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Kvant-1
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{Short description|Soviet space module}}{| class="toccolours" style="width: 25em; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Image:Kvant-1 (1995-02-06) cropped.jpg | Kvant-1 in 1995Kvant-1 in 1995 |
Mission name>|Mir |
Launch> | Coordinated Universal Time>UTCLC-200/39, Baikonur Cosmodrome, USSR |
Launch vehicle>|Proton-K |
Docked> | Coordinated Universal Time>UTC |
Re-entry>|March 23, 200105:50:00 UTC |
Time in Orbit>|5106 days, 5 hours WEB , |
Length>|5.3 m |
Diameter>|4.35 m WEB
, Spacecraft: Manned: Mir: Kvant-1 Module
, RussianSpaceweb.com , Anatoly , Zak , Anatoly Zak ,weblink , 2007-04-16, |
Launch Mass (includes FSM):> | AUTHOR=D.S.F.PORTREE | NASA >YEAR=1995 | URL-STATUS=DEAD | ARCHIVE-DATE= 7 SEPTEMBER 2009, |
Module Mass>|11,000 kg (at launch) |
FSM Mass>|9,600 kg (at launch) |
Habitable volume>|40 m3 |
Background
missing image!
- Mir-kvant.jpg -
Kvant-1 docked to the Mir Core Module, with Soyuz TM-3 docked to its aft port.
The Kvant spacecraft represented the first use of a new kind of Soviet space station module, designated 37K. An order authorising the beginning of development was issued on 17 September 1979. The basic 37K design consisted of a 4.2 m diameter pressurised cylinder with a docking port at the forward end. It was not equipped with its own propulsion system. The original authorisation was for a total of eight 37K's of various configurations: - Mir-kvant.jpg -
Kvant-1 docked to the Mir Core Module, with Soyuz TM-3 docked to its aft port.
- One experimental 37KE (using a surplus FGB module of the cancelled Chelomei TKS crewed ferry as a tug) which would be docked to the front port of the Salyut 7 space station.
- Four 37KS modules for Mir. These would be delivered and docked to the station by a new lighter-weight FGO tug.
- Three 37KB modules. These would be carried in the payload bay of the Buran space shuttle. They could remain attached to the bay or (modified to the 37KBI configuration) be docked to the Mir or Mir-2 space stations using the Buran manipulator arm.
Description
missing image!
- Mir Kvant-1 module.gif -
Cut-away view of Kvant-1
Kvant-1 consisted of two pressurized working compartments, one unpressurized experiment compartment and one small airlock for access to the telescopes and film change and retrieval. It also carried additional life support systems including an Elektron oxygen generator and equipment for removing carbon dioxide from the air.Scientific equipment on board Kvant-1 included: - Mir Kvant-1 module.gif -
Cut-away view of Kvant-1
- The Roentgen X-ray astronomy telescope suite with four instruments:
- TTM, a coded mask imaging spectrometer / wide-angle camera (Dutch/British)
- Sirene 2, a gas scintillation proportional spectrometer (ESA)
- HEXE, the High Energy X-ray Experiment (German)
- Pulsar X-1, an X-ray/gamma ray (20-1300 keV) detector
- Glazar, an ultraviolet telescope
- Mariya, a magnetic spectrometer
- Svetlana, an electrophoresis unit
- and finally Arfa-E, installed on the exterior of the module in January 1990 to investigate the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere
Launch and docking
{{see also|Mir EO-2}}missing image!
- Kvant module and FSM drawing.png -
right|Kvant-1 (on the left) attached to the FSM orbital tug.
- Kvant module and FSM drawing.png -
right|Kvant-1 (on the left) attached to the FSM orbital tug.
missing image!
- Kvant module drawing.png -
Isolated view of Kvant-1
Kvant-1 was originally intended to be launched and docked to Salyut 7, but delays forced it to be launched to Mir instead. Kvant-1 did not have any propulsion systems of its own and to reach Mir, Kvant-1 was mated with a Functional Service Module (FSM) â carrying propulsion and electrical systems â to act as a space tug. The FSM was derived from the TKS spacecraft, which would later form the basis for the Functional Cargo Block of the Kvant-2, Kristall, Spektr, and Priroda modules.Kvant-1 and its FSM were launched on March 30, 1987 â at the time of the launch, the Mir station was staffed by the EO-2 crew, which had already docked on the front port with the Soyuz TM-2 spacecraft. On April 9, Kvant-1 achieved a soft dock with the aft port on Mir. However, the Kvant-1 was not able to achieve a hard dock which meant that the two spacecraft were only loosely connected â in this configuration, Mir could not orient itself or else damage would occur.The EO-2 crew conducted an emergency EVA on April 11 to investigate the problem. The crew found a piece of debris, probably a trash bag, that was left by Progress 28. After removing it, Kvant-1 was finally able to achieve a hard dock with the station on the same day. The Kvant-FSM, which contained the now unneeded propulsion of the Kvant-1 module, was finally jettisoned on April 12, revealing Kvant-1's rear docking port.- Kvant module drawing.png -
Isolated view of Kvant-1
Initial operation
After finally achieving hard-dock and jettisoning of the Kvant-FSM, tests of the onboard systems of Kvant-1 were conducted until the end of April. May was spent in preparation for the extension of the electrical power with activities which required little electricity, like medical experiments and Earth resources photography â much-needed additional electrical power would enable experiments like the Korund 1-M kiln, which was used to conduct melts lasting several days, and to power Kvant-1's gyrodines, needed for astronomical observations. For this, Kvant had carried stowed solar arrays, which were attached to the Mir base block during an EVA on June 12.With the testing of Kvant-1 concluded, additional solar panels installed and Kvant's gyrodines available, a major step in the construction of the Mir space station was achieved. The X-ray telescope onboard Kvant-1 could start with a bang: it was uniquely placed to study Supernova SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud, the peak of its light reaching Earth in May 1987. The cosmonauts onboard Mir could examine the exploding star during 115 sessions between June and September 1987.Later modifications
In January 1991, support structures that were designed to hold solar arrays were installed on Kvant-1. In July 1991, the crew constructed the Sofora girder during four EVAs. The Sofora girder was designed to test new construction techniques, mount a propulsion unit, and act as a place to hold experiments outside the station. In September 1992, the crew installed the VDU propulsion unit on the end of the Sofora girder. It was delivered earlier by Progress M-14. The VDU was designed to increase the station's attitude control capability. The then-six-year-old VDU propulsion unit was finally replaced in April 1998 by a new one that was delivered by Progress M-38.In September 1993, the Rapana girder was constructed on Kvant-1 during two EVAs. The Rapana girder was designed to test girder assembly experiments for a possible Mir 2 space station. External experiments were also later held on the Rapana girder. In June, 1996, the Rapana girder was extended during an EVA.On May 22, 1995, one of Kristall's solar panels was redeployed on Kvant-1. In May 1996, the Mir Cooperative Solar Array, which was delivered with the Mir Docking Module, was deployed on Kvant-1. In November 1997, Kristall's old solar panel that was attached to Kvant-1 was disposed of and the all-Russian solar array, which was also delivered with the Docking Module, was attached in its place.1997 fire
On February 23, 1997, a backup solid-fuel oxygen canister caught fire in the Kvant-1 module.WEB,weblink Trial by Fire: Space Station Mir: On-Board Fire, sma.nasa.gov, Terry, Wilcutt, Wilson B., Harkins, 14 December 2020, November 2011, The fire spewed molten metal, and the crew was concerned that it could melt through the hull of the space station.BOOK, Jerry Linenger, 1 January 2001, Off the Planet: Surviving Five Perilous Months Aboard the Space Station Mir,weblink registration, New York, US, McGraw-Hill, 978-0-07-137230-5, Smoke filled the station, and the crew donned respirators to continue breathing, although some respirators were faulty and did not supply oxygen. After burning for fourteen minutes and using up three fire extinguishers, the fire died out.Kerry Ellis - International Life Support - Ask Magazine The smoke remained thick for forty-five minutes after the fire was extinguished. After the respirators ran out of oxygen and the smoke began to clear the crew switched to using filter masks.BOOK, David Harland, The Story of Space Station Mir, Springer-Verlag New York Inc, 30 November 2004, New York, 978-0-387-23011-5, registration,weblinkReferences
{{Reflist}}External links
- Russian Space Web
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081015201118weblink">Encyclopedia Astronautica
- Gunter's Space Page - information on Kvant-1
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "Kvant-1" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
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- "Kvant-1" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
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