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Queen bee
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- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{Short description|Egg-laying individual in a bee colony}}{{Other uses}}File:Apis mellifera scutellata 1355021.jpg|thumb|Queen (marked) surrounded by Africanized workers ]]A queen bee is typically an adult, mated female (gyne) that lives in a colony or hive of honey bees. With fully developed reproductive organs, the queen is usually the mother of most, if not all, of the bees in the beehive.BOOK, Root, A.I., Root, E.R., The ABC and Xyz of Bee Culture, A.I. Root, 1980, Medina, Ohio, 6586488, Queens are developed from larvae selected by worker bees and specially fed in order to become sexually mature. There is normally only one adult, mated queen in a hive, in which case the bees will usually follow and fiercely protect her.The term “queen bee” can be more generally applied to any dominant reproductive female in a colony of a eusocial bee species other than honey bees. However, as in the Brazilian stingless bee (Schwarziana quadripunctata), a single nest may have multiple queens or even dwarf queens, ready to replace a dominant queen in case of a sudden death.JOURNAL, Ribeiro, Márcia De F., Alves, Denise De A., 2001, Size Variation in Schwarziana quadripunctata Queens (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini), Revista de Etologia, 3, 1, 59â65,www.etologiabrasil.org.br/sbet/revista/Vol_3_1_059.pdf, 2015-11-05,www.etologiabrasil.org.br/sbet/revista/Vol_3_1_059.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20151208124728www.etologiabrasil.org.br/sbet/revista/Vol_3_1_059.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20151208124728www.etologiabrasil.org.br/sbet/revista/Vol_3_1_059.pdf, 2015-12-08, dead, - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Development
(File:Weiselzellen 79a.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Older queen larvae in queen cell lying on top of wax comb)(File:Weiselnaepfchen_29a-Detail.jpg|upright=0.8|left|thumb|A queen cup)(File:Weiselzellen 68a.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Queen larvae floating on royal jelly in opened queen cups laid on top of wax comb)During the warm parts of the year, female “worker” bees leave the hive every day to collect nectar and pollen. While male bees serve no architectural or pollinating purpose, their primary function (if they are healthy enough) is to mate with a queen bee. If they are successful, they fall to the ground and die after copulation. Any fertilized egg has the potential to become a queen. Diet in the larval stage determines whether the bee will develop into a queen or a worker. Queens are fed only royal jelly, a protein-rich secretion from glands on the heads of young workers. Worker larvae are fed bee bread which is a mixture of nectar and pollen. All bee larvae are fed some royal jelly for the first few days after hatching but only queen larvae are fed the jelly exclusively. As a result of the difference in diet, the queen will develop into a sexually mature female, unlike the worker bees.WEB,www.newscientist.com/article/2146093-bee-larvae-fed-beebread-have-no-chance-of-becoming-queen/, Bee larvae fed beebread have no chance of becoming queen, Queens are raised in specially constructed queen cells. The fully constructed queen cells have a peanut-like shape and texture.Queen cells start out as queen cups, which are larger than the cells of normal brood comb and are oriented vertically instead of horizontally. Worker bees will only further build up the queen cup once the queen has laid an egg in a queen cup. In general, the old queen starts laying eggs into queen cups when conditions are right for swarming or supersedure. Swarm cells hang from the bottom of a frame while supersedure queens or emergency queens are generally raised in cells built out from the face of a frame.As the young queen larva pupates with her head down, the workers cap the queen cell with beeswax. When ready to emerge, the virgin queen will chew a circular cut around the cap of her cell. Often the cap swings open when most of the cut is made, so as to appear like a hinged lid.During swarming season, the old queen is likely to leave with the prime swarm before the first virgin queen emerges from a queen cell.Virgin queen bee
{| class=“wikitable” style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em“!colspan=“2” | Metamorphosis of the queen beeEgg | hatches on day 3 |
Larva (several moltings) | day 3 to day {{frac | 1|2}} |
Queen cell capped | c. day {{frac | 1|2}} |
Pupa | c. day 8 until emergence |
Emergence | c. day {{frac | 1|2}} â day 17 |
Nuptial flight(s) | c. day 20 â 24 |
Egg laying | c. day 23 and up |
Piping
Piping ({{audio|QueenBeePiping2017.wav|listen}}) is a noise made by virgin and mated queen bees during certain times of the virgin queens’ development. Fully developed virgin queens communicate through vibratory signals: “quacking” from virgin queens in their queen cells and “tooting” from queens free in the colony, collectively known as piping. A virgin queen may frequently pipe before she emerges from her cell and for a brief time afterwards. Mated queens may briefly pipe after being released in a hive.Piping is most common when there is more than one queen in a hive. It is postulated that the piping is a form of battle cry announcing to competing queens and show the workers their willingness to fight. It may also be a signal to the worker bees which queen is the most worthwhile to support.The adult queen pipes for a two-second pulse followed by a series of quarter-second toots.WEB, Butler
, Charles
, The ‘piping’ and ‘quacking’ of queen bees
, The Moir Rare Book Collection
, National Library of Scotland
,www.nls.uk/moir/piping.html
, 2008-01-08
,www.nls.uk/moir/piping.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20070629225434www.nls.uk/moir/piping.html">web.archive.org/web/20070629225434www.nls.uk/moir/piping.html
, 2007-06-29
, dead
, The queens of African bees produce more vigorous and frequent bouts of piping.JOURNAL, Schneider, S.S., Painter-Kurt, S., Degrandi-Hoffman, G., June 2001, The role of the vibration signal during queen competition in colonies of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, Animal Behaviour, en, 61, 6, 1173â1180, 10.1006/anbe.2000.1689, 26650968, , Charles
, The ‘piping’ and ‘quacking’ of queen bees
, The Moir Rare Book Collection
, National Library of Scotland
,www.nls.uk/moir/piping.html
, 2008-01-08
,www.nls.uk/moir/piping.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20070629225434www.nls.uk/moir/piping.html">web.archive.org/web/20070629225434www.nls.uk/moir/piping.html
, 2007-06-29
, dead
Reproduction cycle
The surviving virgin queen will fly out on a sunny, warm day to a drone congregation area where she will mate with 12â15 drones. If the weather holds, she may return to the drone congregation area for several days until she is fully mated. Mating occurs in flight. The young queen stores up to 6 million sperm from multiple drones in her spermatheca. She will selectively release sperm for the remaining 2â7 years of her life.Waldbauer, Gilbert (1998). The Birder’s Bug Book. Harvard University Press.The young virgin queen has a limited time to mate. If she is unable to fly for several days because of bad weather and remains unmated, she will become a “drone layer.” Drone-laying queens usually signal the death of the colony, because the workers have no fertilized (female) larvae from which to raise worker bees or a replacement queen.WEB, 2014-04-21, Drone-laying queen or laying workers?,www.honeybeesuite.com/drone-laying-queens-vs-laying-workers/, 2020-06-27, Honey Bee Suite, en-US, Though timing can vary, matings usually take place between the sixth and tenth day after the queen emerges. Egg laying usually begins 2 to 3 days after the queen returns to the beehive, but can start earlier than this.Gojmerac, Walter. (1980). Bees, Beekeeping, Honey & Pollination. AVI Publishing Company, Inc.A special, rare case of reproduction is thelytoky: the reproduction of female workers or queens by laying worker bees by parthenogenesis. Thelytoky occurs in the Cape bee, Apis mellifera capensis, and has been found in other strains at very low frequency.WEB, Ellis, James D., Mortensen, Ashley N., 2011, 2017, Cape honey bee - Apis mellifera capensis Escholtz,entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/bees/cape_honey_bee.htm, 2020-06-27, entnemdept.ufl.edu,Supersedure
(File:Capped emergency supercedure queen cells of the honey bee.JPG|thumb|Capped swarm queen cells)As the queen ages, her pheromone output diminishes. A queen bee that becomes old, or is diseased or failing, is replaced by the workers in a procedure known as “supersedure”.Supersedure may be forced by a beekeeper, for example by clipping off one of the queen’s middle or posterior legs. This makes her unable to properly place her eggs at the bottom of the brood cell; the workers detect this and then rear replacement queens. When a new queen becomes available, the workers kill the reigning queen by “balling” her, clustering tightly around her. Death through balling is accomplished by surrounding the queen and raising her body temperature, causing her to overheat and die. Balling is often a problem for beekeepers attempting to introduce a replacement queen.If a queen suddenly dies, the workers will attempt to create an “emergency queen” by selecting several brood cells where a larva has just emerged which are then flooded with royal jelly. The worker bees then build larger queen cells over the normal-sized worker cells which protrude vertically from the face of the brood comb. Emergency queens are usually smaller and less prolific than normal queens.Daily life
(File:Adult queen bee.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Unmarked queen with attendants.)The primary function of a queen bee is to serve as the reproducer. A well-mated and well-fed queen of quality stock can lay about 1,500 eggs per day during the spring build-upâmore than her own body weight in eggs every day. She is continuously surrounded by worker bees who meet her every need, giving her food and disposing of her waste. The attendant workers also collect and then distribute queen mandibular pheromone, a pheromone that inhibits the workers from starting queen cells.BOOK, Seeley
, Thomas
, Wisdom of the Hive
, Harvard University Press
, 1996
, 978-0-674-95376-5,
The queen bee is able to control the sex of the eggs she lays. The queen lays a fertilized (female) or unfertilized (male) egg according to the width of the cell. Drones are raised in cells that are significantly larger than the cells used for workers. The queen fertilizes the egg by selectively releasing sperm from her spermatheca as the egg passes through her oviduct.{{clear}}, Thomas
, Wisdom of the Hive
, Harvard University Press
, 1996
, 978-0-674-95376-5,
white | 1 or 6 |
yellow | 2 or 7 |
red | 3 or 8 |
green | 4 or 9 |
blue | 5 or 0 |
Queen rearing
Queen rearing is the process by which beekeepers raise queen bees from young fertilized worker bee larvae. The most commonly used method is known as the Doolittle method.NEWS,www.dummies.com/home-garden/hobby-farming/beekeeping/how-to-raise-queen-bees-with-the-doolittle-method/, How to Raise Queen Bees with the Doolittle Method â dummies, dummies, 2017-11-23, en-US, In the Doolittle method, the beekeeper grafts larvae, which are 24 hours or less of age, into a bar of queen cell cups. The queen cell cups are placed inside of a cell-building colony.WEB,www.glenn-apiaries.com/queenrear.html, Queen Rearing â Glenn Apiaries, www.glenn-apiaries.com, 2017-11-23, A cell-building colony is a strong, well-fed, queenless colony that feeds the larva royal jelly and develops the larvae into queen bees.WEB,wildflowermeadows.com/tag/queen-cells/, Queen Cells, Wildflower Meadows, en-US, 2017-11-23, After approximately 10 days, the queen cells are transferred from the cell building colony to small mating nuclei colonies, which are placed inside of mating yards. The queens emerge from their cells inside of the mating nuclei. After approximately 7â10 days, the virgin queens take their mating flights, mate with 10â20 drone bees, and return to their mating nuclei as mated queen bees.Queen rearing can be practiced on a small scale by hobbyist or sideline beekeepers raising a small number of queens for their own use, or can be practiced on a larger, commercial scale by companies that produce queen bees for sale to the public. As of 2017, the cost of a queen honeybee ranges from $25 to $32.NEWS,wildflowermeadows.com/queen-bees-for-sale/, Queen Bees For Sale {{!, Wildflower Meadows|work=Wildflower Meadows|access-date=2017-11-23|language=en-US}}Beekeepers can also utilize alternative methods of queen rearing. Examples are the Jenter kit, walk-away split, Cloake board, and artificial insemination.See also
References
{{reflist|30em}}External links
{{Commons category|Apis mellifera queen}}- joebee.homestead.com/joebee.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20061103152001joebee.homestead.com/joebee.html">Bees Gone Wild Apiaries, accessed May 2005
- Schneider, Stanley Scott; DeGrandi-Hoffman,Gloria; Roan Smith, Deborah www.bioweb.uncc.edu/Faculty/Schneider/pdf%20files/ARE%202004.pdf" title="web.archive.org/web/20060914020538www.bioweb.uncc.edu/Faculty/Schneider/pdf%20files/ARE%202004.pdf">THE AFRICAN HONEY BEE: Factors Contributing to a Successful Biological Invasion Annual Review of Entomology 2004. 49:351â76; accessed 05/2005
- www.mannlib.cornell.edu/about/exhibit/Beekeeping/euro/page2.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20051217202130www.mannlib.cornell.edu/about/exhibit/Beekeeping/euro/page2.html">The Feminin’ Monarchi’, Or the History of Bees by Charles Butler, 1634, London; accessed 05/2005
- JOURNAL, Châline, Nicolas, Reproductive conflict in the honey bee
,www.shef.ac.uk/uni/projects/taplab/pdf/chalinephd2004.pdf
,www.shef.ac.uk/uni/projects/taplab/pdf/chalinephd2004.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20050516141014www.shef.ac.uk/uni/projects/taplab/pdf/chalinephd2004.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20050516141014www.shef.ac.uk/uni/projects/taplab/pdf/chalinephd2004.pdf, 16 May 2005
, 31 July 2009
, September 2004, 278134906
, University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield, England,
{{BeeColonyMemberTypes}},www.shef.ac.uk/uni/projects/taplab/pdf/chalinephd2004.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20050516141014www.shef.ac.uk/uni/projects/taplab/pdf/chalinephd2004.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20050516141014www.shef.ac.uk/uni/projects/taplab/pdf/chalinephd2004.pdf, 16 May 2005
, 31 July 2009
, September 2004, 278134906
, University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield, England,
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