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{{Short description|Female divine entity in Zoroastrianism}}In Zoroastrianism, SpÉ™nta Ä€rmaiti (Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 𐬁𐬭𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 for “Holy Devotion“) is one of the Amesha Spentas, the seven divine manifestations of Wisdom and Ahura Mazda. While older sources present the Amesha Spentas more as abstract entities, in later sources Spenta Armaiti is personified as a female divinity with connotations of harmony and devotion.Leeming, David. The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 29. {{ISBN|0-19-515669-2}}

Name

Spenta Armaiti is known in later Iranian languages as Spandarmad (in Middle Persian) and Isfandārmaḏ (in Modern Persian).Safaee Y. (2020). “Scythian and Zoroastrian Earth Goddesses: A Comparative Study on Api and Ä€rmaiti”. In: Niknami KA., Hozhabri A. (eds). Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period. University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series. Springer, Cham. p. 65.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41776-5_6Sometimes Armaiti is paired with other Zoroastrian deity, Zam (’earth’), another being associated with the Earth,BOOK, de Jong, Albert F., Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin Literature, Leiden; New York; Köln, Brill, 1997, 100, 90-04-10844-0, thus forming a compound Zam-Armaiti or Zam-Armatay.Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2012). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. McFarland/Routledge. p. 520. {{ISBN|1-57958-270-2}}

Cultic role

Just like every other member within the Heptad, Ä€rmaiti shares an intimate bond with Ahura Mazdā, a connection metaphorically described by Zoroaster as that of a “daughter” to him.WEB, Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica,iranicaonline.org/, 2024-02-18, iranicaonline.org, en-US, She is associated with earthBOOK, Russell, James R., James R. Russell, Zoroastrianism in Armenia, 1987, Harvard University Press, 978-0674968509, 323, Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. “Ahura Mazdā and Ä€rmaiti, Heaven and Earth, in the Old Avesta”. In: Journal of the American Oriental Society 122, no. 2 (2002): 404-409. doi:10.2307/3087636.Safaee, Yazdan (2020). “Scythian and Zoroastrian Earth Goddesses: A Comparative Study on Api and Ä€rmaiti”. In: Niknami KA., Hozhabri A. (eds). Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period. University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series. Springer, Cham. pp. 65-66.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41776-5_6 and sacred literature describes her role as a Mother Nature character. Thus, she is linked to fertility and to farmers.“[Armaiti] was the cornucopia of the fruits of the land (...) the personification of the land itself, and the earth was, thus, her proper realm (...) [She was also] responsible for its growth”. Dexter, Miriam Robbins. Whence the goddesses: a source book. The Athene Series. New York and London: Teachers College Press, Teachers College, Columbia University. 1990. p. 72. {{ISBN|0-8077-6234-2}}.{{efn|She is “the Old Iranian goddess of cultivated land, vegetation and fertility, having a link with the rite of inhumation (...)” and to whom “the material earth belongs”.Asatrian, Garnik S.; Arakelova, Victoria. The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World. Routledge. 2014. p. 90. {{ISBN|978-1-84465-761-2}}}}{{efn|“In the realm of the material world, Spenta Armaiti is the guardian spirit of the earth (Vendidad 3.35), the symbol of bountifulness (...) as well as the protector of herdsmen and farmers. Frequently, however, she is spoken of as the earth itself rather than as the genius of the earth (Yasna 16.10; Yasht 24.50; Vendidad 2.10, 2.14, 2.18, 18.51, 18.64). ... in the physical realm she represents, and later becomes, the earth.“Nigosian, Solomon Alexander. The Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research. Montreal & Kingston; London; Buffalo: McGill-Queen’s University Press. 1993. p. 79. {{ISBN|0-7735-1133-4}}}}She is also associated with the dead and the underworld.BOOK, Russell, James R., James R. Russell, Zoroastrianism in Armenia, 1987, Harvard University Press, 978-0674968509, 323–324, Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism. Volume One: The Early Period. Third impression with corrections. Leiden, New York, Köln: E. J. Brill. 1996. p. 206. {{ISBN|90-04-10474-7}}.

Religious legacy

In the Zoroastrian calendar, she is associated with the twelfth month ( {{transliteration|fa|Spendārmad}}) and the fifth day of the month. The fifth day of the twelfth month is hence her holy day, Sepandārmazgān. Sepandārmazgān is an ancient festival to celebrate eternal love. Iranian lovers give each other gifts on this day.BOOK,roshangaran-pub.ir/bookshow/B968846641, Goddesses in Iranian Culture and Mythology, 2014, Tehran: Roshangaran va Motale’at-e Zanan Publications, Taheri, Sadreddin, 9789641940821,

Parallels

Scholarship states that Armaiti is equivalent to a RigVedic entity named Aramati.Safaee, Yazdan (2020). “Scythian and Zoroastrian Earth Goddesses: A Comparative Study on Api and Ä€rmaiti”. In: Niknami KA., Hozhabri A. (eds). Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period. University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series. Springer, Cham. p. 66.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41776-5_6Pinault, Georges-Jean. “La langue des Scythes et le nom des Arimaspes”. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 152e année, N. 1, 2008. pp. 133-134. [DOI:doi.org/10.3406/crai.2008.92104]; www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2008_num_152_1_92104In Armenian mythology, her name appears as Sandaramet ().BOOK, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 1, 1908, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 795, Hastings, James, James Hastings, BOOK, Kurkjian, Vahan M., A History of Armenia, 2008, Indo-European Publishing, Los Angeles, California, 9781604440126, Vahan Kurkjian, 249,

Footnotes

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References

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External links

• Armaiti in Encyclopedia Iranica

{{Zoroastrian Calendar}}