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Reserve Police Battalion 101 () was a Nazi German paramilitary formation of the uniformed police force known as the Ordnungspolizei (Order Police, Orpo), the organization formed by the Nazi unification of the civilian police forces in the country in 1936, placed under the leadership of the SS and grouped into battalions in 1939. One of many such Nazi German Order Police battalions, 101 was formed in Hamburg and was deployed in September 1939 along with the German armed forces (Wehrmacht) in the invasion of Poland.Reserve Police Battalion 101 guarded Polish prisoners of war and carried out expulsion of Poles, called "resettlement actions", in the new Warthegau territory around PoznaÅ„ and Łódź.{{sfn|Browning|1998|p=39}} Following a personnel change and retraining from May 1941 until June 1942, it became a major perpetrator of the Holocaust in occupied Poland.{{sfn|Goldhagen|1996|pp=203, 232–3}}WEB, Hamburg Police Battalions during the Second World War, Struan Robertson,weblinkpolice101.html, 2009-09-24, https:web.archive.org/web/20080222023331weblinkpolice101.html, 22 February 2008, JOURNAL, Anna, Nowak, 2014, http:www.holocaust.myoptimus.com/strona-glowna/3-zaglada-zydow-na-podlasiu-holocaust/3-2-dzialania-eksterminacyjne-batalionu-policyjnego-101/, DziaÅ‚ania eksterminacyjne batalionu policyjnego 101, Police Battalion 101 Extermination Actions, WWW Holocaust Myoptimus Com, Uniwersytet Marii Curie SkÅ‚odowskiej, pl, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141020170920weblink">weblink 20 October 2014, dmy-all, The battalion gained attention from the public due to the work of the historians Christopher Browning and Daniel Goldhagen.

History

{{Further|Nazi crimes against the Polish nation}}Between 1939 and 1945, the Ordnungspolizei maintained battalion formations, trained and equipped by their main police offices in Germany.{{sfn|Goldhagen|1996|p=204}}{{sfn|Browning|1998|p=38}} Specific duties varied widely from unit to unit and from one year to another,BOOK, Breitman, Richard, Official Secrets, Hill and Wang: NY, 1998, 0809001845, 5,weblink registration, {{sfn|Goldhagen|1996|p=186}} but one task was that of controlling civilian populations of the conquered or colonized countries.BOOK, The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror, Gordon Williamson,weblink 101, Zenith Imprint, 2004, 0-7603-1933-2, After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa of 1941, the Order Police joined the SS Einsatzgruppen in the massacres of Jews. The first mass-murder of 3,000 Jews by the German police occurred in Białystok on 12 July 1941,{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=9–12}} followed by the Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000-12,000 Jews by Reserve Police Battalion 133, perpetrated in Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine) on 12 October 1941 with the aid of ''Sicherheitspolizei" (SiPo) and Ukrainian Auxiliary Police.BOOK, Dieter Pohl, Hans Krueger and the Murder of the Jews in the Stanislawow Region (Galicia),weblink PDF file from Yad Vashem.org, 12/13, 17/18, 21, It is clear that a massacre of such proportions [committed on 12 October 1941] under German civil administration was virtually unprecedented., {{sfn|Browning|2004|pp=349–350}}BOOK, Westermann, Edward B., 2004, 'Ordinary Men' or 'Ideological Soldiers'? Police Battalion 310 in URSS, 1942, Martel, Gordon, The World War Two Reader, Routledge, 218, 0415224020,weblink 6 December 2014, The shootings in the USSR-proper culminated in the Reserve Police Battalion 45 massacre of 33,000 Jews at Babi Yar.{{sfn|Browning|1998|p=18}} The Order Police battalions became indispensable in the implementation of the Final Solution after the Wannsee Conference of 1942.{{sfn|Goldhagen|1996|pp=533–4}} They rounded up tens of thousands of Nazi ghetto inmates for deportations to extermination camps during the liquidation of the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland, and participated in the murder of Polish Jews along with the Holocaust executioners known as Trawnikis.{{harvnb|Browning|1998|p=52}}: "[Hiwis] were screened on the basis of their anti-Communist (and hence almost invariably anti-Semitic) sentiments." During Operation Reinhard mass murders were committed by Battalion 101 against women, children and the elderly in places including forced-labour camps and subcamps, most notably during the Aktion Erntefest of 1943, the largest German massacre of Jews in the war, with 42,000 victims shot in the execution pits over the bodies of others.{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=135–142}}

Battalion 101 operations

File:Bundesarchiv R 49 Bild-0131, Aussiedlung von Polen im Wartheland.jpg|thumb|280px|Expulsion from Warthegau. Poles led to cattle trains as part of the ethnic cleansing of western Poland, using Battalion 101]]A total of 17 Orpo battalions were deployed during the invasion of Poland in 1939. Battalion 101 was one of three from the city of Hamburg. After a few months of active duty the battalion was transported from Kielce, Poland, back to Germany on 17 December 1939 to undergo a major expansion after Christmas. Servicemen were tasked with organizing additional ground units. The already enlarged battalion was deployed to Poland again in May 1940, and for the next five months, conducted mass expulsions of Poles{{r|Browning38}} to make room for the German colonists brought in Heim ins Reich from the areas invaded by their Moscow ally as well as from Nazi Germany.{{sfn|Lukas|2001|loc=Chapter IV (Part I)}}The expulsions of Poles, along with kidnappings of Polish children for the purpose of Germanization,A. Dirk Moses (2004), Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children..., Berghahn Books (Google Print), p.260. {{ISBN|1571814108}} were managed by two German institutions, VoMi, and RKFDV under Heinrich Himmler.Valdis O. Lumans (1993), Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933–1945. Univ of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0807820660}} In settlements already cleared of their native Polish inhabitants, the new Volksdeutsche from Bessarabia, Romania and the Baltics were put, under the banner of Lebensraum.{{sfn|Lukas|2001|loc=Chapter IV (Part II)}} Battalion 101 "evacuated" 36,972 Poles in one action, over half of the targeted number of 58,628 in the new German district of Warthegau (the total was 630,000 by the war's end, with two-thirds of the victims being murdered),BOOK, Jerzy Jan Lerski, Jerzy Jan Lerski, 1996,weblink Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945, Greenwood Publishing, 642, 0313260079, but also committed murders among civilians according to postwar testimonies of at least one of its former members.{{r|Browning38}}.}}For the next half-year, beginning 28 November 1940, Police Battalion 101 guarded the new ghetto in Łódź, eventually crammed with 160,000 Jews.WEB,weblink Ghettos, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2014, 30 June 2014, live, Holocaust Encyclopedia,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120815195917weblink">weblink 15 August 2012, The Łódź Ghetto was the second-largest Jewish ghetto of World War II after the Warsaw Ghetto where the policemen from Battalion 61 held victory parties on the days when a large number of desperate prisoners were shot at the ghetto fence.{{sfn|Browning|1998|p=41}} Battalion 101, commanded by career policeman Major Wilhelm Trapp,{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=45-8}} returned to Hamburg in May 1941 and again the more experienced servicemen were dispatched to organize more units. New battalions, numbered 102, 103, and 104, were formed by them and prepared for duty.{{sfn|Goldhagen|1996|p=204}} Training of new reservists included escort duty of 3,740 Hamburg and Bremen Jews deported to the East to be murdered.{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=42-4}} Meanwhile, the murder of Jews from the Łódź Ghetto using gas vans began at Chełmno in December 1941.WEB, Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland, Introduction by Leon Zamosc, German Crimes in Poland'' (Warsaw: 1946, 1947) - Chelmno Extermination Camp, JewishGen,weblink

Return to Poland, June 1942 – November 1943

File:Biala Podlaska - likwidacja getta - 1942.jpg|thumb|Reserve Police Battalion 101 conducting a "liquidation" in the ghetto of BiaÅ‚a PodlaskaBiaÅ‚a PodlaskaThe Reserve Battalion 101 composed of 500 men in their thirties, who were too old for the regular army, returned to occupied Poland with three heavy machine-gun detachments in June 1942.{{harvnb|Browning|1998|pp=3–6}}. "How did a battalion of middle-aged reserve policemen find themselves facing the task of shooting some 1,500 Jews in the Polish village of Józefów in the summer of 1942? [...] Order Police received authorization to conscript 91,500 reservists born between 1901 and 1909{{snd}}an age group not as yet subject to the military draft [...] gradually extended to still older men." By that time, the first two extermination camps of Operation Reinhard in General Government{{snd}}Bełżec and Sobibor{{snd}}were already gassing trainloads of Jews from all over Europe.{{sfn|Browning|1998|p=27}} The most deadly of them, Treblinka, was about to start operations. Globocnik gave Battalion 101 the task of deporting Jews from across Lublin reservation. Between mid-March and mid-April 1942, about 90% of the 40,000 prisoners of the Lublin Ghetto were loaded by Order Police and Schupo onto Holocaust trains destined for Bełżec extermination camp. Additional 11,000–12,000 Jews were deported from ghettos in Izbica, Piaski, in Lubartów, Zamość and KraÅ›nik with the aid one of Trawnikis battalions of Karl Streibel.{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=51-3}}File:Józefów obelisk 2.jpg|thumb|Memorial in the forest of Winiarczykowa Góra near Józefów, southeast of BiÅ‚goraj, commemorating the Jewish victims of the 1942 massacre committed by the Reserve Police Battalion 101.]]The first mass murder known to have been committed entirely by Reserve Police Battalion 101 was the most "messy" for lack of training; uniforms dripping wet with brain matter and blood.{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=64-8}} The murder of 1,500 Jews from Józefów ghetto, approximately 100 kilometers south of Lublin in southeastern Poland, on 13 July 1942 was performed mostly by the three platoons of the Second Company. Prior to departure from BiÅ‚goraj, they were given large amounts of extra ammunition and therefore claiming to have had no idea what the purpose of the mission was would have been a lie. A generous supply of alcohol was procured.{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=57-64}} Twelve out of 500 policemen opted out when allowed to leave freely.{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=57-64}} Those of them who felt unable to continue shooting at point-blank range of prisoners begging for mercy, were asked to wait at the marketplace where the trucks were loaded.{{sfn|Browning|1998|p=66}} Luxembourgish police trainees in RPB 101 escorted young Jewish prisoners from Józefów to the local railway station in Zwierzyniec selected for slave work in KL Lublin. The action was finished in seventeen hours. The bodies of their victims carpeting the forest floor at the Winiarczykowa Góra hill (about 2 km from the village, pictured)WEB,weblink Jozefow, Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, Holocaust Research Project.org, 2007, 17 June 2014, Robert Kuwalek, Chris Webb, were left unburied. Watches, jewelry and money were taken.{{r|VShtet1}} The battalion left for BiÅ‚goraj at 9 pm.{{sfn|Browning|1998|p=69}} Only a dozen Jews are known to have survived the slaughter.WEB, Olga Skorupka, etal, 2014, Józefów. Lata okupacji, Muzeum Historii Å»ydów Polskich, Virtual Shtetl,weblink 1 May 2017, Two members of the Mart family from the German minority residing in Józefów were shot by Polish underground thereafter for cooperation with the enemy.Zygmunt Puźniak, Eksterminacja ludnoÅ›ci cywilnej i zagÅ‚ada Å»ydów józefowskich [Killing of civilians and the annihilation of Jews of Józefów] Rzeczpospolita Jozefowska.wordpress.com, see: Zygmunt Klukowski, Dziennik z lat okupacji, "17 lipca"; and T. Bernstein, Martyrologia, opór i zagÅ‚ada ludnoÅ›ci żydowskiej w dystrykcie lubelskim. Retrieved 27 June 2014.The next ghetto liquidation action took place less than a month later in Łomazy lacking a rail line.{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=79-80}} The infants, the old, and the infirm were shot by Battalion 101 during the early morning roundups on 17 August 1942. Later that day, the Hiwi shooters arrived at the main square, and some 1,700 ghetto prisoners were marched on foot to the HaÅ‚y forest outside the town,WEB, Patrycja Kamionek, etal, 2014, Łomazy, Muzeum Historii Å»ydów Polskich, Virtual Shtetl,weblink 22 June 2014, where the stronger Jewish men prepared a trench with entrance on one side.{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=79-80}} The murder of stripped naked Jews lasted till 7 pm. The Ukrainian Trawnikis got so drunk that the policemen from the First, Second and Third Platoon under Lieutenant Hartwig Gnade had to continue shooting by themselves in half a metre of groundwater and blood.{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=83-4}}

More deportations

In the following weeks, Police Battalion 101 was active in towns with direct lines to Treblinka and therefore mass shootings were not used. On 19 August 1942{{snd}}only two days after Łomazy{{snd}}3,000 Jews were deported from Parczew (2,000 more several days later); from Międzyrzec 11,000 Jews were sent to Treblinka on 25–26 August amid gunfire and screams. From Radzyń 6,000 prisoners, then from Łuków (7,000), Końskowola (2,000 coupled with the massacre at the hospital), Komarówka, Tomaszów; all those unable to move or attempting to flee were shot on the spot. At the end of August death transports were temporarily halted. After a brief respite, shootings of Jews resumed on 22 September in Serokomla, then in Talczyn and in the Kock ghetto four days later, by the Second Company.{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=90-100}} The treatment of condemned prisoners was getting increasingly more terrifying as the time went on.Aleksandra Bielawska, Marta Kubiszyn, Jewish community of Zamość. Page 4 of 4. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222080429weblink |date=22 December 2015 }}{{clarify|date=July 2018}} In Izbica, the makeshift ghetto reached a breaking point packed by Gnade with Jewish inhabitants of Biała Podlaska, Komarówka, Wohyń, and Czemierniki. The October and November deportations to Bełżec and Sobibór led to a week of mass killings at the cemetery, beginning on 2 November 1942. Several thousand Jews (estimated at 4,500)Izbica Jewish Cemetery Commemoration Project. Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Heritage in Poland. Retrieved 12 April 2012. from the transit ghetto were massacred by the Sonderdienst battalion of Ukrainian Trawnikis under police control in an assembly-line manner and dumped in hastily excavated mass graves. All men drank heavily.{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=106-8}}Hanan Lipszyc, Jewish Community of Izbica. Page 4 of 5. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120813weblink |date=22 December 2015 }} Museum of the History of Polish Jews.In Międzyrzec the "strip-search" of young Jewish women was introduced by Gnade before executions dubbed "mopping up" actions by the Germans. Gnade's first sergeant later said: "I must say that First Lieutenant Gnade gave me the impression that the entire business afforded him a great deal of pleasure."{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=106-8}} By the spring of 1943 most towns of the Lublin reservation were Judenfrei therefore the battalion was tasked with "Jew hunts" in the deep local forests, or in the potato fields and around distant farmlands. Thousands of Jews were shot at point-blank range.Browning 1998, pp. 126–131.The participation of Reserve Police Battalion 101 in the Final Solution culminated in the Aktion Erntefest massacres of Jews imprisoned at the Trawniki, Poniatowa and Majdanek concentration camps with subcamps in Budzyn, Kraśnik, Puławy, Lipowa and other slave-labor projects of the Ostindustrie (Osti).WEB,weblink Erntefest, ARC, Occupation of the East, 2004, 2013-04-26, ARC, Approximately 43,000 Jews were killed. It was the largest single-day massacre of the Holocaust under direct German occupation, committed on 3 November 1943 on the orders of Christian Wirth. Trawniki men provided the necessary manpower.{{sfn|Browning|1998|pp=135-42}}}}

Postwar history

Soon after the war ended, Major Wilhelm Trapp was captured by the British authorities and placed at the Neuengamme Internment Camp. After questioning by the Polish Military Mission for the Investigations of War Crimes in October 1946, he was extradited to Poland along with Drewes, Bumann and Kadler. WEB,weblink The Investigation of and Legal Proceedings against members of Hamburg Police Battalions, Jewish Siedlce, Hamburg Police Battalions. The Law, 2014, 12 July 2014, שדלץ (Siedlce), Trapp was charged with war crimes by the Siedlce District Court, sentenced to death on 6 July 1948 and executed by hanging on 18 December 1948 along with Gustav Drewes. With the start of the Cold War, West Germany did not pursue war criminals for the next twenty years.WEB,weblink About Simon Wiesenthal, 2013, Simon Wiesenthal Center, 17 November 2013, Section 11, WEB,weblink Der Alibiprozeß, Ossietzky 9/2010, Den Aufsatz kommentieren, 2010, 19 November 2013, Hartmann, Ralph, German, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131202222254weblink">weblink 2 December 2013, dmy-all, In 1964 several men were arrested. For the first time, the involvement of German police from Hamburg in wartime massacres was investigated by the West German prosecutors. In 1968 after a two-year trial three men got 8 years imprisonment, one 6 years and one 5 years. Six other policemen{{snd}}all lower ranks{{snd}}were found guilty but not sentenced. The rest lived their normal lives.Jose Raymund Canoy (2007), The Discreet Charm of the Police State: The Landpolizei and the Transformation of Bavaria, 1945–1965, BRILL, p. 70. {{ISBN|9004157085}}

Summary of genocidal missions

For the most part, the following table is based on the 1968 verdict of the Hamburg District Court and compared with data from the Museum of the History of the Polish Jews and other searchable databases.Struan Robertson, weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070930164515weblink">A History of Jews in Hamburg Chapter: weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070913012451weblink">Hamburg Police Battalions during the Second World War. Publisher: University of Hamburg.{| width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 90%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;"Murder operations of the Reserve Police Battalion 101 in occupied Poland style="background:#CFD9E5"! Location! Date! Operation type and participants! Jewish victimsJózefów, Biłgoraj County>Józefów July 1942 Mass shooting / entire battalion align="right"6}}Łomazy >1,700{{space|6}}ParczewStatistical data: "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" {{webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208215116weblink Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews (in English), as well as "Getta Żydowskie (Jewish Ghettos)," by Gedeon, (in Polish) and "Ghetto List" (deportations) by Michael Peters at ARC (in English). Retrieved 15 June 2014. >5,000{{space|6}}Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto "Międzyrzec Podlaski (Mezritch) in the Jewish sources" and "The History of Miedzyrzec Podlaski." Association of Immigrants of Mezritch Depodalsia. Retrieved 15 June 2014.{{space}}}} August 1942 Extermination / 1st Co., 3rd Pl. 2nd Co., 1st Pl. 3rd Co., Hiwis align="right"6}}Radzyń Podlaski>Radzyń October 1942 Extermination, death trains /1st Company, Hiwis align="right"6}}Parczew >5,000{{space|6}}Biała Podlaska & its county >October & November 1942{{space}}}} Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto extermination, death trains >10,800{{space|6}}Komarówka, Lublin Voivodeship>Komarówka October & November 1942 Międzyrzec Ghetto align="right"6}}Wohyń >800{{space|6}}Czemierniki >1,000{{space|6}}Radzyń Podlaski>Radzyń October & November 1942 Extermination, death trains align="right"6}}Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto>Międzyrzec Ghetto October & November 1942 Death camps align="right"6}}Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto>Międzyrzec Ghetto{{sfn1998Majdanek, Treblinka >3,000{{space|6}}Aktion Erntefest >43,000{{space|6}} style="background:#f2f2f8"Browningpp=141–142}} July 1942 – November 1943 Battalion 101 in occupied Poland align="right"(83,000){{space|5}} }}

Commanders

Upon its return to occupied Poland, on 12 June 1942 the Reserve Police Battalion 101 had the following command structure:

• 1st Company: Captain, Hauptsturmführer Julius Wohlauf (until October 1942, then Captain Steidtmann)

• 2nd Company: Oberleutnant Hartwig Gnade (until May 1943, then Lieutenant Dreyer)

• 3rd Company: Captain Wolfgang Hoffmann (until November 1942)

Notes

{{Reflist}}

References

• BOOK, Browning, Christopher R., Christopher Browning, 1998, 1992, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland, Penguin Books,weblink 7 May 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131019043400weblink">weblink 19 October 2013,
• BOOK, Browning, Christopher R., 3, With contributions by Jürgen Matthäus, 2004, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942, The Comprehensive History of the Holocaust, Lincoln / Jerusalem, Univ. of Nebraska Press / Yad Vashem, 0-8032-1327-1, registration,weblink
• BOOK, Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah, Daniel Goldhagen, 1996, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, Alfred A. Knopf, 1st, 0679446958,weblink
• BOOK, Lukas, Richard C., Richard C. Lukas, 2001, Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945, New York City, Hippocrene Books,weblink Chapter IV, Germanization, Project InPosterum - Preserving the Past for the Future (reprint).

External links

• SJ & Carmelo Lisciotto (2007), Police Battalion 101 in Poland Holocaust Research Project.org

{{Holocaust Poland}}{{SS organizations}}{{Authority control}}