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{{Short description|City in Zinder Region, Niger}}{{about|the town in south-eastern Niger|the community along the Niger River|Sinder}}{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}

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Regions of Niger>RegionZinder Region>ZinderDepartments of Niger>DepartmentMatameye Department>Matameye|subdivision_type3 =|subdivision_name3 =|subdivision_type4 =|subdivision_name4 =|government_footnotes =|government_type =|leader_title =|leader_name =|leader_title1 = |leader_name1 =|leader_title2 =|leader_name2 =|leader_title3 =|leader_name3 =|leader_title4 =|leader_name4 =|established_title = |established_date =Sultanate of Damagaram>Damagaram |established_date2 = 1736|established_title3 = |established_date3 =|area_magnitude =|unit_pref = |area_footnotes =|area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 =|area_total_sq_mi =|area_land_sq_mi =|area_water_sq_mi =|area_water_percent =|area_urban_km2 =|area_urban_sq_mi =|area_metro_km2 =|area_metro_sq_mi =|population_as_of = 2012|population_footnotes =|population_note =1319818region:NE|display=inline,title}}|elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 479|elevation_ft =|postal_code_type = |postal_code =|area_code =|blank_name =|blank_info =|blank1_name =|blank1_info =|website =|footnotes =}}Zinder (locally, Damagaram), formerly also spelled Sinder, is the third largest city in Niger, with a population of 235,605 as by the 2012 census.WEB,weblink Niger: Regions, Cities & Urban Centers - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information, It is situated {{convert|861|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of the capital Niamey and {{convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of the Nigerian city of Kano.

History

Early history

{{see also|Sultanate of Damagaram}}(File:Photo1906 Zinder overview.jpg|thumb|Zinder in 1906)Zinder was originally the site of the small Hausa village of Zengou.Geels, Jolijn, (2006) Bradt Travel Guide - Niger, pgs. 213-26 The town grew dramatically in importance following the arrival of Kanuri aristocrats in 1736, who built a new fortified quarter called Birni to the south and declared the town of Zinder as the capital of the Sultanate of Damagaram in 1736. Thereafter Zinder became an important centre of the Trans-Saharan trade and a major hub for trade south through Kano and east to Bornu."EB1911, Zinder, 28, 985, The sultanate remained nominally subject to the Borno Empire until the reign of Sultan Tanimoune Dan Souleymane in the mid-to-late 19th century, who declared independence and initiated a phase of vigorous expansion.Europeans began exploring the region in the 19th century, beginning with German explorer Heinrich Barth, who stayed in Zinder in 1851, and later the French explorer Marius Gabriel Cazemajou, who was killed in the city in 1897. It was then, after a brief resistance, occupied in July 1899 by Lt. Pallier of the Voulet-Chanoine mission. The French barracks was called Fort Cazemajou and it served as the capital of the Niger Military Territory upon its creation in 1911. In 1926, following fears of Hausa revolts and improving relations with the Djerma of the west, the capital was transferred back to the village of Niamey.Upon Niger's independence from France, the town's fort was renamed for Sultane Tanimoune.

Recent history

In 2003, telecommunications company Celtel arrived in Zinder, building a mobile phone tower and selling prepaid phone cards to residents. This arrival of the mobile phone drastically changed the predominant modes of communication in the city, allowing traders to have a faster and more affordable means of communicating with buyers and sellers. This is an example of how cellular towers in the developing world have begun to transform the market.BOOK, The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything, Saylor, Michael, 2012, Perseus Books/Vanguard Press, 978-1593157203, 191,

Geography

(File:Zinder-du ciel.jpg|thumb|Zinder from the sky)(File:Zinder (6328132791).jpg|thumb|right|The Sultan's Palace)The centre of Zinder consists of three main areas: in the north is Zengou or Zango, the old Tuareg suburb, is known for its vernacular architecture, and in the south lies Birni, the old Hausa town, which is home to Zinder Great Mosque, Fort Tanimoune and the Sultan's Palace, as well as a museum. Sabon Gari (the new town), lies between Birni and Zengou, and is the commercial centre, known for its large market (the Grand Marché). The city now sprawls to the north and west, extending to the Karkada section, in the north; other neighbourhoods include Garin Mallam and Gawon Kollia.The city has many distinctive granite rocks which can result in standing water during the rainy season,{{clarify|date=February 2016}} though the city has a long history of water shortages. Recently water was piped by a Chinese-owned company from the north to provide water to most of the city, however, this problem is likely to continue due to expected population growth.{{cn|date=October 2019}} The city is divided into 5 urban municipalities: Zinder I, Zinder II, Zinder III, Zinder IV and Zinder V.Loi n° 2002-014 du 11 JUIN 2002 portant création des communes et fixant le nom de leurs chefs-lieux. Includes list of 213 communes rurales and seats, 52 Communes urbaines and seats

Demographics

{{Historical populations|1977|53,914|1988|119,827|2001|170,575|2012|235,605|align=none|footnote=source:Niger: Administrative Division population statistics}}The population of Zinder City has quadrupled from around 50,000 inhabitants in 1977 to over 200,000 people in 2012.

Transport

Zinder Airport (code: ZND) is located a few kilometres southwest of the town.Zinder (ZND) Niger: world-airport-codes.com(File:Aéroport International de Zinder-2020-2.jpg|thumb|Zinder International Airport)

Economy

The economy of the city is still largely based on the agricultural activities of the surroundings. Today, the city counts four officially recognised industries: Tannerie Malam Yaro (leather tanning), Gidan Alkaki (cake production), Sahara Sahel Foods (processing of non-wood forest produce) and SORAZ (petrol refinery located 50km North of the city). The latter is Niger Republic's first oil refinery, and was commissioned in November 2011.{{cn|date=October 2019}}

Climatic Condition

The temperature rarely drops below 54°F or rises above 108°F. The climate is dry, with short summers and pleasant winters.WEB, Zinder Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Niger) - Weather Spark,weblink 2023-10-14, weatherspark.com, en, WEB, Zinder, NE Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data,weblink 2023-10-14, weatherandclimate.com,

Air Pollution

Particulate matter, such as dust, is present in Zinder's air and can be inhaled into the deepest parts of the lung, posing a serious health risk.WEB, Air Quality & Pollen Forecast for Zinder,weblink 2023-09-22, meteoblue, en, WEB, 2023-09-22, Zinder Air Quality Index (AQI) and Niger Air Pollution {{!, IQAir |url=https://www.iqair.com/niger/zinder |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.iqair.com |language=en}}WEB, Air Quality Zinder: Live air quality and pollution Forecasts,weblink 2023-09-22, Plume Labs Air Report, en, WEB, project, The World Air Quality Index, TAH 2, Zinder, Niger Air Pollution: Real-time Air Quality Index (AQI),weblink 2023-09-22, aqicn.org, WEB, Air Quality and Pollen in Zinder, Niger {{!, Tomorrow.io |url=https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NE/7/Zinder/076743/health/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Tomorrow.io Weather |language=en}}

Notable residents

• Moussa Hamadou Djingarey (born 1973), film director

Gallery

File:Zinder centre ville.jpg|Zinder city centerFile:Marché Dolé.jpg|Dolé Market in ZinderFile:Zinder Old Town Niger 2007.jpg|Traditional Hausa architecture in ZinderFile:Université de Zinder.JPG|Zinder UniversityFile:Zinder DSC 4486 (6328130115).jpg|Many buildings in the town are decorated with traditional symbolsFile:Zinder DSC 4499 (6328132379).jpg|The Grand Mosque in Zinder

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

• James Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ – London (1979) {{ISBN|0-8108-1229-0}}
• Finn Fuglestad. A History of Niger: 1850–1960. Cambridge University Press (1983) {{ISBN|0-521-25268-7}}
• Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt UK/ Globe Pequot Press USA (2006) {{ISBN|978-1-84162-152-4}}

External links

{{commons category|Zinder}}{{Wikivoyage-inline|Zinder}}{{Communes of Niger}}{{Authority control}}