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{{Short description|Compiling events of the biblical gospels}}{{About|attempts to merge, or harmonize, the Christian canonical gospels|harmony in Christian Gospel music|Gospel music}}File:Four Evangelists Jordaens Louvre Inv1404.jpg|thumb|270px|The Four Evangelists by Jacob Jordaens, 1625–1630, LouvreLouvreA gospel harmony is an attempt to compile the canonical gospels of the Christian New Testament into a single account. This may take the form either of a single, merged narrative, or a tabular format with one column for each gospel, technically known as a synopsis, although the word harmony is often used for both.Harmonies are constructed for a variety of purposes: to create a readable and accessible piece of literature for the general public,BOOK, Averitt, Neil, The Single Gospel, 2015, Wipf and Stock, 978-1498221580, xix–xx, to establish a scholarly chronology of events in the life of Jesus as depicted in the canonical gospels, or to better understand how the accounts relate to each other.Among academics, the construction of harmonies has been favoured by conservative scholars, though one scholar, B. S. Childs, opposes this.France, R.T. "Chronological Aspects of 'Gospel Harmony'," Vox Evangelica 16 (1986): 33–60. Students of higher criticism see the divergences between the gospel accounts as reflecting the construction of traditions by the early Christian communities.{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2007|pp=1–2}} Among modern academics, attempts to construct a single story have largely been abandoned in favour of laying out the accounts in parallel columns for comparison, to allow critical study of the differences between them.{{Citation | title = The Encyclopedia of Christianity | volume = 4 | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2005 | page = 39}}.The earliest known harmony is the Diatessaron by Tatian in the 2nd century and variations based on the Diatessaron continued to appear in the Middle Ages.{{Citation | title = The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature | last = Aune | first = David Edward | author-link = David Edward Aune | date = 2003 | isbn = 0664219179 | page = 190| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press }}. The 16th century witnessed a major increase in the introduction of gospel harmonies and the parallel column structure became widespread. At this time visual representations also started appearing, depicting the life of Christ in terms of a "pictorial gospel harmony", and the trend continued into the 19th–20th centuries.{{Citation | url =weblink | first = James | last = Tissot | title = The Life of Christ : the complete set of 350 watercolors | editor1-first = Judith F | editor1-last = Dolkart | editor2-first = James | editor2-last = Jacques | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0872731646 | pages = 70–71| publisher = Merrell Publishers }}

Overview

A gospel harmony is an attempt to collate the Christian canonical gospels into a single account. Harmonies are constructed by some writers in order to make the gospel story available to a wider audience, both religious and secular. Harmonies can be studied by scholars to establish a coherent chronology of the events depicted in the four canonical gospels in the life of Jesus, to better understand how the accounts relate to each other, and to critically evaluate their differences.The terms harmony and synopsis have been used to refer to several different approaches to consolidating the canonical gospels. Technically, a "harmony" weaves together sections of scripture into a single narrative, merging the four gospels. There are four main types of harmony: radical, synthetic, sequential and parallel. By contrast, a "synopsis", much like a parallel harmony, juxtaposes similar texts or accounts in parallel format, synchronized by time, while preserving their individual identity, usually in columns.Steven L. Cox, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels B&H Publishing {{ISBN|0805494448}} pp. 3–4 Harmonies may also take a visual form and be undertaken to create narratives for artistic purposes, as in the creation of picture compositions depicting the life of Christ.The oldest approach to harmonizing consists of merging the stories into a single narrative, producing a text longer than any individual gospel.Steven L. Cox, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels B&H Publishing {{ISBN|0805494448}} p. 18 This creates the most straightforward and detailed account, and one that is likely to be most accessible to non-academic users, such as lay churchgoers or people who are reading the gospels as a work of literature or philosophy.There are, however, difficulties in the creation of a consolidated narrative. As John Barton points out, it is impossible to construct a single account from the four gospels without changing at least some parts of the individual accounts.John Barton, The Old Testament: Canon Literature and Theology Collected Essays of John Barton (Ashgate Publishing, 2013) p. 59. {{ISBN?}}One challenge with any form of harmonizing is that events are sometimes described in a different order in different accounts – the Synoptic Gospels, for instance, describe Jesus overturning tables in the Temple at Jerusalem in the last week of his life, whereas the Gospel of John records a counterpart event only towards the beginning of Jesus's ministry. Harmonists must either choose which time they think is correct, or conclude that separate events are described. Lutheran theologian Andreas Osiander, for instance, proposed in Harmonia evangelica (1537) that Jesus must have been crowned with thorns twice, and that there were three separate episodes of cleansing of the Temple.Graham Stanton, Gospel Truth? New Light on Jesus and the Gospels (HarperCollins, 1995) p. 8; John S. Kloppenborg Verbin, "Is There a New Paradigm?", in Horrell, Tuckett (eds), Christology, Controversy, and Community: New Testament Essays in Honour of David R. Catchpole (Brill, 2000), p. 39. On the other hand, commentators have long noted that the individual gospels are not written in a rigorously chronological format.BOOK, A Christological Catechism (quoting Augustine), Fitzmyer, Joseph A., Paulist Press, 1991, 158, BOOK, "Introduction to Matthew," in The Expositor's Bible Commentary vol. VIII, Carson, D.A., Zondervan, 1984, 38–39, This means that an event can be described as falling at two different times and still be the same event, so that the substantive details can be properly brought together in a harmony, although the harmonist will still have the task of deciding which of the two times is more probable.A less common but more serious difficulty arises if the gospels diverge in their substantive description of an event. An example is the incident involving the centurion whose servant is healed at a distance. In the Gospel of Matthew the centurion comes to Jesus in person;{{bibleref2|Matthew|8:8–9|NRSV}} in the Luke version he sends Jewish elders.{{bibleref2|Luke|7:6–8|NRSV}} Since these accounts are clearly describing the same event, the harmonist must decide which is the more accurate description or else devise a composite account.Mark Allan Powell, Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998), pp. 12–13.BOOK, Gregg, Zegarelli, ONE: The Unified Gospel of Jesus, Second Ed., OUG Press, 2017, 978-1548461263, The modern academic view, based on the broadly accepted principle that Matthew and Luke were written using Mark as a source, seeks to explain the differences between the texts in terms of this process of composition. For example, Mark describes John the Baptist as preaching the forgiveness of sins, a detail which is dropped by Matthew, perhaps in the belief that the forgiveness of sins was exclusive to Jesus.Francis Watson, "Must the Gospels Agree?" in Stuart G. Hall, Jesus Christ Today: Studies of Christology in Various Contexts (Walter de Gruyter, 2009) pp. 72–73.The modern popularizing view, on the other hand, while acknowledging these difficulties, deemphasizes their importance. This view suggests that the divergences in the gospels are a relatively small part of the whole, and that the accounts show a great deal of overall similarity. The divergences can therefore be sufficiently discussed in footnote in the course of a consolidated narrative, and need not stand in the way of conveying a better overall view of the life of Jesus or of making this material more accessible to a wider readership.To illustrate the concept of parallel harmony, a simple example of a "synopsis fragment" is shown here, consisting of just four episodes from the Passion.Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels {{ISBN|0805494448}} pp. 207–211 A more comprehensive parallel harmony appears in a section below.{| class="wikitable sortable plainlinks" style="width:80%"!width="150" |Event!width="90" |Matthew!width="90" |Mark!width="90" |Luke!width="90" |John

Crown of thorns	{{bibleverse	Matthew	NIV}}	{{bibleverse	Mark	NIV}}		{{bibleverse	John	NIV}}

Blood curse	{{bibleverse	Matthew	NIV}}

Christ Carrying the Cross

>

27:27–33

15:20–22

23:26–32

19:16–17|NIV}}

Crucifixion of Jesus

{{bibleverse

Matthew

NIV}}

{{bibleverse

Mark

NIV}}

{{bibleverse

Luke

NIV}}

{{bibleverse

John

NIV}}

Early Church and Middle Ages

Tatian's influential Diatessaron, which dates to about AD 160, was perhaps the first harmony.The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature by David Edward Aune (2003) {{ISBN|0664219179}} pp. 127, 211 The Diatessaron reduced the number of verses in the four gospels from 3,780 to 2,769 without missing any event of teaching in the life of Jesus from any of the gospels. Some scholars believe Tatian may have drawn on one or more noncanonical gospels.Bart Ehrman, Zlatko Plese, The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations (Oxford University Press, 2011) p. 231. The Gospel of the Ebionites, composed about the same time, is believed to have been a gospel harmony.Ron Cameron, The Other Gospels: Non-canonical Gospel Texts (Westminster John Knox Press, 1982) p. 103.Variations based on the Diatessaron continued to appear in the Middle Ages, e.g. Codex Sangallensis (based on the 6th century Codex Fuldensis) dates to 830 and has a Latin column based on the Vulgate and an Old High German column that often resembles the Diatessaron, although errors frequently appear within it. The Liege harmony in the Limburg dialect (Liege University library item 437) is a key Western source of the Diatessaron and dates to 1280, although published much later. The two extant recensions of the Diatessaron in Medieval Italian are the single manuscript Venetian from the 13th or 14th century and the 26 manuscript Tuscan from the 14th–15th century.Tatian and the Jewish Scriptures by Robert F. Shedinger (2002) {{ISBN|9042910429}} pp. 28–32Patristic and Text-Critical Studies by Jan Krans and Joseph Verheyden (2011) {{ISBN|9004192891}} pp. 188–190In the 3rd century Ammonius of Alexandria developed the forerunner of modern synopsis (perhaps based on the Diatessaron) as the Ammonian Sections in which he started with the text of Matthew and copied along parallel events.Encyclopedia Christianity: v. 4 by Erwin Fahlbusch (2004) {{ISBN|0802824161}} p. 41 There are no extant copies of the harmony of Ammonius and it is only known from a single reference in the letter of Eusebius to Carpianus. In the letter Eusebius also discusses his own approach, i.e. the Eusebian Canons in which the texts of the gospels are shown in parallel to help comparison among the four gospels.In the 5th century, Augustine of Hippo wrote extensively on the subject in his book Harmony of the Gospels.Augustine through the ages: an encyclopedia by John C. Cavadini 1999 {{ISBN|080283843X}} p. 132 Augustine viewed the variations in the gospel accounts in terms of the different focuses of the authors on Jesus: Matthew on royalty, Mark on humanity, Luke on priesthood and John on divinity.Christology, Controversy and Community by David G. Horell and Christopher M. Tuckett (2000) {{ISBN|9004116796}} pp. 37–40Clement of Llanthony's Unum ex Quatuor (One from Four) was considered an improvement on previous canons at the time,{{sfnp|Smalley|1981|p=250}} although modern scholars sometimes opine that no major advances beyond Augustine emerged on the topic until the 15th century. Throughout the Middle Ages harmonies based on the principles of the Diatessaron continued to appear, e.g., the Liege harmony by Plooij in Middle Dutch, and the Pepysian harmony in Middle English. The Pepysian harmony (Magdalene college, Cambridge, item Pepys 2498) dates to about 1400 and its name derives from having been owned by Samuel Pepys.

15th–20th centuries

File:Branteghem Gospel harmony Antwerp 1537.JPG|upright|thumb|250px|The cover of Branteghem's 1537 visual gospel harmony, AntwerpAntwerpIn the 15th and the 16th centuries some new approaches to harmony began to appear, e.g. Jean Gerson produced a harmony which gave priority to the Gospel of John. Cornelius Jansen (Bishop of Ghent) also published his harmony (1549), focusing on the four gospels and even referring to the Acts of the Apostles.François, W. (2012). Augustine and the Golden Age of Biblical Scholarship in Louvain (1550–1650). In: Gordon B., McLean M. (Eds.), bookseries: Library of the Written Word, vol: 20, Shaping the Bible in the Reformation: Books, Scholars and Their Readers in the Sixteenth Century. Leiden: Brill, 235–289 [252]. On the other hand John Calvin's approach focused on the three synoptic Gospels, and excluded the Gospel of John.John Calvin And the Printed Book by Jean François Gilmont (2005) {{ISBN|1931112568}} p. 50A Harmony of the Gospels: Matthew, Mark, and Luke by John Calvin, David W. Torrance, (1995) {{ISBN|0802808026}}By this time visual representations had also started appearing, for instance, the 15th-century artist Lieven de Witte produced a set of about 200 woodcut images that depicted the Life of Christ in terms of a "pictorial gospel harmony" which then appeared in Willem van Branteghem's harmony published in Antwerp in 1537.Seeing Beyond the Word: Visual Arts and the Calvinist Tradition by Paul Corby Finney 1999 {{ISBN|080283860X}} p. 398 The importance of imagery is reflected in the title of Branteghem's well known work: The Life of Jesus Christ Skillfully Portrayed in Elegant Pictures Drawn from the Narratives of the Four EvangelistsThe Authority of the Word: Reflecting on Image and Text in Northern Europe, 1400–1700 by Celeste Brusati, Karl A. E. Enenkel and Walter S. Melion (2011) {{ISBN|9004215158}} pp. 2–6The 16th century witnessed a major increase in the introduction of gospel harmonies. In this period the parallel column structure became widespread, partly in response to the rise of biblical criticism. This new format was used to emphasize the trustworthiness of the gospels. It is not clear who produced the first parallel harmony, but Gerhard Mercator's 1569 system is a well-known example.What Have They Done to the Bible?: A History of Modern Biblical Interpretation by John Sandys-Wunsch (2005) {{ISBN|0814650287}} p. 35 In terms of content and quality, Johann Jacob Griesbach's 1776 synopsis was a notable case.At the same time, the rise of modern biblical criticism was instrumental in the decline of the traditional apologetic gospel harmony. The Enlightenment writer, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, observed:{{blockquote|Oh that most excellent Harmony, which can only reconcile two contradictory reports, both stemming from the evangelists, by inventing a third report, not a syllable of which is to be found in any individual evangelist!Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Werke, 8.51–52, cited in Francis Watson, Gospel Writing: A Canonical Perspective (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2013), p. 80.|}}W. G. Rushbrooke's 1880 Synopticon is at times considered a turning point in the history of the synopsis, as it was based on Markan priority, i.e. the assumption that the Gospel of Mark was the first to be written. Thirteen years later, John Broadus used historical accounts to assign priorities in his harmony, while previous approaches had used feasts as the major milestones for dividing the life of Christ.Towards the end of the 19th century, after extensive travels and study in the Middle East, James Tissot produced a set of (commons:Gospel harmony (James Tissot)|350 watercolors which depicted) the life of Christ as a visual gospel harmony. Tissot synthesized the four gospels into a singular narrative with five chapters: "the Holy Childhood, the Ministry, Holy Week, the Passion, and the Resurrection". He also made portraits of each of the four evangelists to honor them.WEB,weblink James Tissot: Saint Luke (Saint Luc) (1886), Brooklyn Museum, 25 October 2014, In the 20th century, the Synopsis of the Four Gospels by Kurt AlandKurt Aland, 1982 Synopsis of the Four Gospels United Bible Societies {{ISBN|0826705006}} came to be seen by some as "perhaps the standard for an in-depth study of the Gospels."Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels {{ISBN|0805494448}} pp. 6–8 A key feature of Aland's work is the incorporation of the full text of the Gospel of John. John Bernard Orchard's synopsis (which has the same title)John Bernard Orchard, 1983 Synopsis of the Four Gospels T&T Clark Publishers {{ISBN|056709331X}} {{Page?|date=April 2023}} was of note in that it took the unusual approach of abandoning Markan priority and assuming the synopics were written with Matthean priority and Markan posteriority.

An example parallel harmony

The following table is an example of a parallel harmony. The order of events, especially during the ministry period, has been the subject of speculation and scholarly debate. The order below is based on those of Anglican William Newcome in 1778{{citation |author=William Newcome |editor=Edward Robinson |title=A harmony of the Gospels in Greek, in the general order of Le Clere & Newcome, with Newcome's notes: Printed from the text and with the various readings of Knapp |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04bNAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Gould and Newman |year=1834 |pages=v–xviii}} and Baptists Steven L. Cox and Kendell H. Easley in 2006.{{citation |author1=Steven L. Cox |author2=Kendell H. Easley |section=Analytical Outline of the Harmony |title=HCSB Harmony of the Gospels |publisher=B&H Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-0805494440 |page=xviii}}{{Incomplete table|date=January 2021|incomplete not in terms of missing rows, but empty cells in some rows where the relevant gospel does in fact mention the relevant event}}{| class="wikitable sortable" ||! Seq! Event! Type! Matthew! Mark! Luke! John

	Pre-existence of Christ >						1:1–18}}

	Genealogy of Jesus >			1:1–17}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Birth of John the Baptist >					1:5–25}}

	Annunciation >					1:26–38}}

	Visitation of Mary >					1:39–56}}

	Virgin birth of Jesus>Birth of Jesus	nativity	{{bibleverse-nb	Matthew				2:1–7}}

	Annunciation to the shepherds >					2:8–15}}

	Adoration of the shepherds >					2:16–20}}

	Circumcision of Jesus >					2:21}}

	Infant Jesus at the Temple >					2:22–38}}

	Star of Bethlehem >			2:1–2}}

	Visit of the Magi >			2:1–12}}

	Flight into Egypt >			2:13–15}}

	Massacre of the Innocents >			2:16–18}}

	Herod the Great's death >			2:19–20}}

	Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth >		Matthew				2:39}}

	Finding Jesus in the Temple >					2:41–51}}

John the Baptist>Ministry of John the Baptist

miscellaneous

{{bibleverse-nb

Matthew

1:1–8}}

{{bibleverse-nb

Luke

1:19–34}}

	Baptism of Jesus >			3:13–17}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			3:21–22}}	{{bibleverse-nb	John|1:29–39}}

	Temptation of Jesus >			4:1–11}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			4:1–13}}

	Marriage at Cana >						2:1–11}}

	Cleansing of the Temple>Temple Cleansing	ministry				{{bibleverse-nb	John|2:13–25}}

	Nicodemus>Jesus & Nicodemus	ministry				{{bibleverse-nb	John|3:1–21}}

	Return of Jesus to Galilee >			4:12–12}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark				4:1–3}}

	Exorcism at the Synagogue in Capernaum >				1:21–28}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	The Growing Seed >				4:26–29}}

	Rejection of Jesus >			13:53–58}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			4:16–30}}

	First disciples of Jesus >			4:18–22}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			5:1–11}}	{{bibleverse-nb	John|1:35–51}}

	Miraculous draught of fishes >					5:1–11}}

	Beatitudes >			5:2–12}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Young Man from Nain >					7:11–17}}

	The Two Debtors >					7:41–43}}

	The Lamp under a Bushel >			5:14–15}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			8:16–18}}

	Expounding of the Law >			5:17–48}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Seventy Disciples >					10:1–24}}

	Discourse on ostentation >			6:1–18}}

	Parable of the Good Samaritan >					10:30–37}}

	Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary >					10:38–42}}

	The Lord's Prayer >			6:9–13}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	The Friend at Night >					11:5–8}}

	The Rich Fool >					12:16–21}}

	Samaritan Woman at the Well >						4:4–26}}

	The Birds of the Air >			6:25–34}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Discourse on judging >			7:1–5}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Discourse on holiness >			7:13–27}}

	The Test of a Good Person >			7:15–20}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	The Wise and the Foolish Builders >			7:24–27}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Cleansing a leper >			8:1–4}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			5:12–16}}

	The Centurion's Servant >			8:5–13}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke			4:46–54}}

	Healing the mother of Peter's wife >			8:14–17}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			4:38–41}}

	Exorcising at sunset >			8:16–17}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			4:40–41}}

	Calming the storm >			8:23–27}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			8:22–25}}

	Gerasenes demonic >			8:28–34}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			8:26–39}}

	Paralytic at Capernaum >			9:1–8}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			5:17–26}}

	Calling of Matthew >			9:9}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			5:27–28}}

	New Wine into Old Wineskins >			9:17–17}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			5:37–39}}

	Daughter of Jairus >			9:18–26}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			8:40–56}}

	The Bleeding Woman >			9:20–22}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			8:43–48}}

	Two Blind Men at Galilee >			9:27–31}}

	Exorcising a mute >			9:32–34}}

	Commissioning the twelve Apostles >			10:2–4}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			6:12–16}}

	Not peace, but a sword >			10:34–36}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Messengers from John the Baptist >			11:2–6}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Paralytic at Bethesda >						5:1–18}}

	Lord of the Sabbath >			12:1–8}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			6:1–5}}

	Man with withered Hand >			12:9–13}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			6:6–11}}

	Exorcising the blind and mute man >			12:22–28}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			11:14–23}}

	Parable of the strong man >			12:29–29}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			11:21–22}}

	Eternal sin >			12:30–32}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			12:8–10}}

	Jesus' True Relatives >			12:46–50}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			8:19–21}}

	Parable of the Sower >			13:3–9}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			8:5–8}}

	The Tares >			13:24–30}}

	The Barren Fig Tree >					13:6–9}}

	An Infirm Woman >					13:10–17}}

	Parable of the Mustard Seed >			13:31–32}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			13:18–19}}

	The Leaven >			13:33–33}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Parable of the Pearl >			13:44–46}}

	Drawing in the Net >			13:47–50}}

	The Hidden Treasure >			13:52–52}}

	Beheading of St John the Baptist>Beheading of John the Baptist	ministry	{{bibleverse-nb	Matthew			6:21–29}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Feeding the 5000 >			14:13–21}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			9:10–17}}	{{bibleverse-nb	John|6:5–15}}

	Jesus' walk on water >			14:22–33}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark				6:16–21}}

	Healing in Gennesaret >			14:34–36}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark		|

	Discourse on Defilement >			15:1–11}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark		|

	Canaanite woman's daughter >			15:21–28}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark		|

	Deaf mute of Decapolis >				7:31–37}}

	Feeding the 4000 >			15:32–39}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark		|

	Blind Man of Bethsaida >				8:22–26}}

	Confession of Peter >			16:13–20}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			9:18–21}}

	Transfiguration of Jesus >			17:1–13}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			9:28–36}}

	Boy possessed by a demon >			17:14–21}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			9:37–49}}

	Coin in the fish's mouth >			17:24–27}}

	Bread of Life Discourse >						6:22–59}}

	The Little Children >			18:1–6}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			9:46–48}}

	Man with dropsy >					14:1–6}}

	Counting the Cost >					14:25–33}}

	The Lost Sheep >			18:10–14}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	The Unforgiving Servant >			18:23–35}}

	The Lost Coin >					15:8–9}}

	Parable of the Prodigal Son >					15:11–32}}

	The Unjust Steward >					16:1–13}}

	Rich man and Lazarus >					16:19–31}}

	The Master and Servant >					17:7–10}}

	Cleansing ten lepers >					17:11–19}}

	The Unjust Judge >					18:1–8}}

	Pharisees and the Publican>Pharisee and the Tax Collector	parable			{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Christian views on divorce>Divorce and celibacy	ministry	{{bibleverse-nb	Matthew			|

	Jesus and the rich young man >			19:16–30}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			18:18–30}}

	Jesus and the woman taken in adultery >						8:2–11}}

	The Workers in the Vineyard >			20:1–16}}

Jesus predicts his death >

20:17–19}}

{{bibleverse-nb

Mark

9:31}}{{bibleverse-nb

Mark

18:31–34}}

	The Blind at Birth >						9:1–12}}

	Son of man came to serve >			20:20–28}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark		|

	Good Shepherd>The Good Shepherd	ministry				{{bibleverse-nb	John|10:1–21}}

	Blind near Jericho >			20:29–34}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			18:35–43}}

	Raising of Lazarus >						11:1–44}}

	Jesus and Zacchaeus >					19:2–28}}

	Palm Sunday >			21:1–11}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			19:29–44}}	{{bibleverse-nb	John|12:12–19}}

	Cleansing of the Temple>Temple Cleansing	ministry	{{bibleverse-nb	Matthew			11:15–18}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Cursing the fig tree >			21:18–22}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark		|

	Authority of Jesus Questioned >			21:23–27}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			20:1–8}}

	The Two Sons >			21:28–32}}

	The Wicked Husbandmen >			21:33–41}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			20:9–16}}

	The Great Banquet >			22:1–14}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Render unto Caesar... >			22:15–22}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			20:20–26}}

	Woes of the Pharisees >			23:1–39}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			20:45–47}}

	Widow's mite >				12:41–44}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Second Coming Prophecy >			24:1–31}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			21:5–36}}

	The Budding Fig Tree >			24:32–35}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			21:29–33}}

	The Faithful Servant >			24:42–51}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			12:35–48}}

	The Ten Virgins >			25:1–13}}

	The Talents or Minas >			25:14–30}}		{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	The Sheep and the Goats >			25:31–46}}

	Anointing of Jesus >			26:1–13}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			7:36–50}}	{{bibleverse-nb	John|12:2–8}}

	Bargain of Judas >			26:14–16}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			22:1–6}}

	The Grain of Wheat >						12:24–26}}

	Last Supper >			26:26–29}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			22:17–20}}	{{bibleverse-nb	John|13:1–31}}

	Paraclete>Promising a Paraclete	ministry				{{bibleverse-nb	John|16:5–15}}

	Gethsemane >			26:36–46}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			22:39–46}}

	The kiss of Judas >			26:47–49}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			22:47–48}}	{{bibleverse-nb	John|18:2–9}}

	Healing the ear of a servant >					22:49–51}}

	Arrest of Jesus >			26:50–56}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			22:52–54}}	{{bibleverse-nb	John|18:10–12}}

	Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus >			26:57–68}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			22:63–71}}	{{bibleverse-nb	John|18:12–24}}

	Blood curse >			27:24–25}}

Christ Carrying the Cross>Carrying the cross

passion

{{bibleverse-nb

Matthew

15:20–22}}

{{bibleverse-nb

Luke

19:16–17}}

	Crucifixion of Jesus >			27:34–61}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			23:33–54}}	{{bibleverse-nb	John|19:18–38}}

	Myrrhbearers/Mary Magdalene at the Tomb >			28:1}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			24:1}}

	Empty tomb >			28:2–8}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			24:2–12}}	{{bibleverse-nb	John|20:1–13}}

	Resurrection of Jesus >			28:9–10}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark			24:1–8}}	{{bibleverse-nb	John|20:14–16}}

	Noli me tangere >						20:17–17}}

	Road to Emmaus appearance >					24:13–32}}

	Resurrected Jesus appears to Apostles >				16:9–12}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Luke			20:19–20}}

	Great Commission >			28:16–20}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark		|

	Doubting Thomas >						20:24–29}}

	Catch of 153 fish >						21:1–24}}

	Ascension of Jesus >				16:19}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Luke	|

	Dispersion of the Apostles >			28:19–20}}	{{bibleverse-nb	Mark		|

See also

• Jefferson Bible
• Ministry of Jesus
• Timeline of the Bible

References

Citations

{{Reflist |30em}}

Bibliography

• BOOK, Robertson, Archibald Thomas, A harmony of the Gospels for students of the life of Christ: based on the Broadus Harmony in the Revised Version, George H. Doran Co., New York, 1922, 23302941M, 268318,weblink February 7, 2019,
• {{citation |last=Smalley |first=Beryl |title=Studies in Medieval Thought and Learning: From Abelard to Wyclif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uu1IrliuIyoC |publisher=Antony Rowe for the Hambledon Press |date=1981 |location=London |isbn=0950688266 |series=History, No. 6 |contribution=Which William of Nottingham? |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uu1IrliuIyoC&pg=PA249 |pages=249–288 }}
• {{citation |last=Sterkh |first=Valeriy |title=United Gospel |url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/B078NBNR9L |publisher=Ridero |date=2019 |location=Ekaterinburg |isbn=978-5449014467 }}
• {{Citation | first1 = Steven L | last1 = Cox | first2 = Kendell H | last2 = Easley| year = 2007 | title = HCSB Harmony of the Gospels | publisher = B&H Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0805494440}}
• This article incorporates work from A Harmony of the Gospels in Greek by Edward Robinson, a publication now in the public domain.

Further reading

• Thomson, Charles, A Synopsis of the Four Evangelists (1815)
• Robinson, Edward, Greek Harmony of the Gospels (1845; second edition, 1851)
• Robinson, Edward, English Harmony of the Gospels (1846)
• Orville Daniel, A Harmony of the Four Gospels, 2nd Ed, Baker Books Pub, 1996.
• R. Thomas & S. Gundry, The NIV Harmony of the Gospels, HarperCollins Pub, 1988.

External links

{{Commons|Gospel harmony}}{{Commons|Gospel harmony (James Tissot)}}{{Commons|Gospel harmony (Sweet Publishing)}}

• (wikisource:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume VI/The Harmony of the Gospels|Augustine's Harmony of the Gospels)
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090918081425weblink">Parallel Gospels in Harmony Online version of Parallel Gospels in Harmony: with Study Guide, by David A. Reed, a public domain book

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