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William Torrey Harris
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William Torrey Harris
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Biography
Born in 1835 in North Killingly, Connecticut, he attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. He completed two years at Yale College, then moved West.Beginning at age 22, Harris taught school and made his career in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1857 to 1880, a period when the city was growing rapidly. It served both as a gateway to the West and as an industrializing city on the Mississippi River.He served as Superintendent of Schools from 1868 to 1880, and had a strong influence on the system. With Susan E. Blow in this city, in 1873 he established America's first permanent public kindergarten. While in St. Louis, William Torrey Harris implemented many influential ideas to strengthen both the institution of the public school system and the basic philosophical principles of education.Legacy and honors
Harris was awarded the honorary degree of LL.D. from various American and foreign universities, as he had an international reputation.Honors
HarrisâStowe State University in St. Louis is named for Harris, and author Harriet Beecher Stowe.In 1906 the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching conferred upon him "as the first man to whom such recognition for meritorious service is given, the highest retiring allowance which our rules will allow, an annual income of $3000."BOOK, The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1967, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI, 2, Vol. 15,Public issues
According to biographer Carl Byerly, Harris argued that the purpose of education In a democracy was:Byerly (1946) pp. 8-15.- To achieve equality of opportunity
- Self-preservation of the state
- To teach morality and self-discipline
- To awaken powers of self-activity
- To develop directive power
- To maintain mobility of population
- To preserve and create property
- To give technical training
- To remain responsive to social change
Achievements
(File:William Torrey Harris 1.jpg|right|180px|thumb)He was also assistant editor of Johnsonâs New Universal Cyclopaedia and editor of Appletons' International Education Series. He expanded the United States Bureau of Education and started graphic exhibits of the United States in international expositions.He was responsible for introducing reindeer into Alaska so that the native whalers and trappers would have another livelihood, before they brought other species to extinction.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}Harris was one of the 30 founding members of the Simplified Spelling Board, founded in 1906 by Andrew Carnegie to make English easier to learn and understand through changes in the orthography of the English language."CARNEGIE ASSAULTS THE SPELLING BOOK; To Pay the Cost of Reforming English Orthography. CAMPAIGN ABOUT TO BEGIN Board Named, with Headquarters Here -- Local Societies Throughout the Country.", The New York Times, March 12, 1906. Accessed August 28, 2008.As editor-in-chief of Webster's New International Dictionary (1909), he originated the divided page.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}In the book The Educational Philosophy of William T. Harris by Richard D. Mosier, it is stated that Harris forms the bridge between the mechanism, associationism, and utilitarianism of the 18th century and the pragmatism, experimentalism, and instrumentalism of the 20th century.William Torrey Harris took Baconâs original ideas on the organization of information for libraries and modernized them to be applied in the United States by the second half of the 1800s. William Harris, who worked creating a library catalog for the Public Library School of St. Louis, wrote an essay on creating an organization system for libraries. It wasnât the first one in America, but it was a scheme that gained international reputation rapidly. Harris used a deductive hierarchy and created a structure better adapted to the interrelation of knowledge, which facilitated its application in librariesâ catalogs. Harris proposed a practical system of rules for the classification going from the generic to the specific. Those rules included main divisions, ultimate divisions, appendixes, and hybrids. The problem with Baconâs approach was the difficulty to limit all knowledge within a restricted classification. Conversely, Harris suggested that content is predominant in minor divisions and sections, while form is the âguiding principleJOURNAL, Harris, William, Book Classification, The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 4, 2, 114â129, 25665714, 1870, â in the main divisions.Works
Besides voluminous reports on educational matters, many papers contributed to the Proceedings of the American Social Science Association, and various compilations edited by him, his publications include:- Introduction to the Study of Philosophy (1889)
- The Spiritual Sense of Dante's Divina Commedia (1889)
- Hegel's Logic: a Critical Exposition (1890)
- A. Bronson Alcott, his Life and Philosophy (with F. B. Sanborn) (1893)
- Psychologic Foundations of Education (1898)
- Elementary Education (Monographs on Education in the United States; vol. 1.) (1900; second edition, 1904)
- The School City (1906)
- (iarchive:philosophyofeduc00harruoft|The Philosophy of Education (1906))
See also
- American philosophy
- List of American philosophers
- Anna Brackett, associate who later became the first woman principal of a teacher's college
References
{{Reflist}}Further reading
- Arscott, John Robert.â "Moral freedom and the educative process, a study in the educational philosophy of William Torrey Harris" (PhD dissertation, New York University;âProQuest Dissertations Publishing, â1948.â0001143).
- Byerly, Carl Lester. "Contributions of William Torrey Harris to public-school administration" (PhD dissertation, University of Chicago;âProQuest Dissertations Publishing, â1946.âT-07438).
- Curti, Merle. The Social Ideas of American Educators (1935) pp 310â47. online
- Everette, Nicole Ard.â"William Torrey Harris's contributions to the professionalization of teaching" (PhD dissertation, University of West Florida;âProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2014.â3670272).
- Leidecker, Kurt F. Yankee Teacher: The Life of William Torrey Harris (1946) online
- McCluskey, Neil Gerard. Public Schools and Moral Education: The Influence of Horace Mann, William Torrey Harris, and John Dewey (Columbia University Press, 1958) online
- Mosier, Richard D. "The educational philosophy of WÃllÃam T. HarrÃs." Peabody journal of education (1951) 291 pp: 24-33.
- The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 45, No. 5 (Feb. 26, 1948), pp. 121â133
External links
{{commons category}}{{Wikisource author}}- {{Internet Archive author|sname=William Torrey Harris|sopt=t}}
- William Torrey Harris Papers finding aid at the St. Louis Public Library
- The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. I, Nos. 1-4, 1867, Harris as editor.
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