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{{Short description|1645 mass killing of Chinese civilians by Manchu forces}}{{about|the 1645 massacre|the 760 massacre|Yangzhou massacre (760)}}

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The Yangzhou massacre in May, 1645 in Yangzhou, Qing dynasty China, refers to the mass killing of people in Yangzhou by Manchu and defected Han Chinese Ming soldiers (Han made up the majority of the Qing army at Yangzhou), commanded by the Manchu general Dodo.The massacre is described in a contemporary account, A Record of Ten Days in Yangzhou, by Wang Xiuchu. Due to the title of the account, the events are often referred to as a ten-day massacre, but the diary shows that the slaughter was over by the sixth day, when burial of bodies commenced.WEB,weblink 揚州十日記 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆, zh.wikisource.org, 2019-04-22, According to Wang, the number of victims exceeded 800,000, that number is now disproven and considered by modern historians and researchers to be an extreme exaggeration.BOOK, Antonia Finnane, Speaking of Yangzhou: A Chinese City, 1550-1850,weblink Harvard University Asia Center, 2004, 453, 978-0674013926, 谢国桢，《南明史略》，第72—73页张德芳《〈扬州十日记〉辨误》，中华文史论丛，第368-370页Struve (1993) (note at p. 269), following a 1964 article by Zhang Defang, notes that the entire city's population at the time was not likely to be more than 300,000, and that of the entire Yangzhou Prefecture, 800,000. The major defending commanders of Ming, such as Shi Kefa, were also executed by Qing forces after they refused to submit to Qing authority.The alleged reasons for the massacre were:

• To punish the residents because of resistance efforts led by the Ming official Shi Kefa.
• To warn the rest of the population in Jiangnan of the consequences of participating in military activities and resisting the Qing invaders.

Wang Xiuchu's account has appeared in a number of English translations, including by Backhouse and Bland,E.Backhouse and J.O.P. Bland, 'The Sack of Yang Chou-fu.' In Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1914. Lucien Mao,"A Memoir of the Ten Days' Massacre at Yangchow." Trans. Lucien Mao. Tien-hsia Monthly 4, no. 5 (May 1937): 515-37. and Lynn A. Struve. Following are excerpts from the account in the translation by Struve.Struve, Lynn A., Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), pp.32-48Books written about the massacres in Yangzhou, Jiading and Jiangyin were later republished by anti-Qing authors to win support in the lead up to the Taiping Rebellion and Xinhai Revolution.朱子素, 嘉定屠城紀略韓菼, 江陰城守紀Qing soldiers ransomed women captured from Yangzhou back to their original husbands and fathers in Nanjing after Nanjing peacefully surrendered, corralling the women into the city and whipping them hard, with their hair containing a tag showing the price of the ransom.BOOK, Yao, Wenxi, Struve, Lynn A., Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws, 1993, Yale University Press, 0300075537, 65–66, illustrated, reprint, revised,weblink Han bannermen were responsible for most of the atrocities in Yangzhou but they were nevertheless labelled as Manchus by other Han.BOOK, Elliott, Mark C.,weblink The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, 2001, Stanford University Press, 978-0-8047-4684-7, en, There was a Hui Muslim community in Yangzhou during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties with historic mosques like Crane Mosque and the tomb of Sayyid Puhaddin.WEB,weblink Puhading Yuan in Yangzhou - Attraction | Frommer's, WEB,weblink Xianhe Mosque in Yangzhou of Jiangsu, Muslim Mosque in Yangzhou, WEB,weblink Puhading Cemetery, Yangzhou, Accounts of atrocities like the Yangzhou massacre during the transition from the Ming to Qing were used by revolutionaries in the anti-Qing Xinhai revolution to fuel massacres against Manchus.

See also

• Anti-Qing sentiment

References

{{Reflist}}

Literature

• Struve, Lynn A., Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws, Publisher:Yale University Press, 1998, See pp. 32–48 for the translation of Wang Xiuchu's account.
• Finnane, Antonia, Speaking of Yangzhou: A Chinese City, 1550-1850, Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004. See especially Chapter 4, "Yangzhou's Ten Days."
• Wei, Minghua 伟明铧, 1994. “Shuo Ýangzhou shiri’”说扬州十日, in Wei Minghua, Yangzhou tanpian 扬州谈片 Beijing: Sanlian shudian.
• Zarrow, Peter, 2004. “Historical Trauma: Anti-Manchuism and Memories of Atrocity in Late Qing China,”  History and Memory, Vol. 16, No. 2, Special Issue: Traumatic Memory in Chinese History.
• The Litigation Master and the Monkey King, Liu, Ken. In The Paper Menagerie and other stories. Publisher:Saga Press, 2016, {{ISBN|978-1-4814-2437-0}}. pages 363–388.

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