{{short description|Species of plant}}{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2014}}{{speciesbox|image=Mature Rice (India) by Augustus Binu.jpg|image_caption=Mature seed heads|image2=Oryza sativa at Kadavoor.jpg|image2_caption=Inflorescence|genus=Oryza|species=sativa

Carl Linnaeus>L.

ORYZA SATIVA L. >AUTHOR=

WEBSITE= PLANTS OF THE WORLD ONLINE

ACCESS-DATE=21 DECEMBER 2020,

Oryza aristata Blanco
Oryza communissima Lour.
Oryza denudata (Desv.) Steud.
Oryza elongata (Desv.) Steud.
Oryza formosana Masam. & Suzuki
Oryza glutinosa Lour.
Oryza marginata (Desv.) Steud.
Oryza montana Lour.
Oryza mutica Steud.
Oryza palustris Salisb.
Oryza parviflora P.Beauv.
Oryza perennis Moench
Oryza plena (Prain) N.P.Chowdhury
Oryza praecox Lour.
Oryza pubescens (Desv.) Steud.
Oryza pumila Steud.
Oryza repens Buch.-Ham. ex Steud.
Oryza rubribarbis (Desv.) Steud.
Oryza sativa subsp. indica Shig.Kato
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica Shig.Kato
Oryza segetalis Russell ex Steud.

}}}}Oryza sativa is much the more common of the two rice species cultivated as a cereal, the other species being O. glaberrima, African rice. It was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China 13,500 to 8,200 years ago.JOURNAL, Normile, Dennis, 1997, Yangtze seen as earliest rice site, Science, 275, 5298, 309â€“310, 10.1126/science.275.5298.309, 140691699, JOURNAL, Vaughan, D.A., Lu, B., Tomooka, N., 2008, The evolving story of rice evolution,www.researchgate.net/publication/222526251, Plant Science, 174, 4, 394â€“408, 10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016, BOOK, Harris, David R., The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, Psychology Press, 1996, 978-1-85728-538-3, 565, JOURNAL, Zhang, Jianping, Lu, Houyuan, Gu, Wanfa, Wu, Naiqin, Zhou, Kunshu, Hu, Yayi, Xin, Yingjun, Wang, Can, Kashkush, Khalil, December 17, 2012, Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China, PLOS ONE, 7, 12, e52146, 2012PLoSO...752146Z, 10.1371/journal.pone.0052146, 3524165, 23284907, free, Oryza sativa belongs to the genus Oryza and the BOP clade in the grass family Poaceae. With a genome consisting of 430{{nbsp}}Mbp across 12 chromosomes, it is renowned for being easy to genetically modify and is a model organism for the study of the biology of cereals and monocots.JOURNAL, Haberer, Georg, Mayer, Klaus F.X., Spannagl, Manuel, 2016-04-01, The big five of the monocot genomes,www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526616300048, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, SI: 30: Genome studies and molecular genetics, 30, 33â€“40, 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.01.004, 1369-5266,

Description

O. sativa has an erect stalk stem that grows {{cvt|80|-|120|cm|round=5}} tall, with a smooth surface. The leaf is lanceolate, {{cvt|15|-|30|cm|frac=8}} long, and grows from a ligule {{cvt|10|-|20|mm|frac=8}} long.WEB, Catindig, J.L.A., Lubigan, R.T., Johnson, D., n.d., Oryza sativa,www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/item/oryza-sativa, Rice Knowledge Bank, International Rice Research Institute, 29 June 2023, Image:Kerbau Jawa.jpg|Water buffalo ploughing a rice paddyfield, JavaFile:Jumli Marshi Oryza sativa Rice.jpg|Jumli Marshi, brown rice from Nepal File:Niyamgiri rice.jpg|Traditional rice of Niyamgiri Hills, IndiaFile:Medicinal Rice.jpg|From ChhattisgarhFile:Koeh-232.jpg|File:RiceStemcs400x1.jpg|Stem cross section magnified 400 times

Classification

{{See also|History of rice cultivation}}The generic name (wikt:oryza|Oryza)MERRIAM-WEBSTER, oryza, is a classical Latin word for rice, while the specific epithet sativa means “cultivated”.LEXICO, sativa, MERRIAM-WEBSTER, sativa, Oryza sativa contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short-grained japonica or sinica variety, and the nonsticky, long-grained {{visible anchor |indica}} {{small |1={{bracket |(:zh:ç±¼ç¨» |zh)}} {{bracket |(:ja:ã‚¤ãƒ³ãƒ‡ã‚£ã‚«ç±³ |ja)}}}} rice variety. Japonica was domesticated in the Yangtze Valley 9â€“6,000 years ago,JOURNAL, Purugganan, Michael D., Fuller, Dorian Q., The nature of selection during plant domestication, Nature (journal), Nature, Nature Research, 457, 7231, 2009, 0028-0836, 10.1038/nature07895, 843â€“848, 19212403, 2009Natur.457..843P, 205216444, and its varieties can be cultivated in dry fields (it is cultivated mainly submerged in Japan), in temperate East Asia, upland areas of Southeast Asia, and high elevations in South Asia, while indica was domesticated around the Ganges 8,500-4,500 years ago, and its varieties are mainly lowland rices, grown mostly submerged, throughout tropical Asia. Rice grain occurs in a variety of colors, including white, brown, black, purple, and red rices.Oka (1988)JOURNAL, Mohammadi Shad, Z., Atungulu, G., Post-harvest kernel discoloration and fungi activity in long-grain hybrid, pureline and medium-grain rice cultivars as influenced by storage environment and antifungal treatment, Journal of Stored Products Research, March 2019, 81, 91â€“99, 10.1016/j.jspr.2019.02.002, 92050510, free, A third subspecies, which is broad-grained and thrives under tropical conditions, was identified based on morphology and initially called javanica, but is now known as tropical japonica. Examples of this variety include the medium-grain ‘Tinawon’ and ‘Unoy’ cultivars, which are grown in the high-elevation rice terraces of the Cordillera Mountains of northern Luzon, Philippines.CECAP, PhilRice and IIRR. 2000. “Highland Rice Production in the Philippine Cordillera.“Glaszmann (1987) used isozymes to sort O. sativa into six groups: japonica, aromatic, indica, aus, rayada, and ashina.JOURNAL, Glaszmann, J. C., Isozymes and classification of Asian rice varieties, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, May 1987, 74, 1, 21â€“30, 10.1007/BF00290078, 24241451, 22829122, Garris et al. (2004) used simple sequence repeats to sort O. sativa into five groups: temperate japonica, tropical japonica and aromatic comprise the japonica varieties, while indica and aus comprise the indica varieties.JOURNAL, Garris, Amanda J., Tai, T. H., Coburn, J., Kresovich, S., McCouch, S., Susan McCouch, 2004, Genetic structure and diversity in Oryza sativa L., Genetics (journal), Genetics, 15654106, 10.1534/genetics.104.035642, 169, 3, 1631â€“1638, 1449546, The Garris scheme has held up against newer analyses as of 2019,JOURNAL, CivÃ¡Åˆ, Peter, Ali, Sajid, Batista-Navarro, Riza, Drosou, Konstantina, Ihejieto, Chioma, Chakraborty, Debarati, Ray, Avik, Gladieux, Pierre, Brown, Terence A, Origin of the Aromatic Group of Cultivated Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Traced to the Indian Subcontinent, Genome Biology and Evolution, 2019-03-01, 11, 3, 832â€“843, 10.1093/gbe/evz039, though one 2014 article argues that rayada is distinct enough to be its own group under japonica.JOURNAL, Wang, C-H, Zheng, X-M, Xu, Q, Yuan, X-P, Huang, L, Zhou, H-F, Wei, X-H, Ge, S, Genetic diversity and classification of Oryza sativa with emphasis on Chinese rice germplasm, Heredity, May 2014, 112, 5, 489â€“496, 10.1038/hdy.2013.130, 3998783,

Genetics

{{visible anchor|SPL14}}/{{visible anchor|LOC4345998}} is a gene that regulates the overall architecture/growth habit of the plant. Some of its epialleles increase rice yield.JOURNAL, Stange, Madlen, Barrett, Rowan D. H., Hendry, Andrew P., The importance of genomic variation for biodiversity, ecosystems and people, Nature Reviews Genetics, Nature Portfolio, 22, 2, February 2021, 1471-0056, 10.1038/s41576-020-00288-7, 89â€“105, 33067582, 223559538, MS ORCID 0000-0002-4559-2535). (RDHB ORCID 0000-0003-3044-2531), An accurate and usable Simple Sequence Repeat marker set was developed and used to generate a high-density map. A multiplex high-throughput marker assisted selection system has been developed but as with other crop HTMAS systems has proven difficult to customize, costly (both directly and for the equipment), and inflexible.JOURNAL, Elsevier, Rasheed, Awais, Hao, Yuanfeng, Xia, Xianchun, Khan, Awais, Xu, Yunbi, Varshney, Rajeev K., He, Zhonghu, Crop Breeding Chips and Genotyping Platforms: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives, Molecular Plant, Chinese Academy of Sciences+Chinese Society for Plant Biology+Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, 10, 8, 2017, 1674-2052, 10.1016/j.molp.2017.06.008, 1047â€“1064, 33780984, 28669791, free, Other molecular breeding tools have produced rice blast resistant cultivars.JOURNAL, Miah, G., Rafii, M. Y., Ismail, M. R., Puteh, A. B., Rahim, H. A., Asfaliza, R., Latif, M. A., Blast resistance in rice: a review of conventional breeding to molecular approaches, Molecular Biology Reports, Springer Science+Business Media, 40, 3, 2012-11-27, 0301-4851, 10.1007/s11033-012-2318-0, 2369â€“2388, 23184051, 8922855,psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/29230/1/29230.pdf, JOURNAL, Rao, Yuchun, Li, Yuanyuan, Qian, Qian, Recent progress on molecular breeding of rice in China, Plant Cell Reports, Springer Science+Business Media, 33, 4, 2014-01-19, 0721-7714, 10.1007/s00299-013-1551-x, 551â€“564, 24442397, 3976512, DNA microarray has been used to advance understanding of hybrid vigor in rice, QTL sequencing has been used to elucidate seedling vigor, and genome wide association study (GWAS) by whole genome sequencing (WGS) has been used to investigate various agronomic traits. In total, 641 copy number variations are known. Exome capture often reveals new single nucleotide polymorphisms in rice, due to its large genome and high degree of DNA repetition.Resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea is provided by various resistance genes including {{visible anchor|Pi1}}, {{visible anchor|Pi54}}, and {{visible anchor|Pita}}.BOOK, Wani, Shabir Hussain, Disease Resistance in Crop Plants: Molecular, Genetic and Genomic Perspectives, Springer Publishing, Springer, 2019, 978-3-030-20727-4, 1110184027, 83â€“112/xii+307, 5 Rice, Marker-Assisted Breeding, and Disease Resistance, Mehta, Sahil, Singh, Baljinder, Dhakate, Priyanka, Rahman, Mehzabin, Islam, Muhammad Aminul, O. sativa uses the plant hormones abscisic acid and salicylic acid to regulate immune responses. Salicylic acid broadly stimulates, and abscisic acid suppresses, immunity to M. grisea; success depends on the balance between their levels.JOURNAL, Pieterse, CornÃ© M.J., Van der Does, Dieuwertje, Zamioudis, Christos, Leon-Reyes, Antonio, Van Wees, Saskia C.M., Hormonal Modulation of Plant Immunity, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Annual Reviews (publisher), Annual Reviews, 28, 1, 2012-11-10, 1081-0706, 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154055, 489â€“521, 18180536, 22559264, 1874/274421,dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/274421, none,

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

FIRST1=NICKY J.

FIRST2=PETER E.

JOURNAL=JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY

ISSUE=10

ISSN=0022-0957

PAGES=3523â€“3543

PMID=22467407

LAST2=LIU

LAST3=TRIPLETT

LAST4=LEACH

LAST5=WANG

TITLE=NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO RICE INNATE IMMUNITY AGAINST BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL PATHOGENS

ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY >PUBLISHER=ANNUAL REVIEWS (PUBLISHER)

>VOLUME=52

DATE=2014-08-04

DOI=10.1146/ANNUREV-PHYTO-102313-045926

S2CID=9244874, 21380629, O. sativa has a large number of insect resistance genes specifically for the Brown planthopper.JOURNAL, Wang, Changsheng, Han, Bin, Twenty years of rice genomics research: From sequencing and functional genomics to quantitative genomics, Molecular Plant, Cell Press, 15, 4, 2022, 1674-2052, 10.1016/j.molp.2022.03.009, 35331914, 593â€“619, 247603925, free, {{As of|2022}}, 15 R genes have been cloned and characterized.

References

External links

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