}}Vinca ({{IPAc-en|Ëˆ|v|Éª|Å‹|k|É™}};Stearn, W. T. (1983). Botanical Latin ed. 3. David & Charles {{ISBN|0-7153-8548-8}}. Latin: vincire "to bind, fetter") is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, native to Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia.Flora Europaea: VincaWEB,weblink EuroMed Plantbase Project: Vinca, 2010-05-05, 2012-03-09,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120309181407weblink">weblink dead, Flora of Pakistan: VincaAltervista Flora Italiana, genere Vinca included photos plus European distribution maps The English name periwinkle is shared with the related genus Catharanthus (and also with the common seashore mollusc, Littorina littorea).

Description

File:Vinca-difformis-20090309-1.jpg|thumb|left|Vinca difformis Vinca difformisVinca plants are subshrubs or herbaceous, and have slender trailing stems {{convert|1|â€“|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} long but not growing more than {{convert|20|â€“|70|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} above ground; the stems frequently take root where they touch the ground, enabling the plant to spread widely. The leaves are opposite, simple broad lanceolate to ovate, {{convert|1|â€“|9|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|0.5|â€“|6|cm|in|abbr=on}} broad; they are evergreen in four species, but deciduous in the herbaceous V. herbacea, which dies back to the root system in winter.Blamey, M., & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Hodder & Stoughton.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 4: 664-665. Macmillan.The flowers, produced through most of the growing season, are salverform (like those of Phlox), simple, {{convert|2.5|â€“|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} broad, with five usually violet (occasionally white) petals joined together at the base to form a tube. The fruit consists of a pair of divergent follicles; the dry fruit dehisces along one rupture site to release seeds.
Gardens
Two of the species, Vinca major and Vinca minor, are extensively cultivated as a flowering evergreen ornamental plant. Because the plants are low and spread quickly, they are often used as groundcover in garden landscapes and container gardens. They are also traditionally used in older cemeteries as an evergreen maintenance-free ground cover.WEB,weblink 16 November 2012, Periwinkle, Many cultivars are available, with different plant, leaf, and flower colors, sizes, and habits.
Invasive plant species
Although attractive, both Vinca major and Vinca minor may be invasive in some regions where they are introduced species because the rapid spreading chokes out native plant species and alters habitats. Areas affected include parts of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States, especially coastal California.Global Compendium of Weeds: Vinca majorGlobal Compendium of Weeds: Vinca minor(File:Vinca spreading along a border.jpg|thumb|Vinca plants spreading along a border)
Medicinal use
The vinca alkaloids include at least 86 alkaloids extracted from plants in the genus Vinca.BOOK, Manfred, Hesse, Alkaloids: Nature's Curse or Blessing?, 2002, Wiley-VCH, 978-3-906390-24-6, 7, JOURNAL, van Der Heijden, Robert, Jacobs, Denise I., Snoeijer, Wim, Hallard, Didier, Verpoorte, Robert, 2004, The Catharanthus alkaloids: Pharmacognosy and biotechnology, Current Medicinal Chemistry, 11, 5, 607â€“628, 15032608, 10.2174/0929867043455846, BOOK, Africa's gift to the world, 46â€“51,weblink Botanical Miracles: Chemistry of Plants That Changed the World, Raymond, Cooper, Jeffrey John, Deakin, CRC Press, 2016, 9781498704304, The chemotherapy agent vincristine is extracted from a closely related species, Catharanthus roseus,JOURNAL, Molecules (journal), Molecules, 2012, 17, 5, 5893â€“5914, 10.3390/molecules17055893, Modifications on the basic skeletons of vinblastine and vincristine, PÃ©ter, Keglevich, Laszlo, Hazai, GyÃ¶rgy, Kalaus, Csaba, SzÃ¡ntay, 22609781, 6268133, free, BOOK, RaviÃ±a, Enrique, The evolution of drug discovery: From traditional medicines to modern drugs, 2011, John Wiley & Sons, 9783527326693, 157â€“159, Vinca alkaloids,weblink and is used to treat some leukemias,WEB,weblink February 18, 2016, June 22, 2017, Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, American Cancer Society, cancer.org, WEB,weblink February 22, 2016, June 22, 2017, Chemotherapy for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, American Cancer Society, cancer.org, WEB, Chemotherapy for Childhood Leukemia, February 3, 2016, June 22, 2017,weblink American Cancer Society, cancer.org, lymphomas,WEB,weblink March 29, 2017, June 22, 2017, Chemotherapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma, American Cancer Society, cancer.org, WEB,weblink May 31, 2016, June 22, 2017, Chemotherapy for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, American Cancer Society, cancer.org, and childhood cancers,WEB, Chemotherapy for Neuroblastoma, American Cancer Society, cancer.org,weblink January 22, 2016, June 22, 2017, WEB,weblink January 21, 2016, June 22, 2017, Chemotherapy for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Children, American Cancer Society, cancer.org, as well as several other types of cancer and some non-cancerous conditions. Vinblastine is a chemical analogue of vincristineJOURNAL, Justin E., Sears, Dale L., Boger, Dale L. Boger, Total Synthesis of Vinblastine, Related Natural Products, and Key Analogues and Development of Inspired Methodology Suitable for the Systematic Study of Their Structure-Function Properties, Accounts of Chemical Research, 2015, 48, 3, 653â€“662, 10.1021/ar500400w, 25586069, 4363169, and is also used to treat various forms of cancer.WEB,weblink May 16, 2016, June 22, 2017, Chemotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, American Cancer Society, cancer.org, WEB,weblink March 29, 2017, June 22, 2017, Chemotherapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma, American Cancer Society, cancer.org, WEB,weblink February 12, 2016, June 22, 2017, Chemotherapy for Testicular Cancer, American Cancer Society, cancer.org, Dimeric alkaloids such as vincristine and vinblastine are produced by the coupling the smaller indole alkaloids vindoline and catharanthine.BOOK, Catharanthus roseus L. (Periwinkle): Production of Vindoline and Catharanthine in Multiple Shoot Cultures, K., Hirata, K., Miyamoto, Y., Miura, Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 26, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, VI, Y. P. S., Bajaj, Springer-Verlag, 1994, 46â€“55,weblink 9783540563914,weblink In addition, the nootropic agent vincamine is derived from Vinca minor. Vinorelbine, a newer semi-synthetic chemotherapeutic agent, is used in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancerJOURNAL, (Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology), 2011, 5, 131â€“144, 10.4137/CMO.S5074, 3117629, Safety and efficacy of vinorelbine in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, Bryan A., Faller, Trailokya N., Pandi, 21695100, and is prepared either from the natural products leurosineJOURNAL, Morcillo, Sara P., Miguel, Delia, CampaÃ±a, Araceli G., Cienfuegos, Luis Ãlvarez de, Justicia, JosÃ©, Cuerva, Juan M., 2014, Recent applications of Cp2TiCl in natural product synthesis, Organic Chemistry Frontiers, 1, 1, 15â€“33, 10.1039/c3qo00024a, free, 10481/47295, free, JOURNAL, Concise synthesis of anhydrovinblastine from leurosine, Christophe, Hardouin, Eric, Doris, Bernard, Rousseau, Charles, Mioskowski, Organic Letters, 2002, 4, 7, 1151â€“1153, 10.1021/ol025560c, 11922805, or catharanthine and vindoline,JOURNAL, Ngo, Quoc Anh, Roussi, Fanny, Cormier, Anthony, Thoret, Sylviane, Knossow, Marcel, GuÃ©nard, Daniel, GuÃ©ritte, FranÃ§oise, Synthesis and biological evaluation of Vinca alkaloids and phomopsin hybrids, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2009, 52, 1, 134â€“142, 19072542, 10.1021/jm801064y, in both cases by first preparing anhydrovinblastine.BOOK, Metal Catalyzed Reductive C—C Bond Formation: A Departure from Preformed Organometallic Reagents, 279, Topics in Current Chemistry, 25â€“52, 2007, Reductive C—C bond formation after epoxide opening via electron transfer, Andreas, GansÃ¤uer, JosÃ©, Justicia, Chun-An, Fan, Dennis, Worgull, Frederik, Piestert, 10.1007/128_2007_130,weblink Michael J., Michael J. Krische, Krische, Springer Science & Business Media, 9783540728795,
Species
Accepted species:

Vinca difformis Pourr. â€“ Azores, western and central Mediterranean
Vinca erecta Regel & Schmalh. â€“ Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
Vinca herbacea Waldst. & Kit. â€“ central, eastern and southeastern Europe; Middle East
Vinca ispartensis Koyuncu & EkÅŸi â€“ TurkeyWEB, Vinca ispartensis Koyuncu & Eksi,weblink 2021-01-15, Plants of the World Online, Kew Science, en,
Vinca major L. â€“ southern Europe, Turkey, Syria, Caucasus; introduced to and established in New Zealand, California, British Isles, central Europe, Ukraine, North Africa, south China, Canary Islands, Madeira, North America,WEB,weblink Plants Profile for Vinca major (bigleaf periwinkle), plants.usda.gov, 2018-11-12, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru,WEB,weblink Neotropical Plant Portal Research Checklist: Peru, hasbrouck.asu.edu, 2018-11-12, Costa Rica, Guatemala
Vinca minor L. â€“ central and southeastern Europe, Ukraine, Caucasus; introduced to and established in British Isles, Scandinavia, Portugal, Turkey, south China, North America,WEB,weblink Plants Profile for Vinca minor (common periwinkle), plants.usda.gov, 2018-11-12, New Zealand
Vinca soneri Koyuncu â€“ Turkey

References
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External links

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