuharu, Ogawa Suketada, Akaza Naoyasu and Kutsuki Mototsuna switched sides, turning the tide of battle.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=73}}

Fall of the Western Army

Heavily outnumbered, ÅŒtani had no choice but to retreat. This left the Western Army’s right flank wide open, so Fukushima and Kobayakawa began to roll it up. Thus Ishida’s right flank was destroyed and his centre was being pushed back, so he retreated.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=207}}Ishida’s only remaining forces were on Mount Nangu. However, these forces were there for a reason. Kikkawa Hiroie was one of the commanders on the mountain. Kikkawa’s troops formed the front lines of the Mōri army, which was commanded by his cousin Mōri Hidemoto. Earlier, when Hidemoto decided to attack the Tokugawa forces, Hiroie refused to comply, stating he was busy eating and asked to be left alone. This in turn prevented the Chōsokabe army, which deployed behind the Mōri clan, from attacking.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|pp=66, 68}} When Ishida arrived, Kikkawa betrayed him as well. He kept the Mōri army at bay, and since Ishida had no more support, he was defeated.{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=207}} Ii Naomasa immediately took his chance to charge further, until he reached the position of Yoshihiro Shimazu. This caused the Shimazu troops to turn and withdraw, which Ii kept pushing in pursuit. However, Ii was incapacitated during the pursuit by rifle shot from a Shimazu soldier.{{harvtxt|Stephen Turnbull |2011 |p=63-4}}The Western Army disintegrated afterwards with the commanders scattering and fleeing. Some, like Ukita Hideie, managed to escape, at least initially.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=80}} Many others did not. Shima Sakon now suddenly fought the troops of Kuroda Nagamasa, who had taken a detour on the north to flank the Mitsunari and Sakon positions.{{harvtxt|Morgan Pitelka |2016 |p=118-42}} In the end, Sakon was shot and fatally wounded by a round from an arquebus{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=51}} and ÅŒtani Yoshitsugu committed suicide. Ishida, Yukinaga and Ekei were some of those who were captured and a few, like Shimazu Yoshihiro, were able to return to their home provinces.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=79}} Mōri Terumoto and his forces had remained entrenched at Osaka Castle rather than join the battle, and later quietly surrendered to Tokugawa.{{efn|A theory exists that Mori Terumoto betrayed the Western Alliance and made a secret agreement with Tokugawa, rather than simply being misplaced or cowardly. Professor Yoshiji Yamasaki of Toho University is one advocate of the theory. If such a neutrality-for-territorial-preservation agreement existed, then it badly backfired on Mōri, as Mōri lands were reduced afterward, and some Mōri faction troops did indeed fight for the Alliance’s side at Sekigahara rather than stay neutral.}} Ishida himself was later executed.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=80}}

Late arrivals

Both sides had forces that did not arrive at Sekigahara in time to participate due to other battles. Ieyasu’s son Hidetada led another group through Nakasendō. However, Hidetada’s forces were bogged down as he attempted to besiege Sanada Masayuki’s Ueda Castle against his father’s direct orders. Even though the Tokugawa forces numbered some 38,000, an overwhelming advantage over Sanada’s mere 2,000, they were still unable to capture the famous strategist’s well-defended position.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|pp=89–90}}At the same time, 15,000 Toyotomi troops were being held up by 500 troops under Hosokawa YÅ«sai at Tanabe Castle in present-day Maizuru, Kyoto Prefecture.WEB,www.jcastle.info/castle/profile/266-Tanabe-Castle, Tanabe Castle Profile, jcastle.info, 2013-08-20,jcastle.info/castle/profile/266-Tanabe-Castle," title="web.archive.org/web/20130914100036jcastle.info/castle/profile/266-Tanabe-Castle,">web.archive.org/web/20130914100036jcastle.info/castle/profile/266-Tanabe-Castle, 2013-09-14, dead, Some among the 15,000 troops respected Hosokawa so much they intentionally slowed their pace. Due to these incidents, a large number of troops from both sides failed to show up in time for the battle.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=91}} If either of these armies participated in the conflict, it could have ended quite differently.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=84}}

Aftermath

Rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate

Following the public executions of Ishida Mitsunari, Konishi Yukinaga and Ankokuji Ekei on November 6, the influence and reputation of the Toyotomi clan and its remaining loyalists drastically decreased.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=80}} Tokugawa Ieyasu redistributed the lands and fiefs of the participants, generally rewarding those who assisted him and displacing, punishing, or exiling those who fought against him. In doing so, he gained control of many former Toyotomi territories.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=82}}At the time, the battle was considered only an internal conflict between Toyotomi vassals. However, after Ieyasu was named shōgun in 1603 by Emperor Go-Yōzei,{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=208}}{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=80}} a position that had been left vacant since the fall of the Ashikaga shōgunate 27 years earlier,{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=205}} the battle was perceived as a more important event. In 1664, Hayashi Gahō, Tokugawa historian and rector of Yushima Seidō, summarised the consequences of the battle: }}

Seeds of dissent from Sekigahara

Regarding the Toyotomi loyalists, there are about 87 Daimyos who supported the western army had their lands confiscated after the battle in Sekigahara.BOOK, Norman Basil Lvov, Japanese daily life from the stone age to the present, 1976, Carlton Press, 9780806204710, 162,www.google.co.id/books/edition/Japanese_Daily_Life_from_the_Stone_Age_t/zHq4AAAAIAAJ?hl=, 9 May 2024, While most clans were content with their new status, there were many clans, especially those on the Western side, who became bitter about their displacement or what they saw as a dishonorable defeat or punishment. Three clans in particular did not take the aftermath of Sekigahara lightly:

• The Mōri clan, headed by Mōri Terumoto, remained angry toward the Tokugawa shogunate for being displaced from their fief, Aki, and being relocated to the ChōshÅ« Domain, even though the clan did not take part in the battle at all.{{sfn|Bryant|1995|p=79}}
• The Shimazu clan, headed by Shimazu Yoshihiro, blamed the defeat on its poor intelligence-gathering, and while they were not displaced from their home province of Satsuma, they did not become completely loyal to the Tokugawa shōgunate either. Taking advantage of its large distance between Edo and the island of KyÅ«shÅ« as well as its improved espionage, the Shimazu clan demonstrated that it was virtually an autonomous kingdom independent from the Tokugawa shōgunate during its last days.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
• The Chōsokabe clan, headed by Chōsokabe Morichika, was stripped of its title and domain of Tosa Province and reward it to Yamauchi Kazutoyo as recognition of his loyalty during the war.{{harvtxt|Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D. |2019|p=79}} Former Chōsokabe retainers never quite came to terms with the new ruling family, the Yamauchi clan. Ii Naomasa sent military reinforcements to assist Yamauchi Kazutoyo pacifying rebellion of Chōsokabe clan vassals in Tosa.{{harvtxt|Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D. |2019|p=79}} Naomasa sent his vassal, Suzuki Hyōe, along with an army that carried by 8 ships to help Kazutoyo, who finally pacified the area in 5 weeks, after killing about 273 enemies.{{harvtxt|Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D. |2019|p=370}}BOOK, John Whitney Hall, John Whitney Hall, Marius B. Jansen, Marius B. Jansen, Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan, Princeton University Press, 9781400868957, 117-8,www.google.co.id/books/edition/Studies_in_the_Institutional_History_of/K3F9BgAAQBAJ?hl=, 7 May 2024, En, The rule of Yamauchi in Tosa made a distinction between its own retainers and former Chōsokabe retainers, giving them lesser status as well as discriminatory treatment. This class distinction continued even generations after the fall of the Chōsokabe clan.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The descendants of these three clans would in two centuries collaborate to bring down the Tokugawa shogunate, leading to the Meiji Restoration.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}Kokudaka of daimyō“>

Kokudaka of daimyō

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}â—‹ = Main daimyōs who participated in the Battle of Sekigahara● = Daimyōs who defected{| class=“wikitable”! scope=“col” style="background-color:#b0c4de;” |! scope=“col” style="background-color:#b0c4de;” | Daimyō! scope=“col” style="background-color:#b0c4de;” | Kokudaka (ten thousands)! scope=“col” style="background-color:#deb0c4;” |! scope=“col” style="background-color:#deb0c4;” | Daimyō! scope=“col” style="background-color:#deb0c4;” | Kokudaka (ten thousands)! rowspan=“22” style="background-color:#b0c4de;” | Western Army20px) Mōri Terumoto20px) Tokugawa Ieyasu â—‹Uesugi KagekatsuMaeda ToshinagaSatake YoshinobuDate MasamuneShimazu Yoshihiro â—‹Katō KiyomasaUkita Hideie â—‹Fukushima Masanori â—‹Ishida Mitsunari â—‹Hosokawa Tadaoki â—‹Konishi Yukinaga â—‹Asano Yoshinaga â—‹Mashita NagamoriIkeda Terumasa â—‹Ogawa Suketada ●Kuroda Nagamasa â—‹ÅŒtani Yoshitsugu â—‹Katō Yoshiaki â—‹Wakisaka Yasuharu ● 10.020px) Ankokuji Ekei â—‹Tōdō Takatora â—‹Kobayakawa Hideaki ●Mogami YoshiakiOda HidenobuYamauchi Kazutoyo â—‹Chōsokabe Morichika â—‹Hachisuka YoshishigeKutsuki Mototsuna ●Honda Tadakatsu â—‹Akaza Naoyasu ●Terazawa Hirotaka â—‹Kikkawa Hiroie ●Ikoma Kazumasa â—‹Natsuka Masaie â—‹Ii Naomasa â—‹Mōri Hidemoto â—‹Matsudaira Tadayoshi â—‹Toda Katsushige â—‹Tsutsui Sadatsugu â—‹Sanada MasayukiKyōgoku Takatomo â—‹Uesugi Kagekatsu for explanations for his military mobilization. Kagekatsu refuses Ieyasu.

June 8 – Ieyasu calls his allies to punish the Uesugi.

July 12 – Ieyasu holds a meeting in Osaka to plan the punishment of the Uesugi, attended by Hosokawa Tadaoki, Date Masamune, Mogami Yoshiaki, Satake Yoshinobu and Nanbu Toshinao.

July 26 – Ieyasu leaves Fushimi Castle after meeting with Torii Mototada.

August 16 – Mitsunari meets with Ōtani Yoshitsugu and convinces him to take sides against the Tokugawa.

August 17 – Ishida Mitsunari, Ankokuji Ekei, Ōtani Yoshitsugu and Mashita Nagamori meet in Sawayama and agree to ask Mōri Terumoto to become commander in chief of the alliance. Nagamori secretly sends Ieyasu news about the meeting.

August 19 – Siege of Tanabe, while Hosokawa Tadaoki was joining army to attack Uesugi, Mitsunari western army, Ikoma Chikamasa forces, attack Tanabe castle led by Onoki Shigekatsu against Hosokawa Fujitaka.

August 22 – Mōri Terumoto arrives at Osaka Castle and takes command of the Western Alliance.

August 23 - Battle of Gifu Castle begins, Oda Hidenobu of the western forces against Ikeda Terumasa, Ikeda Sen and Fukushima Masanori of the eastern forces.

August 27 – Siege of Fushimi, led by Mitsunari and Kobayakawa Hideaki.

August 29 – Ieyasu establishes his headquarters in Oyama, Shizuoka to discuss strategy with allies.

August 30 – Battle of Asai, Maeda Toshinaga for the Eastern coalition, stems a force of Niwa Nagashige supported by Uesugi Kagekatsu.

September 1 – Siege of Shiroishi, Uesugi Kagekatsu loses Shiroishi Castle to Date Masamune’s pro-Tokugawa troops .

September 6 - fall of Tanabe castle to the western army and Fujitaka entered Kameyama castle, the lord of which was Maeda Shigekatsu, western general, in Tanba.

September 7 – Maeda Toshinaga (Tokugawa ally) attacks his brother, Toshimasa, and besieges Daishoji Castle. The commander of the garrison, Yamaguchi Munenaga, commits seppuku.

September 8 – fall of Fushimi castle, Torii Mototada and Matsudaira Ietada dies.

September 10 – Ieyasu returns to Edo Castle from Oyama.

September 15 – Mitsunari’s Western army arrives at Ogaki Castle.

September 29 – Nabeshima Naoshige and other Western Army generals besiege Matsuoka Castle. The Army of the East occupies the heights of Akasaka, near Ogaki Castle.

September 29 – Fall of Gifu Castle into the hands of the Eastern coalition. Tokugawa Hidetada heads towards Nakasendo.

September 30 – Mōri Hidemoto lays siege to Annotsu Castle held by Tomita Nobutaka.

October 1 – Mitsunari returns to Sawayama Castle from Ogaki, asking Terumoto to move. Terumoto was at Osaka Castle defending Toyotomi Hideyori.

October 7 – Ieyasu leaves Edo at the head of 30,000 men towards Tokaido.

October 9 – Hidetada reaches Komoro, Nagano and against the orders of his father, diverts his forces towards Ueda.

October 12 – Ieyasu passes through Shimada in Suruga. Hidetada camps in Sometani village to besieged Ueda Castle against Sanada Masayuki.

October 13 – Ieyasu passes through Nakaizumi in Tōtōmi. Mōri Hidemoto and Kikkawa Hiroie enters Mino and sets up camp near Mount Nangu. Mōri Hidekane, Tachibana Muneshige and Tsukushi Hirokado besiege Ōtsu Castle, held for Ieyasu by Kyōgoku Takatsugu.

October 14 - Ieyasu receives a secret messenger from Kobayakawa Hideaki, who offers him support. Naoe Kanetsugu leads the Uesugi forces against Mogami Yoshiaki at the Siege of Hasedo.

October 16 – Hidetada abandons the Siege of Ueda Castle and heads to Mino.

October 19 – Ieyasu arrives at Gifu castle in Mino. Kuroda Yoshitaka defeats Ōtomo Yoshimune and other Mitsunari allied generals at the Battle of Ishigakibara.

October 20 – Ieyasu moves to Akasaka. The two coalitions make contact at Kuisegawa, near Akasaka. The Eastern force retreats to Sekigahara. The Western coalition heads to Sekigahara from Ogaki Castle.

October 21 – Battle of Sekigahara

October - siege of Yanagawa is the last battle of the Kyūshū Sekigahara Campaign.

October 30 – Date Masamune tries to conquer Fukushima Castle but retires. (In May 1601, during the Battle of Matsukawa, Masamune is repelled by Honjō Shigenaga)

November 5 - Naoe Kanetsugu called a full withdrawal of all Uesugi forces, putting an end to Uesugi’s campaigns in the north.

Notable figures

{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2020}}Before the fateful confrontation in Sekigahara, Ishida Mitsunari claimed Osaka Castle and planned to take hostages from relatives loyal to Toyotomi. He hoped to use them to force his rival generals to join his cause. He sought to take noblewomen Hosokawa Gracia, Chikurin’in, Yamanote-dono, Yamauchi Chiyo and Kushihashi Teru as political hostages, among others.When Mitsunari’s soldiers threatened to take Hosokawa’s home, Hosokawa Gracia was killed to protect her honor by a family soldier named Ogasawara Shōsai. He and the rest of the residents committed seppuku to avoid capture. As the last notable survivor of the Akechi clan, the clan responsible for the death of Oda Nobunaga, Gracia’s death impacted both armies. The incident did much damage to Ishida’s reputation, which greatly reduced his chances of recruiting more allies, some of whom were also secretly Christians.After Hideyoshi’s death, Kodain-in (Hideyoshi’s chief consort) left Osaka Castle and lived as a castellan in Kyoto. Hideyoshi’s second wife, Yodo-dono, inherited the political power of both figures, as Hideyori was too young to lead the Toyotomi clan. Yodo-dono was present in the maintenance of the Western army, although she did not play a very notable role during the campaign. Subsequently, Ieyasu began to receive hostages, nobles who were involved with the Mitsunari army, such as Maeda Matsu, whose son, Maeda Toshimasa, was involved in the Western army, while her other son, Maeda Toshinaga, was an ally of the Eastern army. After Ieyasu defeated Mitsunari in Sekigahara, Kodain-in received several women from the Western army at her home.Kuki Yoshitaka, one of Nobunaga and Hideyoshi’s top generals, fought alongside the western forces, while his son Kuki Moritaka joined the eastern forces, under Tokugawa Ieyasu. Following Tokugawa’s victory, his son successfully guaranteed Yoshitaka’s safety from Ieyasu. In a turn of fate, Yoshitaka committed seppuku before the news from Moritaka reached him.Legend has it that the rōnin Miyamoto Musashi was present at the battle among Ukita Hideie’s army and escaped the defeat of Hideie’s forces unharmed. Musashi would have been around 16 years of age at the time. There is no hard evidence to prove whether Musashi was present or not for the battle. According to one account, the Musashi yuko gamei, “Musashi’s achievements stood out from the crowd, and were known by the soldiers in all camps.“{{sfn|Wilson|2004|p=33}} Musashi is reticent on the matter, writing only that he had “participated in over six battles since my youth”.{{sfn|Wilson|2004|p=34}}The cannons from the Liefde, the trading ship that English sailor William Adams came to Japan on, were used by Tokugawa’s forces at Sekigahara.Cannon use during the winter siege of Osaka. It is unlikely Adams himself was at the battle, although some fictional accounts have entertained the possibility.

Battlefield

(File:Sekigahara Battlefield.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Sekigahara battlefield memorials, in April 2005)The site of the battle was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1931. The site encompasses the sites of the initial position of Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康最初陣地), the final position of Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康最後陣地), the position of Ishida Mitsunari (石田三成陣地), the Okayama beacon (岡山烽火場), the grave of Ōtani Yoshitsugu (大谷吉隆墓), the east kubizuka (東首塚), and the west kubizuka (西首塚)WEB,bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/172115, 関ヶ原古戦場, Sekigahara ko-senjō, ja, Agency for Cultural Affairs,

Cultural depictions

The Battle of Sekigahara has been depicted in a number of works of literature. Ryōtarō Shiba wrote a three-volume historical novel called Sekigahara on it in the 1960s. James Clavell’s 1975 novel, Shōgun, includes a fictionalized version of both the political struggle and the battle.Shogun: The facts behind the fiction Tokyo Broadcasting System aired a television miniseries about the subject in January 1981, also entitled {{Interlanguage link|Sekigahara (1981 miniseries)|lt=Sekigahara|ja|関ヶ原 (テレビドラマ)}}, loosely based on Shiba’s novel series. It featured actors Hisaya Morishige, Gō Katō and Rentarō Mikuni.The battle did not get a full movie featuring it until 2017, with previous inclusions generally only including a brief snippet in passing, such as the beginning of the 1954 movie Samurai I or the 1991 film Journey of Honor. This changed with the 2017 film Sekigahara, which covers the rivalry between Ishida Mitsunari and Tokugawa Ieyasu before leading to the battle itself in the final third of the film. The film is somewhat notable in being a revisionist reassessment, showing Tokugawa more as an antagonist while Mitsunari is a man of honor and the main protagonist.‘Sekigahara’: A bold attempt to portray one of Japan’s most decisive battles The 2008 BBC docudrama television series Heroes and Villains includes an episode which depicts the battle.The Shogun The anime (Sengoku Basara: Samurai Kings) depicts the different alliances and armies from a more fantastic (and less realistic) viewpoint, with a less bloody conclusion, most notably the (Sengoku Basara: The Last Party). The 2024 FX miniseries Shōgun, adapted from James Clavell’s novel, includes a scene set just prior to the battle, showing the battleground and assembled armies.The 2000 video game Kessen is set during the conflict between the Tokugawa and Toyotomi clans, and features the Battle of Sekigahara. It also provides an alternate scenario in case the Western forces win the battle. GMT Games produced the 2011 block wargame Sekigahara: Unification of Japan, which attempts to reflect the patchy loyalties of the armies involved by having randomized cards represent the loyalty of specific armies; players know which of their units are “reliable” but their opponents are not necessarily sure.Sekigahara: The Unification of Japan (2011) The 2017 video game Nioh includes a mission related to the battle and features heavily fictionalized versions of the events leading up to it.A Guide To The Real-Life Figures In Nioh

See also

• William Adams

Notes

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References

{{Reflist|2}}

Bibliography

• BOOK, Anthony J. Bryant, Anthony J. Bryant, Sekigahara 1600 The Final Struggle for Power, 2013, Bloomsbury Publishing, 9781472800718,www.google.co.id/books/edition/Sekigahara_1600/bVaICwAAQBAJ?hl=, 29 April 2024, En,
• BOOK, Bryant, Anthony, Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle For Power, Osprey Campaign Series, 40, Oxford, Osprey Publishing, 978-1-85532-395-7, 1995,
• BOOK, Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D., Samurai An Encyclopedia of Japan’s Cultured Warriors, 2019, 9781440842719,www.google.co.id/books/edition/Samurai/0BjHEAAAQBAJ?hl=, 7 May 2024, En,
• BOOK, Davis, Paul, 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present, Sekigahara, 21 October 1600, Oxford University Press, 1999, 978-0-19-514366-9,
• BOOK, Morgan Pitelka, Spectacular Accumulation: Material Culture, Tokugawa Ieyasu, and Samurai Sociability, 2016, University of Hawai’i Press,www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvvn521, 29 April 2024, 5: Severed Heads and Salvaged Swords: The Material Culture of War,
• BOOK, Stephen Turnbull, Stephen Turnbull (historian), Samurai The World of the Warrior, 2011, Bloomsbury Publishing, 9781849089968,www.google.co.id/books/edition/Samurai/EaAeDAAAQBAJ?hl=, 29 April 2024, En,
• BOOK, Stephen Turnbull, Stephen Turnbull (historian), Tokugawa Ieyasu, 2012, Bloomsbury Publishing, 9781849085755,www.google.co.id/books/edition/Tokugawa_Ieyasu/gT23CwAAQBAJ?hl=, 29 April 2024, En,
• BOOK, William Scott, Wilson, The Lone Samurai: The Life of Miyamoto Musashi, Tokyo, Kodansha International, 2004,

Further reading

Paul Davis used the following sources to compile the chapter “Sekigahara, 21 October 1600” in 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present “Sekigahara, 21 October 1600.”

• De Lange, William. Samurai Battles: The Long Road to Unification Groningen: Toyo Press, 2020
• Sadler, A.L. The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu London: George Allen & Unwin, 1937
• Sansom, George. A History of Japan from 1334–1615 Stanford University Press, 1961
• Turnbull, Stephen. The Samurai: A Military History New York: Macmillan, 1977

External links

• SengokuDaimyo.com The website of samurai author and historian Anthony J. Bryant. Bryant is the author of the above-mentioned Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power.
• Several strategy war games based on the battle: Sekigahara: Unification of Japan

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