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{{Short description|1986 Alma-Ata protests and riots against an ethnic Russian leader}}{{Expand Kazakh|Желтоқсан көтерілісі|date=December 2019}}

factoids

Kazakh protestersSoviet Union}}

• OMON
• KGB | commander1 = No organized leadership

Soviet Union}} Mikhail Gorbachev{{flagdeco|Kazakh SSR}} Gennady Kolbin| strength1 =| strength2 =| casualties1 =| casualties2 =| casualties3 = 168–1,000 civilians killedMore than 200 injured| notes = }}The Jeltoqsan (), also spelled Zheltoksan, or December of 1986 were protests that took place in Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, in response to CPSU General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev’s dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunaev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, and his replacement with Gennady Kolbin, an ethnic Russian from the Russian SFSR.WEB,thediplomat.com/2016/12/1986-kazakhstans-other-independence-anniversary/, 1986: Kazakhstan’s Other Independence Anniversary, The Diplomat, Catherine, Putz, 16 December 2016, 21 September 2021, The events lasted from 16 to 19 December 1986. The protests began in the morning of 17 December, as a student demonstration attracted thousands of participants as they marched through Brezhnev Square (present-day Republic Square) across to the CPK Central Committee building. As the result, internal troops and OMON forces entered the city,“Soviet Troops Enforce Kazakh City Curfew”, The New York Times and violence erupted throughout the city.“Soviet Nationalities: Russians Rule, Others Fume”, The New York Times.“Origins of Kazakhstan Rioting Are Described”, The New York Times.1986 “December events showed people’s striving for independence” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020150inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=147080 |date=2007-09-28 }} KAZINFORM In the following days, protests spread to Shymkent, Taldykorgan, and Karaganda. This event was the start of the slow collapse of authoritarian communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe which would later begin in 1989.

Protests

{{Eastern Bloc sidebar}}{{History of Kazakhstan}}The primary reason for the peaceful student demonstrations that started in the early morning of 17 December was the dismissal of the long-serving First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, Dinmukhamed Kunaev (1964–1986) on 16 December and the appointment of Gennady Kolbin (1986–1989) as the First Secretary. Kolbin was unpopular as he had not previously lived or worked in Kazakhstan.Mikhael Gorbachev, Memoirs, New York: Doubleday, 1996, p. 330According to Gorbachev’s memoirs, after the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he met with Kunaev and discussed Kunaev’s resignation. Kunaev expressed his desire to retire and proposed the appointment of someone without previous links to the Kazakh Communist Party in his place to stop advancement of Nursultan Nazarbayev (later and also the first President of Kazakhstan) in the party ranks. Kunaev, in his own book, said that Gorbachev never asked him about his replacement and only said “a good comrade will be sent”.Dinmukhamed Kunaev, O Moem Vremeni, Almaty: Dauir, 1992, p. 8Demonstrations started in the morning of 17 December 1986 as 200–300 students gathered in front of the Central Committee building on Brezhnev Square to protest the decision of the CPSU to appoint Kolbin rather than an ethnic Kazakh. The number of protesters increased to 1,000–5,000 as students from universities and institutes joined the crowd on Brezhnev Square.TASS reported,A group of students, incited by nationalistic elements, last evening and today took to the streets of Alma-Ata expressing disapproval of the decisions of the recent plenary meeting. Hooligans, parasites and other antisocial persons made use of this situation and resorted to unlawful actions against representatives of law and order. They set fire to a food store and to private cars and insulted townspeople.Meetings were held at factories, schools, and other institutions to condemn these actions.WEB, Archives, L. A. Times, 1986-12-18, Riot Reported on Ouster of Soviet Official : Tass Press Agency Gives Unprecedented Account of Violence,www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-12-18-mn-4155-story.html, 2023-03-13, Los Angeles Times, en-US, Witnesses reported that the rioters were given vodka, narcotics and leaflets, indicating that the riots were not spontaneous. They disagreed with the characterization of the riot as related to nationalism or independence; they said it was a protest over Gorbachev’s appointing an outsider to head the state.San Francisco Chronicle, December 23, 1986; Retrieved March 27, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand, .As a response, the CPK Central Committee ordered troops from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, druzhiniki (volunteers), cadets, policemen, and the KGB to cordon the square and videotape the participants. The situation escalated around 5 p.m., as troops were ordered to disperse the protesters. Clashes between the security forces and the demonstrators continued throughout the night in the square and in different parts of Almaty.The second day, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes in the streets, universities and dormitories between troops, volunteers, and militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale armed confrontation. The clashes were not controlled until the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pavlodar, Karaganda and Taldykorgan.

Estimates of protesters

Estimates of the number of protesters vary.Initial reports from Moscow said that about 200 people were involved in the riots. Later reports from the Kazakh SSR authorities estimated that the riots drew 3,000 people.“Soviet Riots Worse Than First Reported”, San Francisco Chronicle, February 19, 1987. p. 22Other estimates are of at least 30,000 to 40,000 protesters, with 5,000 arrested and jailed, and an unknown number of casualties. Jeltoqsan leaders say over 60,000 Kazakhs participated in the protests nationwide.““Jeltoqsan” Movement blames leader of Kazakh Communists {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904060721www.eurasianet.org/resource/kazakhstan/hypermail/200204/0053.shtml |date=2008-09-04 }}”, EurasiaNetNEWS, Pannier, Bruce, 2012-02-02, 20th Anniversary Of Zheltoqsan Protest Marked, en, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,www.rferl.org/a/1073453.html, 2023-03-13,

Loss of life

According to the Kazakh SSR government, there were two deaths during the riots, including a volunteer police worker and a student. Both of them had died from blows to the head. About 100 others were detained and several others were sentenced to terms in labor camps.San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 27, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand.Sources cited by the US Library of Congress claim that at least 200 people died or were summarily executed soon after. Some accounts even estimate casualties at more than 1,000.WEB, Kazakstan - Reform and Nationalist Conflict,countrystudies.us/kazakstan/6.htm, 2023-03-13, countrystudies.us, The writer Mukhtar Shakhanov claimed that a KGB officer testified that 168 protesters were killed. The Jeltoqsan events formed the basis of the main platforms of the Azat and Alash political parties and the Jeltoqsan movement that developed in independent Kazakhstan.Kazakh students Kayrat Ryskulbekov and Lazat Asanova were among the victims.“Kazakhs remembering uprising of 1986 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711022204origin.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2006Dec16/0,4675,KazakhstanRememberingDecember,00.html |date=July 11, 2011}}”, Associated Press, 2006

Separation from the USSR

In the March 1991 referendum, the population of Kazakhstan overwhelmingly voted to reform the Union Treaty. 89.2% of the population participated in the vote, of which 94.1% voted in favour.BOOK, Publications, Europa,books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC&dq=89.2+kazakhstan+march+1991&pg=PA419, Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 1999, 4th 1999, 1999, Taylor & Francis Group, 978-1-85743-058-5, en, On 18 September 2006, the Dawn of Liberty monument, dedicated to the 20th anniversary of Jeltoqsan, was opened with a solemn ceremony in Almaty. In the 21st century, Jeltoqsan has come to be regarded as the symbol of Kazakhstan’s struggle for independence. The monument has three-parts: two pylons of intricate shapes symbolizing the breach and conflict of past and future, the explosion of the nation’s consciousness and downfall of ideological canons, and the triumph of liberty and independence of the state.“The Head of the State unveiled a monument in Almaty”, KAZINFORM“1986 December events showed people’s striving for independence {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020150inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=147080 |date=2007-09-28 }}”, KAZINFORM

Further reading

• Ostrovsky, Alexander (2011). Глупость или измена? Расследование гибели СССР. (Stupidity or treason? Investigation of the death of the USSR) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830215714ru.bookshome.net/book/1137525/d94429 |date=30 August 2022}} Ðœ.: Форум, Крымский мост-9Д, 2011. — 864 с. ISBN 978-5-89747-068-6.

See also

• Dissolution of the Soviet Union
• The Barricades
• January Events
• 1990 Dushanbe riots
• Black January
• 9 April tragedy
• 2019 Kazakh protests
• 2022 Kazakh unrest

References

{{reflist|30em}}

External links

• iicas.org/english/enlibrary/libr_13_04_01kp_0.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20060927111646iicas.org/english/enlibrary/libr_13_04_01kp_0.htm">Let my people print
• The price of stability. Kazakhstani control mechanisms in a bipolar cultural and demographic situation

{{Fall of Communism}}{{Kazakhstan topics}}{{coord missing|Kazakhstan}}