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{{Short description|Interference by one country in the affairs of another}}{{Other uses|Interventionism (disambiguation){{!}}Interventionism}}Interventionism, in politics, typically refers to the practice of governments that interfere in the political affairs of other countries, staging military or trade interventions. A different term, economic interventionism, refers to intervention in economic policy at home.WEB,www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interventionism, Interventionism, Merriam-Webster, 1 March 2022, Military intervention, which is a common element of interventionism, has been defined by Martha Finnemore in the context of international relations as “the deployment of military personnel across recognized boundaries for the purpose of determining the political authority structure in the target state”. Interventions may be solely focused on altering political authority structures, or may be conducted for humanitarian purposes, or for debt collection.BOOK, Finnemore, Martha,books.google.com/books?id=yKxRPekGJQ0C, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force, 2004, Cornell University Press, 978-81-7049-205-4, 9–10, Interventionism has played a major role in the foreign policies of Western powers, particularly during and after the Victorian era. The New Imperialism era saw numerous interventions by Western nations in the Global South, including the Banana Wars. Modern interventionism grew out of Cold War policies, where the United States and the Soviet Union intervened in nations around the world to counter any influence held there by the other nation.BOOK, Stephen G., Rabe, Stephen G. Rabe, U.S. Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story, 2005, University of North Carolina Press, 978-0807856390, Historians have noted that interventionism has always been a contentious political issue in the public opinion of countries which engaged in interventions.BOOK, Stephen, Kinzer, Stephen Kinzer, The True Flag: Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain, and the Birth of American Empire, 2017, Henry Holt and Company, 978-1627792165, According to a dataset by Alexander Downes, 120 leaders were removed through foreign-imposed regime change between 1816 and 2011.BOOK, Downes, Alexander B.,books.google.com/books?id=c-giEAAAQBAJ, Catastrophic Success: Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Goes Wrong, 2021, Cornell University Press, 978-1-5017-6115-7, en, A 2016 study by Carnegie Mellon University political scientist Dov Haim Levin (who now teaches at the University of Hong Kong) found that the United States intervened in 81 foreign elections between 1946 and 2000, with the majority of those being through covert, rather than overt, actions.JOURNAL, Levin, Dov H., June 2016, When the Great Power Gets a Vote: The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results, International Studies Quarterly, 60, 2, 189–202, 10.1093/isq/sqv016, free, NEWS, Agrawal, Nina, 21 December 2016, The U.S. is no stranger to interfering in the elections of other countries,www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-us-intervention-foreign-elections-20161213-story.html, 2 November 2022, Los Angeles Times, Multilateral interventions that include territorial governance by foreign institutions also include cases like East Timor and Kosovo, and have been proposed (but were rejected) for the Palestinian territories.JOURNAL, Pugh, Jeffrey D., 2012-11-01, Whose Brother’s Keeper? International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories,academic.oup.com/isp/article-abstract/13/4/321/1786157/Whose-Brother-s-Keeper-International-Trusteeship, International Studies Perspectives, 13, 4, 321–343, 10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00483.x, 1528-3577, A 2021 review of the existing literature found that foreign interventions since World War II tend overwhelmingly to fail to achieve their purported objectives.JOURNAL, Malis, Matt, Querubin, Pablo, Satyanath, Shanker, 2021, Persistent failure? International interventions since World War II,www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158746000381, The Handbook of Historical Economics, en, 641–673, 10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00038-1, 9780128158746, 236697008,

Foreign-imposed regime change

Studies by Alexander Downes, Lindsey O’Rourke, and Jonathan Monten indicate that foreign-imposed regime change seldom reduces the likelihood of civil war, violent removal of the newly imposed leader, and the probability of conflict between the intervening state and its adversaries,JOURNAL, Downes, Alexander B., O’Rourke, Lindsey A., 2016, You Can’t Always Get What You Want: Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Seldom Improves Interstate Relations,direct.mit.edu/isec/article/41/2/43-89/12142, International Security, en, 41, 2, 43–89, 10.1162/ISEC_a_00256, 0162-2889, 52994000, and does not increase the likelihood of democratization unless regime change comes with pro-democratic institutional changes in countries with favorable conditions for democracy.JOURNAL, Downes, Alexander B., Monten, Jonathan, 2013, Forced to Be Free? Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Rarely Leads to Democratization,www.jstor.org/stable/24480621, International Security, 37, 4, 90–131, 10.1162/ISEC_a_00117, 0162-2889, 24480621, 3640183, Downes argues:{{blockquote|The strategic impulse to forcibly oust antagonistic or non-compliant regimes overlooks two key facts. First, the act of overthrowing a foreign government sometimes causes its military to disintegrate, sending thousands of armed men into the countryside where they often wage an insurgency against the intervener. Second, externally-imposed leaders face a domestic audience in addition to an external one, and the two typically want different things. These divergent preferences place imposed leaders in a quandary: taking actions that please one invariably alienates the other. Regime change thus drives a wedge between external patrons and their domestic protégés or between protégés and their people.}}Research by Nigel Lo, Barry Hashimoto, and Dan Reiter has contrasting findings, as they find that interstate “peace following wars last longer when the war ends in foreign-imposed regime change”.JOURNAL, Lo, Nigel, Hashimoto, Barry, Reiter, Dan, 2008, Ensuring Peace: Foreign-Imposed Regime Change and Postwar Peace Duration, 1914–2001,www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/ensuring-peace-foreignimposed-regime-change-and-postwar-peace-duration-19142001/DC9CEE80C77B67351DCB867E77F3843F, International Organization, en, 62, 4, 717–736, 10.1017/S0020818308080259, 1531-5088, 154513807, However, research by Reiter and Goran Peic finds that foreign-imposed regime change can raise the probability of civil war.JOURNAL, Peic, Goran, Reiter, Dan, 2011, Foreign-Imposed Regime Change, State Power and Civil War Onset, 1920–2004,www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/foreignimposed-regime-change-state-power-and-civil-war-onset-19202004/1226DBF6E9E9DA97534FD3D91A1702F7, British Journal of Political Science, en, 41, 3, 453–475, 10.1017/S0007123410000426, 1469-2112, 154222973,

In Africa

Among African nations, Nigeria has shown the will to intervene in the affairs of other sub Saharan African countries since independence. It is said that one of the reasons Yakubu Gowon was removed from office had  been the squandering of Nigeria’s resources in such far-away lands as Grenada and Guyana, with no returns, economic or political for Nigeria. The philosophy of subsequent military governments in Nigeria was that in an increasingly interdependent world, a country cannot be an island.WEB, 2021-12-10, Interventionism,litcaf.com/interventionism/, 2022-10-12, LitCaf, en-US,

See also

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• Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
• Counterinsurgency
• Democracy promotion
• Economic sanctions
• Embargo
• Exporting the revolution
• Foreign electoral intervention
• Foreign interventions by China
• Foreign interventions by Cuba
• Foreign interventions by the United States
• Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War
• Gun boat diplomacy
• Humanitarian intervention
• International military intervention against ISIL
• International isolation
• International relations theory
• Isolationism
• Liberal internationalism
• Military occupation
• Multilateralism
• Neoconservatism
• Non-interventionism
• Pacification
• Peacekeeping
• Peace enforcement
• Peacemaker
• Peace makers
• Peacemaking
• Police action
• Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)
• Sakoku
• Unilateralism
• White man’s burden

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Further reading

• Kupchan, Charles A. Isolationism: A History of America’s Efforts to Shield Itself from the World (Oxford University Press, 2020).
• Lee, Melissa M. 2020. Crippling Leviathan: How Foreign Subversion Weakens the State. Princeton University Press.

References

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External links

• Interventionism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
• Empirical Knowledge on Foreign Military Intervention (Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory)

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