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{{Short description|Tonal center of a diatonic scale}}{{technical|date=December 2021}}{{Image frame|content={override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##frelative c' { } }{override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##frelative c' { } }|caption=Scale and tonic triad in C major (top) and C minor (bottom)}}In music, the tonic is the first scale degree ({{music|scale|1}}) of the diatonic scale (the first note of a scale) and the tonal center or final resolution toneBOOK, McGraw Hill, 978-0-07-310187-3, 28, Benward, Bruce, Saker, Marilyn, Music in Theory and Practice, Scales, Tonality, Key, Modes, 8th, 2009, that is commonly used in the final cadence in tonal (musical key-based) classical music, popular music, and traditional music. In the movable do solfège system, the tonic note is sung as do. More generally, the tonic is the note upon which all other notes of a piece are hierarchically referenced. Scales are named after their tonics: for instance, the tonic of the C major scale is the note C.The triad formed on the tonic note, the tonic chord, is thus the most significant chord in these styles of music. In Roman numeral analysis, the tonic chord is typically symbolized by the Roman numeral "I" if it is major and by "i" if it is minor..|source=}}These chords may also appear as seventh chords: in major, as IM7, or in minor as i7 or rarely iM7:BOOK, Tonal Harmony,weblink limited, Kostka, Stefan, Stefan Kostka, Payne, Dorothy, 2004, McGraw-Hill, 0072852607, 5th, Boston, 234, 51613969, {override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##frelative c' {

} }The tonic is distinguished from the root, which is the reference note of a chord, rather than that of the scale.

Importance and function

In music of the common practice period, the tonic center was the most important of all the different tone centers which a composer used in a piece of music, with most pieces beginning and ending on the tonic, usually modulating to the dominant (the fifth scale degree above the tonic, or the fourth below it) in between.Two parallel keys have the same tonic. For example, in both C major and C minor, the tonic is C. However, relative keys (two different scales that share a key signature) have different tonics. For example, C major and A minor share a key signature that feature no sharps or flats, despite having different tonic pitches (C and A, respectively).{{Listen|type=music|filename=Claude debussy faune.mid|title=Opening of Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (MIDI)}}{{anchor|Tone center|Tonal center|Pitch center|Center|Centric}}The term tonic may be reserved exclusively for use in tonal contexts while tonal center or pitch center may be used in post-tonal and atonal music: "For purposes of non-tonal centric music, it might be a good idea to have the term 'tone center' refer to the more general class of which 'tonics' (or tone centers in tonal contexts) could be regarded as a subclass."Berger (1963), p. 12. cited in JOURNAL, Swift, Richard, Richard Swift (composer), A Tonal Analog: The Tone-Centered Music of George Perle, Perspectives of New Music, 21, 1/2, Autumn 1982 – Summer 1983, 257–284 (258), 10.2307/832876, 832876, Thus, a pitch center may function referentially or contextually in an atonal context, often acting as an axis or line of symmetry in an interval cycle.BOOK, Samson, Jim, Jim Samson, Music in Transition: A Study of Tonal Expansion and Atonality, 1900–1920, W. W. Norton, New York City, 1977, 0-393-02193-9, 3240273, {{Page needed|date=September 2010}} The term pitch centricity was coined by Arthur Berger in his "Problems of Pitch Organization in Stravinsky".JOURNAL, 10.2307/832252, Berger, Arthur, Arthur Berger (composer), Fall–Winter 1963, Problems of Pitch Organization in Stravinsky, Perspectives of New Music, 2, 1, 11–42, 832252, According to Walter Piston, "the idea of a unified classical tonality replaced by nonclassical (in this case nondominant) centricity in a composition is perfectly demonstrated by Debussy's Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune".Piston, Walter (1987/1941). Harmony, p. 529. 5th edition revised by Mark DeVoto. W. W. Norton, New York/London. {{ISBN|0-393-95480-3}}.The tonic includes four separate activities or roles as the principal goal tone, initiating event, generator of other tones, and the stable center neutralizing the tension between dominant and subdominant.

See also

• Final (music)
• {{annotated link|Fundamental frequency}}
• Double tonic
• Key
• Subtonic
• Supertonic

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

• {{Commons category-inline|Tonic (music)}}

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