{{Short description|Genus of parasitic, flagellated protists}}{{Automatic taxobox| image = Trichomonas Giemsa DPDx.JPG| image_alt = Two trophozoites of "Trichomonas vaginalis" stained with Giemsa| image_caption = Two trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis stained with Giemsa| display_parents = 4| taxon = Trichomonas| authority = | synonyms = | synonyms_ref = | subdivision_ranks = Species

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PUBLISHER=NATIONAL CENTER FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION

LOCATION=BETHESDA, MD, en, | subdivision =

}}Trichomonas is a genus of anaerobic excavate parasites of vertebrates. It was first discovered by Alfred FranÃ§ois DonnÃ© in 1836 when he found these parasites in the pus of a patient suffering from vaginitis, an inflammation of the vagina. DonnÃ© named the genus from its morphological characteristics. The prefix tricho- originates from the Ancient Greek word (thrix) meaning hair, describing Trichomonasâ€™s flagella. The suffix -monas ( â€“ single unit), describes its similarity to unicellular organisms from the genus Monas.JOURNAL, DonnÃ©, A., Animalcules observÃ©s dans les matiÃ¨res purulentes et le produit des sÃ©crÃ©tions des organes gÃ©nitaux de l'homme et de la femme, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des SÃ©ances de l'AcadÃ©mie des Sciences, 19 September 1836, 3, 385â€“386,weblink fr,

Habitat and ecology

Trichomonas is typically found in anaerobic environments. It is a known parasite of many different animals including humans, birds, dogs, and cats.JOURNAL, Hersh, S. M., Pulmonary trichomoniasis and Trichomonas tenax, Journal of Medical Microbiology, 1 August 1985, 20, 1, 1â€“10, 10.1099/00222615-20-1-1, 3894667, free, JOURNAL, Menezes, Camila Braz, Frasson, Amanda Piccoli, Tasca, Tiana, Trichomoniasis â€“ are we giving the deserved attention to the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide?, Microbial Cell, 5 September 2016, 3, 9, 404â€“418, 10.15698/mic2016.09.526, 28357378, 5354568, JOURNAL, Schwebke, Jane R., Burgess, Donald, Trichomoniasis, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 15 October 2004, 17, 4, 794â€“803, 10.1128/CMR.17.4.794-803.2004, 15489349, 523559, In humans, it can be found in the urogenital tract and in the oral cavity. It is estimated that 276 million new cases of urogenital infections occur each year. Depending on the Trichomonas species, it can either be transmitted through direct sexual contact or through contaminated water sources. In birds, it can be found in the upper digestive tract and is transmitted when adult birds regurgitate food to feed their young, when a bird of prey feeds on an infected bird, and through contaminated food or water.JOURNAL, Amin, Aziza, Bilic, Ivana, Liebhart, Dieter, Hess, Michael, Trichomonads in birds â€” a review, Parasitology, May 2014, 141, 6, 733â€“47, 10.1017/S0031182013002096, 24476968, 206247917,

Morphology

Trichomonas is around 10 Âµm in length and is normally pear-shaped. It has four flagella at its anterior end, distinguishing itself from closely related organisms that have different numbers of anterior flagella. At the base of these flagella are the parabasal bodies, kinetosomes accompanied by Golgi stacks. The pelta is a sheet of microtubules that curve around the flagellar bases. Posterior to the pelta is the axostyle, is a bundle of microtubules that extends from the anterior end of the organism all the way to the posterior end. The nucleus of Trichomonas is situated close to where the pelta and axostyle meet.JOURNAL, Tasca, Tiana, De Carli, Geraldo A., Scanning electron microscopy study of Trichomonas gallinae, Veterinary Parasitology, December 2003, 118, 1â€“2, 37â€“42, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.09.009, 14651873, JOURNAL, WartoÅ„, A, Honigberg, BM, Structure of trichomonads as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, The Journal of Protozoology, February 1979, 26, 1, 56â€“62, 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1979.tb02732.x, 314517, Another distinguishing feature of Trichomonas is the presence of an undulating membrane. The undulating membrane is a fin-like extension of the plasma membrane located on the side of the organism. A flagellum that extends to the posterior end of the organism is attached to the outer edge of the undulating membrane. At the base of the undulating membrane is a striated fiber called the costa which is thought to exist for structural support.JOURNAL, Kulda, Jaroslav, NohÃ½nkovÃ¡, Eva, LudvÃk, JiÅ™Ã, Basic structure and function of the trichomonad cell, Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Biologica, October 1987, 30, 181â€“198,weblink 0001-7124, 967953815, Trichomonas has a very interesting organelle: the hydrogenosome. Hydrogenosomes are double-membraned organelles used by trichomonads, instead of mitochondria, to produce ATP. They do not require oxygen and instead use pyruvate:ferredoxin oxido-reductase and hydrogenase to produce ATP from pyruvate, generating hydrogen gas as a by-product.JOURNAL, MÃ¼ller, MiklÃ³s, Mentel, Marek, van Hellemond, Jaap J., Henze, Katrin, Woehle, Christian, Gould, Sven B., Yu, Re-Young, van der Giezen, Mark, Tielens, Aloysius G. M., Martin, William F., Biochemistry and evolution of anaerobic energy metabolism in eukaryotes, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 11 June 2012, 76, 2, 444â€“495, 10.1128/MMBR.05024-11, 22688819, 3372258,

Genetics

Trichomonas vaginalis, being the species that causes the most complications in humans, is the only fully sequenced Trichomonas species. Through whole-genome shotgun sequencing, the Trichomonas vaginalis genome is estimated to be around 160 Mb long, divided into six chromosomes. However, at least 65% of its genome was found to be redundant. The redundant genetic material is hypothesized to have emerged during Trichomonas's transition from aerobic to anaerobic environments.JOURNAL, Carlton, JM, Hirt, RP, Silva, JC, Delcher, AL, Schatz, M, Zhao, Q, Wortman, JR, Bidwell, SL, Alsmark, UC, Besteiro, S, Sicheritz-Ponten, T, Noel, CJ, Dacks, JB, Foster, PG, Simillion, C, Van de Peer, Y, Miranda-Saavedra, D, Barton, GJ, Westrop, GD, MÃ¼ller, S, Dessi, D, Fiori, PL, Ren, Q, Paulsen, I, Zhang, H, Bastida-Corcuera, FD, Simoes-Barbosa, A, Brown, MT, Hayes, RD, Mukherjee, M, Okumura, CY, Schneider, R, Smith, AJ, Vanacova, S, Villalvazo, M, Haas, BJ, Pertea, M, Feldblyum, TV, Utterback, TR, Shu, CL, Osoegawa, K, de Jong, PJ, Hrdy, I, Horvathova, L, Zubacova, Z, Dolezal, P, Malik, SB, Logsdon JM, Jr, Henze, K, Gupta, A, Wang, CC, Dunne, RL, Upcroft, JA, Upcroft, P, White, O, Salzberg, SL, Tang, P, Chiu, CH, Lee, YS, Embley, TM, Coombs, GH, Mottram, JC, Tachezy, J, Fraser-Liggett, CM, Johnson, PJ, Draft genome sequence of the sexually transmitted pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis, Science, 12 January 2007, 315, 5809, 207â€“12, 10.1126/science.1132894, 17218520, 2080659, 2007Sci...315..207C, In addition to discovering the large proportion of repetitive DNA in Trichomonas vaginalis genome, the sequenced genes were also characterized. Approximately 60,000 protein-coding genes were found. Transfer RNAs for all 20 amino acids and approximately 250 ribosomal RNA were all found on the same chromosome.

Life cycle

Trichomonas has a trophozoite form, its pear-shaped form, which is most commonly observed, and an amoeboid form, which appears during host colonization. It lacks a cyst form, but many studies have noted a unique form in which Trichomonas appears ovoidal rather than its typical pear-shaped form. In this ovoidal form, all its flagella are retracted in endocytic vacuoles, giving the impression of a cystic form. However, due to the lack of a cystic wall surrounding the organism, many studies describe this form as a pseudocystic form.In its trophozoite form, Trichomonas undergoes cell division through an interesting process called cryptopleuromitosis. There are three common forms of mitosis: open, closed, and semi-open. In open mitosis, the nuclear envelope disappears so that mitotic spindles can interact with the chromosomes. In closed mitosis, the nuclear envelope does not disappear but mitotic spindles appear within the nucleus to separate the chromosomes. In semi-open mitosis, the nuclear envelope remains intact but the mitotic spindles pierce through the nuclear envelope to divide the chromosomes. Cryptopleuromitosis is different from all the other more commonly known methods of cell division. In cryptopleuromitosis, the chromosomes divide without the breakdown of the nuclear envelope and without the entry of mitotic spindles into the nucleus.JOURNAL, Ribeiro, Karla C., Monteiro-Leal, Luiz Henrique, Benchimol, Marlene, Contributions of the axostyle and flagella to closed mitosis in the protists Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis, The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 2000, 47, 5, 481â€“92, 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00077.x, 11001145, 5852015,

Diseases

Trichomonas causes disease in humans and in birds. In humans, the causative species is Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas tenax. In birds, the causative species are Trichomonas gallinae, Trichomonas gypactinii, and Trichomonas stableri.JOURNAL, Girard, Yvette A., Rogers, Krysta H., Gerhold, Richard, Land, Kirkwood M., Lenaghan, Scott C., Woods, Leslie W., Haberkern, Nathan, Hopper, Melissa, Cann, Jeff D., Johnson, Christine K., Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis), International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, April 2014, 3, 1, 32â€“40, 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.12.002, 24918075, 4047957, JOURNAL, MartÃnez-DÃaz, Rafael Alberto, Ponce-Gordo, Francisco, RodrÃguez-Arce, Irene, del MartÃnez-Herrero, MarÃa Carmen, GonzÃ¡lez, Fernando GonzÃ¡lez, Molina-LÃ³pez, Rafael Ãngel, GÃ³mez-MuÃ±oz, MarÃa Teresa, Trichomonas gypaetinii n. sp., a new trichomonad from the upper gastrointestinal tract of scavenging birds of prey, Parasitology Research, 2 October 2014, 114, 1, 101â€“112, 10.1007/s00436-014-4165-5, 25273632, 18438912,

In humans

Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted disease and causes trichomoniasis. It resides on squamous epithelium of the urogenital tract. Many carriers of Trichomonas vaginalis, especially men, are asymptomatic. Complications for symptomatic women include vaginitis, endometritis, infertility, and cervical cancer. Complications for symptomatic men include urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis, and infertility. It is also associated with increased risk of transmission and acquisition of HIV.Trichomonas tenax is transmitted through exchange of saliva and contaminated water sources. It is an opportunistic pathogen and may cause pulmonary trichomoniasis.

In birds

Trichomonas in birds inhabit the upper digestive tract and also cause trichomoniasis. It creates lesions in the trachea and esophagus, occupying space and eventually causing emaciation and asphyxiation.

Species

Trichomonas brixi â€” inhabits the oral cavity of dogs and cats.JOURNAL, KellerovÃ¡, PavlÃna, Tachezy, Jan, Zoonotic Trichomonas tenax and a new trichomonad species, Trichomonas brixi n. sp., from the oral cavities of dogs and cats, International Journal for Parasitology, April 2017, 47, 5, 247â€“255, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.12.006, 28238869,
Trichomonas gallinae â€” inhabits the upper digestive tract of primarily pigeons and doves, but also other birds.
Trichomonas gypactinii â€” inhabits the upper digestive tract of scavenging birds of prey, such as vultures.
Trichomonas stableri â€” inhabits the upper digestive tract of pigeons.
Trichomonas tenax â€” inhabits the oral cavity of humans.
Trichomonas vaginalis â€” inhabits the urogenital tract of humans.

References

JOURNAL, Ruggiero, Michael A., Gordon, Dennis P., Orrell, Thomas M., Bailly, Nicolas, Bourgoin, Thierry, Brusca, Richard C., Cavalier-Smith, Thomas, Guiry, Michael D., Kirk, Paul M., Thuesen, Erik V., A higher level classification of all living organisms, PLOS ONE, 29 April 2015, 10, 4, e0119248, 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248, 25923521, 4418965, 2015PLoSO..1019248R, free,

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