SUPPORT THE WORK

GetWiki

Sensory processing disorder

ARTICLE SUBJECTS
aesthetics  →
being  →
complexity  →
database  →
enterprise  →
ethics  →
fiction  →
history  →
internet  →
knowledge  →
language  →
licensing  →
linux  →
logic  →
method  →
news  →
perception  →
philosophy  →
policy  →
purpose  →
religion  →
science  →
sociology  →
software  →
truth  →
unix  →
wiki  →
ARTICLE TYPES
essay  →
feed  →
help  →
system  →
wiki  →
ARTICLE ORIGINS
critical  →
discussion  →
forked  →
imported  →
original  →
Sensory processing disorder
[ temporary import ]
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{about|the sensory disorder|the personality trait characterizing highly sensitive persons (HSPs)|Sensory processing sensitivity}}{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=October 2022}}{{Excessive citations|date=October 2022}}}}









factoids
name Sensory processing disorder| synonyms = Sensory integration dysfunction| image = 20200711 Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) - categories and subtypes.svg| alt =| caption = An SPD nosology proposed by Miller LJ et al. (2007)| pronounce =| field =| speciality = Psychiatry, occupational therapy, neurology



stimulus (psychology)>stimuli, and/or difficulties using sensory information to plan movement. Problems discriminating characteristics of stimuli.| complications = Low school performance, behavioral difficulties, social isolation, employment problems, family and personal stress| onset = Uncertain| duration =| types =| causes =| risks = Anxiety, behavioral difficulties| diagnosis = Based on symptoms| differential = | prevention =
    | medication =| prognosis =| frequency =| deaths = {edih}Sensory processing disorder (SPD, formerly known as sensory integration dysfunction) is a condition in which multisensory input is not adequately processed in order to provide appropriate responses to the demands of the environment. Sensory processing disorder is present in many people with dyspraxia, autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Individuals with SPD may inadequately process visual, auditory, olfactory (smell), gustatory (taste), tactile (touch), vestibular (balance), proprioception (body awareness), and interoception (internal body senses) sensory stimuli.Sensory integration was defined by occupational therapist Anna Jean Ayres in 1972 as “the neurological process that organizes sensation from one’s own body and from the environment and makes it possible to use the body effectively within the environment”.BOOK, Ayres AJ, Sensory integration and learning disorders, Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, 1972, 978-0-87424-303-1, 590960,archive.org/details/sensoryintegrati00ayre, JOURNAL, Ayres AJ, Types of sensory integrative dysfunction among disabled learners, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 26, 1, 13–8, 1972, 5008164, Sensory processing disorder has been characterized as the source of significant problems in organizing sensation coming from the body and the environment and is manifested by difficulties in the performance in one or more of the main areas of life: productivity, leisure and playJOURNAL, Cosbey J, Johnston SS, Dunn ML, Sensory processing disorders and social participation, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 64, 3, 462–73, 2010, 20608277, 10.5014/ajot.2010.09076, free, or activities of daily living.WEB, Sensory Processing Disorder Explained, SPD Foundation,www.spdfoundation.net/about-sensory-processing-disorder.html, dead,www.spdfoundation.net/about-sensory-processing-disorder.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100517055045www.spdfoundation.net/about-sensory-processing-disorder.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100517055045www.spdfoundation.net/about-sensory-processing-disorder.html, 2010-05-17, Sources debate whether SPD is an independent disorder or represents the observed symptoms of various other, more well-established, disorders.WEB, Brout, Jennifer, Miller, Lucy Jane, vanc, DSM-5 Application for Sensory Processing Disorder Appendix A (part 1),www.researchgate.net/publication/285591455, Research Gate, 26 November 2018, WEB, Arky, Beth, vanc, The Debate Over Sensory Processing,childmind.org/article/the-debate-over-sensory-processing/, Child Mind Institute, 26 November 2018, Walbam, K. (2014). The Relevance of Sensory Processing Disorder to Social Work Practice: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 31(1), 61-70. {{doi|10.1007/s10560-013-0308-2}}WEB,www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/AAP-Recommends-Careful-Approach-to-Using-Sensory-Based-Therapies.aspx, AAP Recommends Careful Approach to Using Sensory-Based Therapies, www.aap.org, en-US, 2017-12-27, SPD is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association,WEB, Neale, Todd, vanc, AAP: Don’t Use Sensory Disorder Diagnosis,www.medpagetoday.com/pediatrics/generalpediatrics/33018, Medpage Today, Everyday Health, 26 November 2018, June 2012, WEB, Weinstein, Edie, vanc, Making Sense of Sensory Processing Disorder,psychcentral.com/lib/making-sense-of-sensory-processing-disorder/, Psych Central, 26 November 2018, 2016-11-22, 2018-11-27,web.archive.org/web/20181127064821/https://psychcentral.com/lib/making-sense-of-sensory-processing-disorder/, dead, and the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended in 2012 that pediatricians not use SPD as a stand-alone diagnosis.

    Signs and symptoms

    Sensory integration difficulties or sensory processing disorder (SPD) are characterized by persistent challenges with neurological processing of sensory stimuli that interfere with a person’s ability to participate in everyday life. Such challenges can appear in one or several sensory systems of the somatosensory system, vestibular system, proprioceptive system, interoceptive system, auditory system, visual system, olfactory system, and gustatory system.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}While many people can present one or two symptoms, sensory processing disorder has to have a clear functional impact on the person’s life:Signs of over-responsivity,JOURNAL, Van Hulle C, Lemery-Chalfant K, Goldsmith HH, Trajectories of Sensory Over-Responsivity from Early to Middle Childhood: Birth and Temperament Risk Factors, PLOS ONE, 10, 6, e0129968, 2015-06-24, 26107259, 4481270, 10.1371/journal.pone.0129968, 2015PLoSO..1029968V, free, including, for example, dislike of textures such as those found in fabrics, foods, grooming products or other materials found in daily living, to which most people would not react, and serious discomfort, sickness or threat induced by normal sounds, lights, ambient temperature, movements, smells, tastes, or even inner sensations such as heartbeat.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}Signs of under-responsivity, including sluggishness and lack of responsiveness.Sensory cravings,JOURNAL, Peters SU, Horowitz L, Barbieri-Welge R, Taylor JL, Hundley RJ, Longitudinal follow-up of autism spectrum features and sensory behaviors in Angelman syndrome by deletion class, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 53, 2, 152–9, February 2012, 21831244, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02455.x, free, including, for example, fidgeting, impulsiveness, and/or seeking or making loud, disturbing noises; and sensorimotor-based problems, including slow and uncoordinated movements or poor handwriting.Sensory discrimination problems, which might manifest themselves in behaviors such as things constantly dropped.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}Symptoms may vary according to the disorder’s type and subtype present.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

    Relationship to other disorders

    Sensory integration and processing difficulties can be a feature of a number of disorders, including anxiety problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),JOURNAL, Ghanizadeh A, Sensory processing problems in children with ADHD, a systematic review, Psychiatry Investigation, 8, 2, 89–94, June 2011, 21852983, 3149116, 10.4306/pi.2011.8.2.89, food intolerances, behavioral disorders, and particularly, autism spectrum disorders.JOURNAL, Lane AE, Young RL, Baker AE, Angley MT, Sensory processing subtypes in autism: association with adaptive behavior, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1, 112–22, January 2010, 19644746, 10.1007/s10803-009-0840-2, 31901138, JOURNAL, Tomchek SD, Dunn W, Sensory processing in children with and without autism: a comparative study using the short sensory profile, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61, 2, 190–200, 2007, 17436841, 10.5014/ajot.61.2.190, free, JOURNAL, Kern JK, Trivedi MH, Grannemann BD, Garver CR, Johnson DG, Andrews AA, Savla JS, Mehta JA, Schroeder JL, 6, Sensory correlations in autism, Autism, 11, 2, 123–34, March 2007, 17353213, 10.1177/1362361307075702, 26074710, This pattern of comorbidities poses a significant challenge to those who claim that SPD is an identifiably specific disorder, rather than simply a term given to a set of symptoms common to other disorders.WEB,www.kennedykrieger.org/sites/kki2.com/files/08-09.pdf, Sensory processing disorder, Joanne, Flanagan, vanc, 2009, Pediatric News, Kennedy Krieger.org, 2018-11-23,www.kennedykrieger.org/sites/kki2.com/files/08-09.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20120919121356www.kennedykrieger.org/sites/kki2.com/files/08-09.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20120919121356www.kennedykrieger.org/sites/kki2.com/files/08-09.pdf, 2012-09-19, dead, Two studies have provided preliminary evidence suggesting that there may be measurable neurological differences between children diagnosed with SPD and control children classified as neurotypicalJOURNAL, Owen JP, Marco EJ, Desai S, Fourie E, Harris J, Hill SS, Arnett AB, Mukherjee P, 6, Abnormal white matter microstructure in children with sensory processing disorders, NeuroImage. Clinical, 2, 844–53, June 17, 2013, 24179836, 3778265, 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.009, or children diagnosed with autism.JOURNAL, Chang YS, Owen JP, Desai SS, Hill SS, Arnett AB, Harris J, Marco EJ, Mukherjee P, 6, Autism and sensory processing disorders: shared white matter disruption in sensory pathways but divergent connectivity in social-emotional pathways, PLOS ONE, 9, 7, e103038, July 2014, 25075609, 4116166, 10.1371/journal.pone.0103038, 2014PLoSO...9j3038C, free, Despite this evidence, that SPD researchers have yet to agree on a proven, standardized diagnostic tool undermines researchers’ ability to define the boundaries of the disorder and makes correlational studies, like those on structural brain abnormalities, less convincing.WEB, Palmer, Brian, 2014-02-28, Get Ready for the Next Big Medical Fight Is sensory processing disorder a real disease?,www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2014/02/sensory_processing_disorder_the_debate_over_whether_spd_is_a_real_disease.html, 12 September 2018, Slate, vanc,

    Causes

    The exact cause of SPD is not known.WEB, Sensory Processing Disorder,health.howstuffworks.com/pregnancy-and-parenting/childhood-conditions/sensory-processing-disorder1.htm, HowStuffWorks, InfoSpace Holdings LLC, 27 November 2018, 2008-06-17, However, it is known that the midbrain and brainstem regions of the central nervous system are early centers in the processing pathway for multisensory integration; these brain regions are involved in processes including coordination, attention, arousal, and autonomic function.JOURNAL, Stein BE, Stanford TR, Rowland BA, The neural basis of multisensory integration in the midbrain: its organization and maturation, Hearing Research, 258, 1–2, 4–15, December 2009, 19345256, 2787841, 10.1016/j.heares.2009.03.012, After sensory information passes through these centers, it is then routed to brain regions responsible for emotions, memory, and higher level cognitive functions.

    Mechanism

    Research in sensory processing in 2007, is focused on finding the genetic and neurological causes of SPD. Electroencephalography (EEG),JOURNAL, Davies PL, Gavin WJ, Validating the diagnosis of sensory processing disorders using EEG technology, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61, 2, 176–89, 2007, 17436840, 10.5014/ajot.61.2.176, free, measuring event-related potential (ERP) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) are traditionally used to explore the causes behind the behaviors observed in SPD.Differences in tactile and auditory over-responsivity show moderate genetic influences, with tactile over-responsivity demonstrating greater heritability.JOURNAL, Goldsmith HH, Van Hulle CA, Arneson CL, Schreiber JE, Gernsbacher MA, A population-based twin study of parentally reported tactile and auditory defensiveness in young children, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 3, 393–407, June 2006, 16649001, 4301432, 10.1007/s10802-006-9024-0, Differences in auditory latency (the time between the input is received and when reaction is observed in the brain), hypersensitivity to vibration in the Pacinian corpuscles receptor pathways and other alterations in unimodal and multisensory processing have been detected in autism populations.JOURNAL, Marco, Elysa J., Hinkley, Leighton B. N., Hill, Susanna S., Nagarajan, Srikantan S., May 2011, Sensory Processing in Autism: A Review of Neurophysiologic Findings, Pediatric Research, en, 69, 8, 48–54, 10.1203/PDR.0b013e3182130c54, 21289533, 1530-0447, 3086654, People with sensory processing deficits appear to have less sensory gating than typical subjects,JOURNAL, Davies PL, Chang WP, Gavin WJ, Maturation of sensory gating performance in children with and without sensory processing disorders, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72, 2, 187–97, May 2009, 19146890, 2695879, 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.007, JOURNAL, Kisley MA, Noecker TL, Guinther PM, Comparison of sensory gating to mismatch negativity and self-reported perceptual phenomena in healthy adults, Psychophysiology, 41, 4, 604–12, July 2004, 15189483, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00191.x,spdfoundation.net/pdf/kisely_noecker.pdf, dead,spdfoundation.net/pdf/kisely_noecker.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20121025022415spdfoundation.net/pdf/kisely_noecker.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20121025022415spdfoundation.net/pdf/kisely_noecker.pdf, 2012-10-25, and atypical neural integration of sensory input. In people with sensory over-responsivity, different neural generators activate, causing the automatic association of causally related sensory inputs that occurs at this early sensory-perceptual stage to not function properly. People with sensory over-responsivity might have increased D2 receptor in the striatum, related to aversion to tactile stimuli and reduced habituation. In animal models, prenatal stress significantly increased tactile avoidance.JOURNAL, Schneider ML, Moore CF, Gajewski LL, Larson JA, Roberts AD, Converse AK, DeJesus OT, 2008, Sensory processing disorder in a primate model: evidence from a longitudinal study of prenatal alcohol and prenatal stress effects,www.sinetwork.org/pdf/schneider_moore.pdf, dead, Child Development, 79, 1, 100–13, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01113.x, 4226060, 18269511,www.sinetwork.org/pdf/schneider_moore.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20130512205539www.sinetwork.org/pdf/schneider_moore.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20130512205539www.sinetwork.org/pdf/schneider_moore.pdf, 2013-05-12, Recent research has also found an abnormal white matter microstructure in children with SPD, compared with typical children and those with other developmental disorders such as autism and ADHD.JOURNAL, 6, Owen JP, Marco EJ, Desai S, Fourie E, Harris J, Hill SS, Arnett AB, Mukherjee P, 2013, Abnormal white matter microstructure in children with sensory processing disorders, NeuroImage. Clinical, 2, 844–53, 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.009, 3778265, 24179836, JOURNAL, 6, Chang YS, Owen JP, Desai SS, Hill SS, Arnett AB, Harris J, Marco EJ, Mukherjee P, 2014, Autism and sensory processing disorders: shared white matter disruption in sensory pathways but divergent connectivity in social-emotional pathways, PLOS ONE, 9, 7, e103038, 2014PLoSO...9j3038C, 10.1371/journal.pone.0103038, 4116166, 25075609, free, One hypothesis is that multisensory stimulation may activate a higher-level system in the frontal cortex that involves attention and cognitive processing, rather than the automatic integration of multisensory stimuli observed in typically developing adults in the auditory cortex.JOURNAL, Brett-Green BA, Miller LJ, Schoen SA, Nielsen DM, An exploratory event-related potential study of multisensory integration in sensory over-responsive children, Brain Research, 1321, 67–77, March 2010, 20097181, 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.043, 38720244,spdfoundation.net/pdf/Brett-Green_et_al%20article_2010.pdf, dead,spdfoundation.net/pdf/Brett-Green_et_al%20article_2010.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20121024223121spdfoundation.net/pdf/Brett-Green_et_al%20article_2010.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20121024223121spdfoundation.net/pdf/Brett-Green_et_al%20article_2010.pdf, 2012-10-24,

    Diagnosis

    Sensory processing disorder is accepted in the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood (DC:0-3R). It is not recognized as a mental disorder in medical manuals such as the ICD-10ICD 10 or the DSM-5.WEB,spdfoundation.net/sensory-processing-blog/2012/12/05/final-decision-for-dsm-v/, Final Decision for DSM-V, Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation, 3 October 2013, Lucy Jane, Miller, vanc, dead,spdfoundation.net/sensory-processing-blog/2012/12/05/final-decision-for-dsm-v/," title="web.archive.org/web/20131004214132spdfoundation.net/sensory-processing-blog/2012/12/05/final-decision-for-dsm-v/,">web.archive.org/web/20131004214132spdfoundation.net/sensory-processing-blog/2012/12/05/final-decision-for-dsm-v/, 4 October 2013, There is not single test to diagnose this. Diagnosis is primarily arrived at by the use of standardized tests, standardized questionnaires, expert observational scales, and free-play observation at an occupational therapy gym. Observation of functional activities might be carried at school and home as well.WEB, 2023-11-01, Sensory Processing Disorder Test And ABA: What You Need To Know,www.levelaheadaba.com/sensory-processing-disorder-test-and-aba-what-you-need-to-know, 2024-04-19, www.levelaheadaba.com, en, Though diagnosis in most of the world is done by an occupational therapist, in some countries diagnosis is made by certified professionals, such as psychologists, learning specialists, physiotherapists and/or speech and language therapists.WEB,www.sensoryintegration.org.uk/course-information-and-booking, Course information and booking, Sensory Integration Network, 23 July 2013, dead,www.sensoryintegration.org.uk/course-information-and-booking," title="web.archive.org/web/20130610111334www.sensoryintegration.org.uk/course-information-and-booking,">web.archive.org/web/20130610111334www.sensoryintegration.org.uk/course-information-and-booking, 10 June 2013, Some countries recommend to have a full psychological and neurological evaluation if symptoms are too severe.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

    Standardized tests

    • Sensory Integration and Praxis Test (SIPT)
    • Evaluation of Ayres’ Sensory Integration (EASI) – in development
    • DeGangi-Berk Test of Sensory Integration (TSI)
    • Test of Sensory Functions in Infants (TSFI)JOURNAL, Eeles AL, Spittle AJ, Anderson PJ, Brown N, Lee KJ, Boyd RN, Doyle LW, Assessments of sensory processing in infants: a systematic review, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 55, 4, 314–26, April 2013, 23157488, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04434.x, free,

    Standardized questionnaires

    • Sensory Profile (SP)JOURNAL, Ermer J, Dunn W, The sensory profile: a discriminant analysis of children with and without disabilities, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 52, 4, 283–90, April 1998, 9544354, 10.5014/ajot.52.4.283, free,
    • Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile
    • Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile
    • Sensory Profile School Companion
    • Indicators of Developmental Risk Signals (INDIPCD-R)JOURNAL, Bolaños C, Gomez MM, Ramos G, Rios Del Rio J, Developmental Risk Signals as a Screening Tool for Early Identification of Sensory Processing Disorders, Occupational Therapy International, 23, 2, 154–64, June 2016, 26644234, 10.1002/oti.1420, free,
    • Sensory Processing Measure (SPM)JOURNAL, Miller-Kuhaneck H, Henry DA, Glennon TJ, Mu K, Development of the Sensory Processing Measure-School: initial studies of reliability and validity, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61, 2, 170–5, 2007, 17436839, 10.5014/ajot.61.2.170,ajot.aotapress.net/content/61/2/170.full.pdf, dead,ajot.aotapress.net/content/61/2/170.full.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20180519232059ajot.aotapress.net/content/61/2/170.full.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20180519232059ajot.aotapress.net/content/61/2/170.full.pdf, 2018-05-19,
    • Sensory Processing Measure Preschool (SPM-P)JOURNAL, Glennon TJ, Miller Kuhaneck H, Herzberg D, The Sensory Processing Measure–Preschool (SPM-P)—Part One: Description of the Tool and Its Use in the Preschool Environment, Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 4, 1, 2011, 42–52, 10.1080/19411243.2011.573245, 36558429,

    Classification

    Sensory integration and processing difficulties

    Construct-related evidence relating to sensory integration and processing difficulties from Ayres’ early research emerged from factor analysis of the earliest test the SCISIT and Mulligan’s 1998 “Patterns of Sensory Integration Dysfunctions: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis”.JOURNAL, Mulligan, Shelley, 1998-11-01, Patterns of Sensory Integration Dysfunction: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis,dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.52.10.819, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 52, 10, 819–828, 10.5014/ajot.52.10.819, 0272-9490, Sensory integration and processing patterns recognised in the research support a classification of difficulties related to:
    • Sensory registration and perception (discrimination)
    • Sensory reactivity (modulation)
    • Praxis (meaning “to do“)
    • Postural, ocular and bilateral integration

    Sensory processing disorder (SPD)

    Proponents of a new nosology SPD have instead proposed three categories: sensory modulation disorder, sensory-based motor disorders and sensory discrimination disordersJOURNAL, Miller LJ, Anzalone ME, Lane SJ, Cermak SA, Osten ET, 2007, Concept evolution in sensory integration: a proposed nosology for diagnosis, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61, 2, 135–40, 10.5014/ajot.61.2.135, 17436834, free, (as defined in the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood).JOURNAL, Miller LJ, Nielsen DM, Schoen SA, Brett-Green BA, 2009, Perspectives on sensory processing disorder: a call for translational research, Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 3, 22, 10.3389/neuro.07.022.2009, 2759332, 19826493, free, JOURNAL, Zimmer M, Desch L, June 2012, Sensory integration therapies for children with developmental and behavioral disorders, Pediatrics, 129, 6, 1186–9, 10.1542/peds.2012-0876, 22641765, free,

    1. Sensory modulation disorder (SMD)

    Sensory modulation refers to a complex central nervous system processJOURNAL, Schaaf RC, Benevides T, Blanche EI, Brett-Green BA, Burke JP, Cohn ES, Koomar J, Lane SJ, Miller LJ, May-Benson TA, Parham D, Reynolds S, Schoen SA, 6, Parasympathetic functions in children with sensory processing disorder, Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 4, 4, 2010, 20300470, 2839854, 10.3389/fnint.2010.00004, free, by which neural messages that convey information about the intensity, frequency, duration, complexity, and novelty of sensory stimuli are adjusted.BOOK, Miller LJ, Reisman JE, McIntosh DN, Simon J, An ecological model of sensory modulation: Performance of children with fragile X syndrome, autistic disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and sensory modulation dysfunction, Roley SS, Blanche EI, Schaff RC, Understanding the nature of sensory integration with diverse populations, Therapy Skill Builders, Tucson, AZ, 75–88, 9780761615156, 46678625,www.spdfoundation.net/pdf/Miller_Reisman.pdf, 2013-07-26, dead,spdfoundation.net/pdf/Miller_Reisman.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20121025022940spdfoundation.net/pdf/Miller_Reisman.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20121025022940spdfoundation.net/pdf/Miller_Reisman.pdf, 2012-10-25, January 2001, SMD consists of three subtypes:
    1. Sensory over-responsivity.
    2. Sensory under-responsivity
    3. Sensory craving/seeking.

    2. Sensory-based motor disorder (SBMD)

    According to proponents, sensory-based motor disorder shows motor output that is disorganized as a result of incorrect processing of sensory information affecting postural control challenges, resulting in postural disorder, or developmental coordination disorder.JOURNAL, Bair WN, Kiemel T, Jeka JJ, Clark JE, Development of multisensory reweighting is impaired for quiet stance control in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), PLOS ONE, 7, 7, e40932, 2012, 22815872, 3399799, 10.1371/journal.pone.0040932, 2012PLoSO...740932B, free, The SBMD subtypes are:
    1. Dyspraxia
    2. Postural disorder

    3. Sensory discrimination disorder (SDD)

    Sensory discrimination disorder involves the incorrect processing of sensory information. The SDD subtypes are:WEB,scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3437&context=honors_theses, An overview of sensory processing disorder, Lonkar, Heather, vanc, ScholarWorks at Western Michigan University, Western Michigan University, 4 October 2017,
    1. Visual
    2. Auditory
    3. Tactile
    4. Gustatory (taste)
    5. Olfactory (smell)
    6. Vestibular (balance, head position and movement in space)
    7. Proprioceptive (feeling of where parts of the body are located in space, muscle sensation)
    8. Interoception (inner body sensations).

    Treatment

    Sensory integration therapy

    (File:Tire Swing.JPG|thumb|The vestibular system is stimulated through hanging equipment such as tire swings.)Typically offered as part of occupational therapy, ASI that places a child in a room specifically designed to stimulate and challenge all of the senses to elicit functional adaptive responses. Occupational Therapy is defined by the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) as “Occupational therapy practitioners in pediatric settings work with children and their families, caregivers and teachers to promote participation in meaningful activities and occupations”. In childhood, these occupations may include play, school and learning self-care tasks. An entry level Occupational Therapist can provide treatment for sensory processing disorder however, more advanced clinical training exists to target the underlying neuro-biological processes involved.BOOK, Anita C, Bundy, Shelly J, Lane, Elizabeth A, Murray, vanc, Sensory integration : theory and practice, 2002, F.A. Davis, 978-0803605459, 2nd, Philadelphia, 49421642, Although Ayres initially developed her assessment tools and intervention methods to support children with sensory integration and processing challenges, the theory is relevant beyond childhood.JOURNAL, Watling, Renee, Bodison, Stefanie, Henry, Diana, Miller-Kuhaneck, Heather, 2006-12-01, Sensory Integration: It’s Not Just for Children,digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/ot_fac/17, Occupational Therapy Faculty Publications, 29, 4, JOURNAL, Brown, Stephen, Shankar, Rohit, Smith, Kathryn, 2009, Borderline personality disorder and sensory processing impairment, Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, en, 13, 4, 10–16, 10.1002/pnp.127, 1931-227X, free, JOURNAL, Brown, Catana, 2002-09-14, What Is the Best Environment for Me? A Sensory Processing Perspective,dx.doi.org/10.1300/j004v17n03_08, Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 17, 3–4, 115–125, 10.1300/j004v17n03_08, 145139324, 0164-212X, Sensory integration therapy is driven by four main principles:WEB, What is Sensory Processing Disorder? {{!, Meaning {{!}} Symptoms {{!}} Causes |url=https://www.fluentaac.com/sensory-processing-disorder |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Fluent |language=en}}
    • Just right challenge (the child must be able to successfully meet the challenges that are presented through playful activities)
    • Adaptive response (the child adapts their behavior with new and useful strategies in response to the challenges presented)
    • Active engagement (the child will want to participate because the activities are fun)
    • Child directed (the child’s preferences are used to initiate therapeutic experiences within the session)
    Serious questions have been raised as to the effectiveness of this therapyJOURNAL, Leong, H. M., Carter, Mark, Stephenson, Jennifer, 2015-12-01, Systematic review of sensory integration therapy for individuals with disabilities: Single case design studies,www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891422215001687, Research in Developmental Disabilities, en, 47, 334–351, 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.09.022, 26476485, 0891-4222, JOURNAL, AAP Login,www.aap.org/en/my-account/login/, 2022-06-04, Pediatrics, 2012, 10.1542/peds.2012-0876, 22641765, Section On Complementary And Integrative Medicine, Council on Children with Disabilities, Zimmer, M., Desch, L., 129, 6, 1186–1189, 140127951, free, JOURNAL, Hyatt, Keith J., Stephenson, Jennifer, Carter, Mark, 2009, A Review of Three Controversial Educational Practices: Perceptual Motor Programs, Sensory Integration, and Tinted Lenses,www.jstor.org/stable/42900024, Education and Treatment of Children, 32, 2, 313–342, 10.1353/etc.0.0054, 42900024, 143983625, 0748-8491, JOURNAL, Stephenson, Jennifer, Carter, Mark, 2008-07-01, The Use of Weighted Vests with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Other Disabilities,doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0605-3, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, en, 39, 1, 105–114, 10.1007/s10803-008-0605-3, 18592366, 28121843, 1573-3432, particularly in medical journals where the requirements for a treatment to be effective is much higher and developed than its occupational therapy counterparts which often advocate the effectiveness of the treatment.JOURNAL, Schaaf, Roseann C., Dumont, Rachel L., Arbesman, Marian, May-Benson, Teresa A., 2017-12-13, Efficacy of Occupational Therapy Using Ayres Sensory Integration®: A Systematic Review,doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2018.028431, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72, 1, 7201190010p1–7201190010p10, 10.5014/ajot.2018.028431, 29280711, 4018104, 0272-9490, JOURNAL, Watling, Renee, Hauer, Sarah, 2015-09-04, Effectiveness of Ayres Sensory Integration® and Sensory-Based Interventions for People With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review,doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2015.018051, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69, 5, 6905180030p1–6905180030p12, 10.5014/ajot.2015.018051, 26356655, 0272-9490,

    Sensory processing therapy

    This therapy retains all of the above-mentioned four principles and adds:WEB,spdfoundation.net/files/2714/2430/1254/Jan-Feb2013_sensorysolutions.pdf, The “So What?” of Sensory Integration Therapy: Joie de Vivre, Sensory Solutions, 2013, Miller, Lucy Jane, Collins, Britt, vanc, 11 January 2016, Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation, dead,spdfoundation.net/files/2714/2430/1254/Jan-Feb2013_sensorysolutions.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304081554spdfoundation.net/files/2714/2430/1254/Jan-Feb2013_sensorysolutions.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160304081554spdfoundation.net/files/2714/2430/1254/Jan-Feb2013_sensorysolutions.pdf, 4 March 2016,
    • Intensity (person attends therapy daily for a prolonged period of time)
    • Developmental approach (therapist adapts to the developmental age of the person, against actual age)
    • Test-retest systematic evaluation (all clients are evaluated before and after)
    • Process driven vs. activity driven (therapist focuses on the “just right” emotional connection and the process that reinforces the relationship)
    • Parent education (parent education sessions are scheduled into the therapy process)
    • “Joie de vivre” (happiness of life is therapy’s main goal, attained through social participation, self-regulation, and self-esteem)
    • Combination of best practice interventions (is often accompanied by integrated listening system therapy, floor time, and electronic media such as Xbox Kinect, Nintendo Wii, Makoto II machine training and others)
    While occupational therapists using a sensory integration frame of reference work on increasing a child’s ability to adequately process sensory input, other OTs may focus on environmental accommodations that parents and school staff can use to enhance the child’s function at home, school, and in the community.BOOK, Nancy, Peske, Lindsey, Biel, vanc, Raising a sensory smart child: the definitive handbook for helping your child with sensory integration issues, Penguin Books, New York, 2005, 978-0-14-303488-9, 56420392,archive.org/details/raisingsensorysm00biel_0, WEB,sensorysmarts.com/sensory-checklist.pdf, Sensory Checklist, Raising a Sensory Smart Child, 16 July 2013, These may include selecting soft, tag-free clothing, avoiding fluorescent lighting, and providing ear plugs for “emergency” use (such as for fire drills).{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

    Evaluation of treatment effectiveness

    A 2019 review found sensory integration therapy to be effective for autism spectrum disorder.JOURNAL, Schoen SA, Lane SJ, Mailloux Z, May-Benson T, Parham LD, Smith Roley S, Schaaf RC, January 2019, A systematic review of ayres sensory integration intervention for children with autism, Autism Research, 12, 1, 6–19, 10.1002/aur.2046, 6590432, 30548827, Another study from 2018 backs up the intervention for children with special needs,JOURNAL, Schaaf RC, Dumont RL, Arbesman M, May-Benson TA, 2018-01-01, ®: A Systematic Review, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72, 1, 7201190010p1–7201190010p10, 10.5014/ajot.2018.028431, 29280711, 4018104, Additionally, the American Occupational Therapy Association supports the intervention.WEB, 2008, Frequently Asked Questions About Ayres Sensory Integration,www.aota.org/-/media/Corporate/Files/Practice/Children/Resources/FAQs/SI%20Fact%20Sheet%202.pdf, 2020-01-25, American Occupational Therapy Association, Bodison S, Watling R, Kuhaneck HM, Henry D, In its overall review of the treatment effectiveness literature, Aetna concluded that “The effectiveness of these therapies is unproven”,WEB, Sensory and Auditory Integration Therapy,www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/200_299/0256.html, Aetna Insurance, 10 September 2018, while the American Academy of Pediatrics concluded that “parents should be informed that the amount of research regarding the effectiveness of sensory integration therapy is limited and inconclusive.“JOURNAL, Zimmer M, Desch L, Sensory integration therapies for children with developmental and behavioral disorders, Pediatrics, 129, 6, 1186–9, June 2012, 22641765, 10.1542/peds.2012-0876,pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/6/1186, free, A 2015 review concluded that SIT techniques exist “outside the bounds of established evidence-based practice” and that SIT is “quite possibly a misuse of limited resources.“BOOK, Smith T, Mruzek DW, Mozingo D, 2015, Sensory integration therapy., Controversial therapies for autism and intellectual disabilities: Fad, fashion, and science in professional practice, 247–269, Routledge, 9781317623830, Foxx RM, Mulick JA,books.google.com/books?id=HY29CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA247,

    Epidemiology

    It has been estimated by proponents that up to 16.5% of elementary school aged children present elevated SOR behaviors in the tactile or auditory modalities.JOURNAL, Ben-Sasson A, Carter AS, Briggs-Gowan MJ, Sensory over-responsivity in elementary school: prevalence and social-emotional correlates, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 5, 705–16, July 2009, 19153827, 5972374, 10.1007/s10802-008-9295-8,www.spdfoundation.net/pdf/Sensory_Over-Responsivity_in_Elementary_School_Prevalence_and_Social_Emotional_Correlates_2009.pdf, dead, 10.1.1.620.4830,www.spdfoundation.net/pdf/Sensory_Over-Responsivity_in_Elementary_School_Prevalence_and_Social_Emotional_Correlates_2009.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20130627054246www.spdfoundation.net/pdf/Sensory_Over-Responsivity_in_Elementary_School_Prevalence_and_Social_Emotional_Correlates_2009.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20130627054246www.spdfoundation.net/pdf/Sensory_Over-Responsivity_in_Elementary_School_Prevalence_and_Social_Emotional_Correlates_2009.pdf, 2013-06-27, This figure is larger than what previous studies with smaller samples had shown: an estimate of 5–13% of elementary school aged children.JOURNAL, Ahn RR, Miller LJ, Milberger S, McIntosh DN, Prevalence of parents’ perceptions of sensory processing disorders among kindergarten children, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58, 3, 287–93, 2004, 15202626, 10.5014/ajot.58.3.287,spdnetwork.com/pdf/Prevalence-of-Parents-Perceptions-of-SPD-2004.pdf, {{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Critics have noted that such a high incidence for just one of the subtypes of SPD raises questions about the degree to which SPD is a specific and clearly identifiable disorder.Proponents have also claimed that adults may also show signs of sensory processing difficulties and would benefit for sensory processing therapies,JOURNAL, Urwin R, Ballinger C, The Effectiveness of Sensory Integration Therapy to Improve Functional Behaviour in Adults with Learning Disabilities: Five Single-Case Experimental Designs, Br. J. Occup. Ther., 68, 2, 56–66, February 2005, 10.1177/030802260506800202, 144366644, although this work has yet to distinguish between those with SPD symptoms alone vs adults whose processing abnormalities are associated with other disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder.JOURNAL, Brown, Stephen, Shankar, Rohit, Smith, Kathryn, vanc, Borderline personality disorder and sensory processing impairment, Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, 13, 4, 2009, 10–16, 10.1002/pnp.127, free,

    Society

    The American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) and British Royal College of Occupational Therapy (RCOT) support the use of a variety of methods of sensory integration for those with sensory integration and processing difficulties. Both organizations recognise the need for further research about Ayres’ Sensory Integration and related approaches. In the USA this important to increase insurance coverage for related therapies. AOTA and RCOT have made efforts to educate the public about sensory Integration and related approaches. AOTA’s practice guidelines and RCOT’s informed view “Sensory Integration and sensory-based interventions“WEB, Sensory Integration and Sensory- based Interventions,www.rcot.co.uk/about-occupational-therapy/rcot-informed-views, currently support the use of sensory integration therapy and interprofessional education and collaboration in order to optimize treatment for those with sensory integration and processing difficulties. The AOTA provides several resources pertaining to sensory integration therapy, some of which includes a fact sheet, new research, and continuing education opportunities.WEB, Sensory Integration,www.aota.org/practice/children-youth/si.aspx, The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc., 4 October 2017,

    Controversy

    There are concerns regarding the validity of the diagnosis. SPD is not included in the DSM-5 or ICD-10, the most widely used diagnostic sources in healthcare. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2012 stated that there is no universally accepted framework for diagnosis and recommends caution against using any “sensory” type therapies unless as a part of a comprehensive treatment plan. The AAP has plans to review its policy, though those efforts are still in the early stages.WEB, 2020-01-15, Autism Diagnoses Shouldn’t Be One-Size Fits All,www.fatherly.com/health-science/sensory-processing-disorder-autism/, 2020-07-12, Fatherly, en-US, A 2015 review of research on Sensory Integration Therapy (SIT) concluded that SIT is “ineffective and that its theoretical underpinnings and assessment practices are unvalidated”, that SIT techniques exist “outside the bounds of established evidence-based practice”, and that SIT is “quite possibly a misuse of limited resources”.Some sources point that sensory issues are an important concern, but not a diagnosis in themselves.Center for Autism and the Developing BrainWEB, Arky, Beth, The debate over sensory processing,childmind.org/article/the-debate-over-sensory-processing/, 12 September 2018, Child Mind Institute, vanc, Critics have noted that what proponents claim are symptoms of SPD are both broad and, in some cases, represent very common, and not necessarily abnormal or atypical, childhood characteristics. Where these traits become grounds for a diagnosis is generally in combination with other more specific symptoms or when the child gets old enough to explain that the reasons behind their behavior are specifically sensory.JOURNAL, Wood, Jessica K., 2020-07-01, Sensory Processing Disorder: Implications for Primary Care Nurse Practitioners,www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1555415520301823, The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, en, 16, 7, 514–516, 10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.03.022, 225645232, 1555-4155,

    Manuals

    SPD is in Stanley Greenspan’s Diagnostic Manual for Infancy and Early Childhood and as Regulation Disorders of Sensory Processing part of The Zero to Three’s Diagnostic Classification.Is not recognized as a stand-alone diagnosis in the manuals ICD-10 or in the recently updated DSM-5, but unusual reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects is included as a possible but not necessary criterion for the diagnosis of autism.BOOK, Association., American Psychiatric,worldcat.org/oclc/825047464, Desk reference to the diagnostic criteria from DSM-5, 2013, American Psychiatric Publishing, 978-0-89042-556-5, 825047464,

    History

    Sensory processing disorder as a specific form of atypical functioning was first described by occupational therapist Anna Jean Ayres (1920–1989).BOOK, Sensory integration and the child: understanding hidden sensory challenge, 25th Anniversary, Ayres, A. Jean, Robbins, Jeff, vanc, WPS, 2005, 978-0-87424-437-3, Los Angeles, CA, 63189804,

    Original model

    Ayres’s theoretical framework for what she called Sensory Integration Dysfunction was developed after six factor analytic studies of populations of children with learning disabilities, perceptual motor disabilities and normal developing children.BOOK, Sensory integration, Theory and practice, Bundy, Anita. C., Lane, J. Shelly, Murray, Elizabeth A., vanc, FA Davis Company, 2002, 978-0-8036-0545-9, Philadelphia, PA, Ayres created the following nosology based on the patterns that appeared on her factor analysis:
    • Dyspraxia: poor motor planning (more related to the vestibular system and proprioception)
    • Poor bilateral integration: inadequate use of both sides of the body simultaneously
    • Tactile defensiveness: negative reaction to tactile stimuli
    • Visual perceptual deficits: poor form and space perception and visual motor functions
    • Somatodyspraxia: poor motor planning (related to poor information coming from the tactile and proprioceptive systems)
    • Auditory-language problems
    Both visual perceptual and auditory language deficits were thought to possess a strong cognitive component and a weak relationship to underlying sensory processing deficits, so they are not considered central deficits in many models of sensory processing.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}In 1998, Mulligan found a similar pattern of deficits in a confirmatory factor analytic study.JOURNAL, Mulligan, Shelley, vanc, 1998, Patterns of Sensory Integration Dysfunction: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis, American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 52, November/December, 819–828, 10.5014/ajot.52.10.819, free, JOURNAL, Smith Roley S, Mailloux Z, Miller-Kuhaneck H, Glennon T, September 2007, Understanding Ayres Sensory Integration,www.pediatrictherapy.com/images/content/208.pdf, dead, OT Practice, 17, 12,www.pediatrictherapy.com/images/content/208.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20140824070724www.pediatrictherapy.com/images/content/208.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20140824070724www.pediatrictherapy.com/images/content/208.pdf, 24 August 2014, 19 July 2013,

    Quadrant model

    Dunn’s nosology uses two criteria:JOURNAL, Dunn, Winnie, April 1997, The Impact of Sensory Processing Abilities on the Daily Lives of Young Children and Their Families: A Conceptual Model,journals.lww.com/iycjournal/abstract/1997/04000/the_impact_of_sensory_processing_abilities_on_the.5.aspx, Infants & Young Children, 9, 4, 23–35, 10.1097/00001163-199704000-00005, 2013-07-19, response type (passive vs. active) and sensory threshold to the stimuli (low or high) creating four subtypes or quadrants:JOURNAL, Dunn W, The sensations of everyday life: empirical, theoretical, and pragmatic considerations, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55, 6, 608–20, 2001, 12959225, 10.5014/ajot.55.6.608, free,
    • High neurological thresholds
    1. Low registration: high threshold with passive response. Individuals who do not pick up on sensations and therefore partake in passive behavior.JOURNAL, Engel-Yeger B, Shochat T, The relationship between sensory processing patterns and sleep quality in healthy adults, Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79, 3, 134–41, June 2012, 22822690, 10.2182/cjot.2012.79.3.2, 8250123,
    2. Sensation seeking: high threshold and active response. Those who actively seek out a rich sensory filled environment.
    3. Low neurological threshold
    4. Sensitivity to stimuli: low threshold with passive response. Individuals who become distracted and uncomfortable when exposed to sensation but do not actively limit or avoid exposure to the sensation.
    5. Sensation avoiding: low threshold and active response. Individuals actively limit their exposure to sensations and are therefore high self regulators.

    Sensory processing model

    In Miller’s nosology “sensory integration dysfunction” was renamed into “Sensory processing disorder” to facilitate coordinated research work with other fields such as neurology since “the use of the term sensory integration often applies to a neurophysiologic cellular process rather than a behavioral response to sensory input as connoted by Ayres.“The sensory processing model’s nosology divides SPD in three subtypes: modulation, motor based and discrimination problems.

    See also

    {{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}
    • {{Annotated link |Auditory processing disorder}}
    • {{Annotated link |Catatonia}}
    • {{Annotated link |Hyperacusis}}
    • {{Annotated link |Hyperesthesia}}
    • {{Annotated link |Misophonia}}
    • {{Annotated link |Music therapy}}
    • {{Annotated link |Neurologic music therapy}}
    • {{Annotated link |Occupational science}}
    • {{Annotated link |Sensory friendly}}
    • {{Annotated link |Sensory integration therapy}}
    • {{Annotated link |Sensory overload}}
    • {{Annotated link |Sensory processing sensitivity}}
    • {{Annotated link |Snoezelen}}
    • {{Annotated link |Somatosensory disorder}}
    {{div col end}}

    References

    {{Reflist}}{{Sensation and perception}}{{adhd}}{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}{{Autism resources}}


    - content above as imported from Wikipedia
    - "Sensory processing disorder" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
    - time: 7:51am EDT - Wed, May 22 2024
    [ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
    LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
    GETWIKI 21 MAY 2024
    GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019
    Eastern Philosophy
    History of Philosophy
    GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016
    GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015
    M.R.M. Parrott
    Biographies
    GETWIKI 20 AUG 2014
    CONNECT