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{{Short description|Type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle}}{{Redirect|Hybrid mode|the electromagnetic transmission modes|Mode (electromagnetism)}}File:2018 Toyota Prius Excel VVT-i CVT 1.8.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The Toyota PriusToyota PriusFile:MBTA route SL5 bus on Washington Street, April 2017.jpg|260px|thumb|A New Flyer XDE60 Xcelsior articulated hybrid-electric bus operated by MBTAMBTAA hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion system (hybrid vehicle drivetrain). The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance. There is a variety of HEV types and the degree to which each functions as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies. The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors), buses, boats, and aircraft also exist.Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative brakes which convert the vehicle's kinetic energy to electric energy, which is stored in a battery or supercapacitor. Some varieties of HEV use an internal combustion engine to turn an electrical generator, which either recharges the vehicle's batteries or directly powers its electric drive motors; this combination is known as a motor–generator.WEB,weblink Alternative Fuels Data Center: How do Hybrid Electric Cars Work?, Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the engine at idle and restarting it when needed; this is known as a start-stop system. A hybrid-electric produces lower tailpipe emissions than a comparably sized gasoline car since the hybrid's gasoline engine is usually smaller than that of a gasoline-powered vehicle. If the engine is not used to drive the car directly, it can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy.Ferdinand Porsche developed the Lohner–Porsche in 1901.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090208230718weblink">weblink 2009-02-08, History of Hybrid Vehicles, HybridCars.com, 2006-03-27, 2010-03-21, But hybrid electric vehicles did not become widely available until the release of the Toyota Prius in Japan in 1997, followed by the Honda Insight in 1999.NEWS,weblink How it works; A Tale of 2 Engines: How Hybrid Cars Tame Emissions, The New York Times, Matt Lake, 2001-11-08, 2010-03-22, Initially, hybrid seemed unnecessary due to the low cost of gasoline. Worldwide increases in the price of petroleum caused many automakers to release hybrids in the late 2000s; they are now perceived as a core segment of the automotive market of the future.WEB,weblink Elizabeth Lowery, Energy diversity as a business imperative, The Futurist, 2007-07-01, 2010-03-21, WEB,weblink Big Three, Big Vehicles Taken to the Watershed in May, Edmunds.com, Edmunds Auto Observer, Dale Buss and Michelle Krebs, 2008-06-03, 2010-03-21,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110707191959weblink">weblink 2011-07-07, dead, {{Better source needed|date=August 2021|reason=old}}{{As of|2020|04}}, over 17 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide since their inception in 1997. Japan has the world's largest hybrid electric vehicle fleet with 7.5 million hybrids registered {{as of|2018|03|lc=y}}. Japan also has the world's highest hybrid market penetration with hybrids representing 19.0% of all passenger cars on the road {{as of|2018|03|lc=y}}, both figures excluding kei cars. {{As of|2020|12}}, the U.S. ranked second with cumulative sales of 5.8 million units since 1999,WEB,weblink Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 39 (updated April 2021), Stacy C. Davis, Robert G. Boundy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, April 2021, 2021-05-16, See Table 6.2: Hybrid and Plug-In Vehicle Sales, 1999-2020 and, {{asof|2020|07|lc=y}}, Europe listed third with 3.0 million cars delivered since 2000.Global sales are led by the Toyota Motor Corporation with more than 15 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids sold {{as of|2020|01|lc=y}}, followed by Honda Motor Co., Ltd. with cumulative global sales of more than 1.35 million hybrids {{as of|2014|06|lc=y}};WEB,weblink Cumulative worldwide sales of Honda hybrids passes 1 million units, Honda Press Release, Green Car Congress, 2012-10-15, 2012-10-16, {{As of|2022|09}}, worldwide hybrid sales are led by the Toyota Prius liftback, with cumulative sales of 5 million units. The Prius nameplate had sold more than 6 million hybrids up to January 2017. Global Lexus hybrid sales achieved the 1 million unit milestone in March 2016. {{As of|2017|01}}, the conventional Prius is the all-time best-selling hybrid car in both Japan and the U.S., with sales of over 1.8 million in Japan and 1.75 million in the U.S.

Classification

Types of powertrain

File:2011 Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited -- 11-20-2011 1.jpg|thumb|The Toyota Highlander Hybrid has a series-parallel drivetrain.]]File:2008 Saturn Vue GreenLine.jpg|right|thumb|The Saturn Vue Green Line is a mild hybridmild hybridFile:Chevrolet-Silverado-Hybrid.jpg|right|thumb|The 2005–06 Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid is a mild hybridmild hybridFile:BMW ActiveHybrid 7 WAS 2010 8967.JPG|right|thumb|The BMW Concept 7 Series ActiveHybrid is a mild hybridmild hybridHybrid electric vehicles can be classified according to the way in which power is supplied to the drivetrain:

• In parallel hybrids, the ICE and the electric motor are both connected to the mechanical transmission and can simultaneously transmit power to drive the wheels, usually through a conventional transmission. Honda's Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) system as found in the Insight, Civic, Accord, as well as the GM Belted Alternator/Starter (BAS Hybrid) system found in the Chevrolet Malibu hybrids are examples of production parallel hybrids.WEB,weblink Hybrids Under the Hood (Part 2): Drivetrains, Union of Concerned Scientists, Hybridcenter.org, 2010-03-17, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100111032823weblink">weblink 2010-01-11, The internal combustion engine of many parallel hybrids can also act as a generator for supplemental recharging. {{Asof|2013}}, commercialized parallel hybrids use a full size combustion engine with a single, small (

Research and Development was advancing in the 1990s with projects such as the early BMW 5 Series (E34) CVT hybrid-electric vehicle

2009–2010

The Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid was unveiled at the 2009 Seoul Motor Show, and sales began in the South Korean domestic market in July 2009. The Elantra LPI (Liquefied Petroleum Injected) is the world's first hybrid vehicle to be powered by an internal combustion engine built to run on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a fuel. The Elantra PLI is a mild hybrid and the first hybrid to adopt advanced lithium polymer (Li–Poly) batteries.