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Morphological derivation
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Morphological derivation
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{{short description|In linguistics, the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing one}}Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as {{nowrap|un- or -ness.}} For example, unhappy and happiness derive from the root word happy. It is differentiated from inflection, which is the modification of a word to form different grammatical categories without changing its core meaning: determines, determining, and determined are from the root determine.Crystal, David (1999): The Penguin Dictionary of Language, Penguin Books, England.- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Derivational patterns
Derivational morphology often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other affix. Such an affix usually applies to words of one lexical category (part of speech) and changes them into words of another such category. For example, one effect of the English derivational suffix -ly is to change an adjective into an adverb (slow â slowly).Here are examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes:- adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow â slowness)
- adjective-to-verb: -en (weak â weaken)
- adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red â reddish)
- adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal â personally)
- noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation â recreational)
- noun-to-verb: -fy (glory â glorify)
- verb-to-adjective: -able (drink â drinkable)
- verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver â deliverance)
- verb-to-noun (agent): -er (write â writer)
Derivation and inflection
Derivation can be contrasted with inflection, in that derivation produces a new word (a distinct lexeme), whereas inflection produces grammatical variants (or forms) of the same word.Generally speaking, inflection applies in more or less regular patterns to all members of a part of speech (for example, nearly every English verb adds -s for the third person singular present tense), while derivation follows less consistent patterns (for example, the nominalizing suffix -ity can be used with the adjectives modern and dense, but not with open or strong). However, it is important to note that derivations and inflections can share homonyms, that being, morphemes that have the same sound, but not the same meaning. For example, when the affix -er, is added to an adjective, as in small-er, it acts as an inflection, but when added to a verb, as in cook-er, it acts as a derivation.BOOK, Sobin, Nicholas, Syntactic Analysis The Basics, 2011, Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, 978-1-4443-3895-9, 17â18,weblink A derivation can produce a lexeme with a different part of speech but does not necessarily. For example, the derivation of the word "uncommon" from "common" + un- (a derivational morpheme) does not change its part of speech (both are adjectives).An important distinction between derivational and inflectional morphology lies in the content/function of a listeme{{Clarify|reason=|date=May 2019}}. Derivational morphology changes both the meaning and the content of a listeme, while inflectional morphology doesn't change the meaning, but changes the function.A non-exhaustive list of derivational morphemes in English: -ful, -able, im-, un-, -ing, -erA non-exhaustive list of inflectional morphemes in English: -er, -est, -ing, -en, -ed, -sDerivation and other types of word formation
Derivation can be contrasted with other types of word formation such as compounding. Derivational affixes are bound morphemes â they are meaningful units, but can only normally occur when attached to another word. In that respect, derivation differs from compounding by which free morphemes are combined (lawsuit, Latin professor). It also differs from inflection in that inflection does not create new lexemes but new word forms (table â tables; open â opened).Productivity
Derivational patterns differ in the degree to which they can be called productive. A productive pattern or affix is one that is commonly used to produce novel forms. For example, the negating prefix un- is more productive in English than the alternative in-; both of them occur in established words (such as unusual and inaccessible), but faced with a new word which does not have an established negation, a native speaker is more likely to create a novel form with un- than with in-. The same thing happens with suffixes. For example, if comparing two words Thatcherite and Thatcherist, the analysis shows that both suffixes -ite and -ist are productive and can be added to proper names, moreover, both derived adjectives are established and have the same meaning. But the suffix -ist is more productive and, thus, can be found more often in word formation not only from proper names.See also
References
{{reflist}}- Speech and Language Processing, Jurafsky, D. & Martin J.,H.
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