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Procolophonidae

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Procolophonidae
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- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{Short description|Extinct family of reptiles}}{{Automatic taxobox| taxon = Procolophonidae| name = Procolophonids
265|201.3}} Middle Permian - Late Triassic| image = Kapes_full_skeleton.jpg| image_caption = | image2 = Kapes bentoni life restoration.jpg| image2_caption = Skeleton (top) and life restoration (bottom) of Kapes bentoni (Procolophoninae) scale bar = 1cmHarry Seeley>Seeley, 1888| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups and GeneraColetta (genus)>Coletta TITLE = PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF PROCOLOPHONID PARAREPTILES WITH REMARKS ON THEIR GEOLOGICAL RECORD JOURNAL = JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY ISSUE = 3 YEAR = 2008 S2CID = 84468714, HANS-DIETER SUES AND ROBERT R. REISZ > TITLE = ANATOMY AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF SCLEROSAURUS ARMATUS (AMNIOTA: PARAREPTILIA) FROM THE BUNTSANDSTEIN (TRIASSIC) OF EUROPE VOLUME = 28 PAGES = 1031–1042 DOI=10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1031 S2CID = 53967912, }}File:Kapes skull.jpg|left|thumb|Skull of Kapes bentoniKapes bentoniProcolophonidae is an extinct family of small, lizard-like parareptiles known from the Late Permian to Late Triassic that were distributed across Pangaea, having been reported from Europe, North America, China, South Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia. The most primitive procolophonids were likely insectiovous or omnivorous, more derived members of the clade developed bicusped molars, and were likely herbivorous feeding on high fiber vegetation or durophagous omnivores.JOURNAL, Pinheiro, Felipe L., Silva-Neves, Eduardo, Da-Rosa, Átila A. S., August 2021, Ruta, Marcello, An early-diverging procolophonid from the lowermost Triassic of South America and the origins of herbivory in Procolophonoidea,weblink Papers in Palaeontology, en, 7, 3, 1601–1612, 10.1002/spp2.1355, 2021PPal....7.1601P, 233797716, 2056-2799, Many members of the group are noted for spines projecting from the quadratojugal bone of the skull, which likely served a defensive purpose as well as possibly also for display.JOURNAL, Zaher, Marta, Coram, Robert A., Benton, Michael J., February 2019, Angielczyk, Kenneth, The Middle Triassic procolophonid Kapes bentoni : computed tomography of the skull and skeleton, Papers in Palaeontology, en, 5, 1, 111–138, 10.1002/spp2.1232, 134058607, free, 2019PPal....5..111Z, 1983/3dd2d71d-a439-404a-997f-758063f40678, free, At least some taxa were likely fossorial burrowers.JOURNAL, Botha-Brink, Jennifer, Smith, Roger Malcolm Harris, September 2012, Palaeobiology of Triassic procolophonids, inferred from bone microstructure,weblink Comptes Rendus Palevol, en, 11, 6, 419–433, 10.1016/j.crpv.2012.03.002, 2012CRPal..11..419B, While diverse during the Early and Middle Triassic, they had very low diversity during the Late Triassic, and were extinct by the beginning of the Jurassic.JOURNAL, MacDougall, Mark J., Brocklehurst, Neil, Fröbisch, Jörg, 2019-03-20, Species richness and disparity of parareptiles across the end-Permian mass extinction,weblink Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286, 1899, 20182572, 10.1098/rspb.2018.2572, 30890099, 6452079, 0962-8452,

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram from Ruta et al. (2011):JOURNAL, Ruta, M., Cisneros, J. C., Liebrecht, T., Tsuji, L. A., Müller, J., Amniotes through major biological crises: Faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction, 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x, Palaeontology, 54, 5, 1117–1137, 2011, 83693335, free, 2011Palgy..54.1117R, {hide}clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%|label1=Procolophonidae|1={{clade
|1=Coletta seca
|2=Pintosaurus magnidentis
|3=Sauropareion anoplus
|4=Kitchingnathus untabeni
|5={{clade
|1=Phaanthosaurus ignatjevi
|2=Phaanthosaurus simus{edih}
|6={{clade
|label1=Theledectinae
|1={{clade
|1=Eumetabolodon dongshengensis
|2=Theledectes perforatus }}
|2={{clade
|1=Tichvinskia vjatkensis
|2={{clade
|label1=Leptopleuroninae
|1={{clade
|1=Pentaedrusaurus ordosianus
|2={{clade
|1=Neoprocolophon asiaticus
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Sclerosaurus armatus
|2=Scoloparia glyphanodon}}
|2={{clade
|1=Leptopleuron lacertinum
|2={{clade
|1=Soturnia caliodon
|2=Hypsognathus fenneri}} }} }} }} }}
|label2=Procolophoninae
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Eumetabolodon bathycephalus
|2={{clade
|1=Procolophon trigoniceps
|2=Teratophon spinigenis
|3=Thelerpeton oppressus }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=Timanophon raridentatus
|2={{clade
|1=Thelephon contritus
|2={{clade
|1=Anomoiodon liliensterni
|2={{clade
|1=Kapes amaenus
|2=Kapes bentoni
|3=Kapes komiensis
|4=Kapes majmesculae
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
Below are three cladograms that follow phylogenetic analyses by Butler et al. (2023). Analysis 1: Strict consensus of 760 most parsimonious trees (MPTs):JOURNAL, Butler, R. J., Meade, L. E., Cleary, T. J., McWhirter, K. T., Brown, E. E., Kemp, T. S., Benito, J., Fraser, N. C., 2023, Hwiccewyrm trispiculum gen. et sp. nov., a new leptopleuronine procolophonid from the Late Triassic of southwest England, The Anatomical Record, 10.1002/ar.25316, 37735997, free, {hide}clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%|label1=Procolophonidae|1={{clade
|1=Eomurruna
|2=Procolina
|3=Anomoiodon
|4=Lasasaurus
|5=Kitchingnathus
|6=Phonodus
|7=Thelephon
|8=Kapes bentoni
|9=Kapes majmesculae
|10=Timanophon
|11=Tichvinskia
|12=Theledectes
|13=Eumetabolodon dongshengensis
|14=Phaantosaurus (sic)
|15=Sauropareion
|16=Pintosaurus
|17=Coletta
|18={{clade
|1=Eumetabolodon bathycephalus
|label2=Procolophoninae
|2={{clade
|1=Teratophon
|2=Thelerpeton
|3=Procolophon {edih}
|label3=Leptopleuroninae
|3={{clade
|1=Neoprocolophon
|2=Pentaedrusaurus
|3={{clade
|1=Mandaphon
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Scoloparia
|2=Sclerosaurus }}
|2={{clade
|1=Hwiccewyrm
|2=Hypsognathus
|3=Soturnia
|4=Leptopleuron }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
Analysis 2: Single MPT:{hide}clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%|label1=Procolophonidae|1={{clade
|1=Coletta
|2={{clade
|1=Lasasaurus
|2={{clade
|1=Sauropareion
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Kitchingnathus
|2=Pintosaurus {edih}
|2={{clade
|1=Phaantosaurus (sic)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Eomurruna
|2=Eumetabolodon dongshengensis }}
|2={{clade
|1=Timanophon
|2={{clade
|1=Tichvinskia
|2={{clade
|label1=Procolophoninae
|1={{clade
|1=Eumetabolodon bathycephalus
|2={{clade
|1=Thelerpeton
|2={{clade
|1=Teratophon
|2=Procolophon }} }} }}
|label2=Leptopleuroninae
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Kapes bentoni
|2={{clade
|1=Thelephon
|2=Kapes majmesculae }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=Pentaedrusaurus
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Anomoiodon
|2={{clade
|1=Theledectes
|2={{clade
|1=Procolina
|2=Phonodus }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=Mandaphon
|2={{clade
|1=Neoprocolophon
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Scoloparia
|2=Sclerosaurus }}
|2={{clade
|1=Hwiccewyrm
|2={{clade
|1=Leptopleuron
|2={{clade
|1=Hypsognathus
|2=Soturnia }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
Analysis 3: Strict consensus of 18 MPTs:{hide}clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%|label1=Procolophonidae|1={{clade
|1=Coletta
|2={{clade
|1=Sauropareion
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Kitchingnathus
|2=Phaantosaurus (sic) {edih}
|2={{clade
|1=Eumetabolodon dongshengensis
|2={{clade
|1=Eomurruna
|2={{clade
|1=Theledectes
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Procolina
|2=Phonodus }}
|2={{clade
|1=Lasasaurus
|2={{clade
|1=Anomoiodon
|2=Thelephon
|3=Kapes bentoni
|4=Kapes majmesculae
|5=Timanophon
|6={{clade
|1=Tichvinskia
|2={{clade
|1=Eumetabolodon bathycephalus
|label2=Procolophoninae
|2={{clade
|1=Teratophon
|2=Thelerpeton
|3=Procolophon }}
|label3=Leptopleuroninae
|3={{clade
|1=Neoprocolophon
|2=Pentaedrusaurus
|3={{clade
|1=Mandaphon
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Scoloparia
|2=Sclerosaurus }}
|2={{clade
|1=Hwiccewyrm
|2=Hypsognathus
|3=Soturnia
|4=Leptopleuron }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

References

{{Reflist}}

Sources

  • BOOK, Lambert, David, 2001, Dinosaur Encyclopedia,weblink registration, Dorling Kindersley, New York, 72, 9780789479358,

External links

{{Parareptilia|Procolophonoidea}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q133347}}{{paleo-reptile-stub}}


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