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Ophiocordyceps
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{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}{{Automatic taxobox| image = Ophiocordyceps unilateralis.png| image_caption = Dead ants infected with Ophiocordyceps unilateralis| taxon = Ophiocordyceps- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Tom Petch>Petch (1931)| type_species = Ophiocordyceps blattae| type_species_authority = (Petch) Petch (1931)| synonyms_ref = | synonyms = Cordycepioideus Stifler (1941)| subdivision_ranks = Species| subdivision = }}Ophiocordyceps is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae.JOURNAL, Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM, December 2007, Outline of Ascomycota – 2007, Myconet, 13, 1–58,weblink The Field Museum, Department of Botany, Chicago, USA, The widespread genus, first described scientifically by British mycologist Tom Petch in 1931, contains about 140 species that grow on insects. Anamorphic genera that correspond with Ophiocordyceps species are Hirsutella, Hymenostilbe, Isaria, Paraisaria, and Syngliocladium.One species complex, Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, is known for its parasitism on ants, in which it alters the behavior of the ants in such a way as to propagate itself more effectively, killing the ant and then growing its fruiting bodies from the ant's head and releasing its spores.WEB, Sindya N, Bhanoo, vanc, In Fossilized Leaf, Clues to a Zombie Ant,weblink The New York Times, 24 August 2010, WEB, Carl, Zimmer, vanc, After This Fungus Turns Ants Into Zombies, Their Bodies Explode,weblink The New York Times, 24 October 2019, JOURNAL, Evans HC, Elliot SL, Hughes DP, Hidden diversity behind the zombie-ant fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: four new species described from carpenter ants in Minas Gerais, Brazil, PLOS ONE, 6, 3, e17024, March 2011, 21399679, 3047535, 10.1371/journal.pone.0017024, 2011PLoSO...617024E, free, To accomplish this, infected ants are stripped of their instinctive fear of heights, and leaving the relative safety of their nests, climb up the nearest plant—a syndrome known as "summit disease".BOOK, Sheldrake, Merlin, Entangled Life, Random House, 2021, 978-0-525-51032-1, New York, 96, English, The ant clamps it jaws around the plant in a "death grip" and following, mycelia grow from the ant's feet and stitch them to the surface of the plant. The spores released from the ant carcass fall to the ground and infect other ants that come in contact with the spores so that this cycle continues.JOURNAL, Pontoppidan, Maj-Britt, Himaman, Winanda, Hywel-Jones, Nigel L., Boomsma, Jacobus J., Hughes, David P., 2009-03-12, Graveyards on the Move: The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dead Ophiocordyceps-Infected Ants, PLOS ONE, en, 4, 3, e4835, 10.1371/journal.pone.0004835, 1932-6203, 2652714, 19279680, 2009PLoSO...4.4835P, free, Areas with high densities of ants that have this fungus growing out of them are known as graveyards.JOURNAL, Pontoppidan, Maj-Britt, Himaman, Winanda, Hywel-Jones, Nigel L., Boomsma, Jacobus J., Hughes, David P., 2009-03-12, Graveyards on the Move: The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dead Ophiocordyceps-Infected Ants, PLOS ONE, en, 4, 3, e4835, 10.1371/journal.pone.0004835, 1932-6203, 2652714, 19279680, 2009PLoSO...4.4835P, free, A 48-million-year-old fossil of an ant in the death-grip of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis was discovered in Germany.JOURNAL, Hughes, David P., Wappler, Torsten, Labandeira, Conrad C., 2011-02-23, Ancient death-grip leaf scars reveal ant–fungal parasitism, Biology Letters, 7, 1, 67–70, 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0521, 3030878, 20719770, Sources and usesOphiocordyceps sinensis is a species that infects the larvae of moths, mostly ants, and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine.JOURNAL, Xu, Jin, Huang, Ying, Chen, Xiang-Xiang, Zheng, Shuai-Chao, Chen, Peng, Mo, Ming-He, October 2016, The Mechanisms of Pharmacological Activities of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Fungi: Pharmacological Mechanisms of O . sinensis,weblink Phytotherapy Research, en, 30, 10, 1572–1583, 10.1002/ptr.5673, 27373780, 2985175, WEB, Cordyceps,weblink Drugs.com, 4 January 2021, 14 September 2020, JOURNAL, Yue, K, Ye, M, Zhou, Z, Sun, W, Lin, X, The genus Cordyceps: a chemical and pharmacological review., The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, April 2013, 65, 4, 474–93, 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01601.x, 23488776, free, Although some research says it has anti-inflammatory effects, there is currently no scientific evidence that use of this species has any clinically detectable effect on human diseases.SpeciesReference:JOURNAL, Araújo JP, Evans HC, Kepler R, Hughes DP, Ophiocordyceps. I. Myrmecophilous hirsutelloid species, Studies in Mycology, 90, 119–160, June 2018, 29910522, 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.002, 6002356, free, {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
In popular cultureSimply referred to as "cordyceps", an unspecified species is the cause of a worldwide pandemic and the zombie-like "infected" in the 2013 video game The Last of Us and its 2023 television adaptation. In the 2014 novel The Girl with All the Gifts and its 2016 film adaptation, a mutation of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis is responsible for an infection that causes the collapse of civilization. In the 2022 comic-book series Poison Ivy written by G. Willow Wilson, the titular character makes use of a fictitious species belonging to this genus.The Pokémon Paras and Parasect are based on insects parasitized by Ophiocordyceps.See alsoReferencesExternal links
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