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Geshe
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{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhist academic degree}}{{Tibetan Buddhism}}Geshe (Tib. dge bshes, short for dge-ba'i bshes-gnyen, "virtuous friend"; translation of Skt. kalyÄÅamitra) or geshema is a Tibetan Buddhist academic degree for monks and nuns. The degree is emphasized primarily by the Gelug lineage, but is also awarded in the Sakya and Bön traditions.WEB
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
, Staff
, The Passing of Ven. Geshe Gyeltsen - 1924 / 2009
, Urban Dharma: Buddhism in America
,weblink
, 2010-02-04, Quotation: The geshe degree in the Gelug school is comparable to a western doctorate in Buddhist philosophy. The difference is that it usually takes more than twenty years to complete. The equivalent geshema degree is awarded to women.
, The Passing of Ven. Geshe Gyeltsen - 1924 / 2009
, Urban Dharma: Buddhism in America
,weblink
, 2010-02-04, Quotation: The geshe degree in the Gelug school is comparable to a western doctorate in Buddhist philosophy. The difference is that it usually takes more than twenty years to complete. The equivalent geshema degree is awarded to women.
History
The title Geshe was first applied to esteemed Kadampa masters such as Geshe Chekawa Yeshe Dorje (1102â1176), who composed an important {{transliteration|xct|lojong}} text called Seven Points of Mind Training and Geshe Langri Tangpa ({{transliteration|xct|dGe-bshes gLang-ri Thang-pa}}, 1054â1123).The geshe curriculum represents an adaptation of subjects studied at Indian Buddhist monastic universities such as NÄlandÄ. These centers were destroyed by Islamic invaders of India, leaving Tibet to continue the tradition. It first developed within the Sakya monastic lineage, where it was known as ka-shi ("four subjects") or ka-chu ("ten subjects"). The Sakyas also granted degrees at the conclusion of these studies, on the basis of proficiency in dialectical ritualized debate. In Tsongkhapa's time the Sakya degree was awarded at Sangphu, Kyormolung and Dewachen (later Ratö) monasteries.The geshe degree flowered under the Gelug monastic lineage. Under Gelug domination, monks from various monastic lineages would receive training as geshes through the great Gelug monasteries. Gelugpa geshes often went on to study at one of Lhasa's tantric colleges, Gyütö or Gyüme. (The tantric colleges also grant a "geshe" title for scholarship in the tantras.)Under Sakya and Gelug influence, the Kagyu and Nyingma monastic lineages developed their own systems of scholarly education. Their schools grant the degree of ka-rabjampa ("one with unobstructed knowledge of scriptures") as well as the title Khenpo, which the Gelug tradition reserves for Abbot (Buddhism). The course of study which prevails in Kagyu and Nyingma circles emphasizes commentary over debate, and focuses on a somewhat wider selection of classics (with accordingly less detail). It ideally lasts for nine years, concluding with a three-year, three-month meditation retreat.In April 2011, the Institute for Buddhist Dialectical Studies (IBD) in Dharamsala, India, conferred the degree of geshe on Venerable Kelsang Wangmo, a German nun, thus making her the world's first female geshe.NEWS, Haas, Michaela,weblink Huffington Post, 2,500 Years After The Buddha, Tibetan Buddhists Acknowledge Women, 18 May 2011, 2018-01-18, INTERVIEW, The Joy of Study: An Interview with Geshe Kelsang Wangmo,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160304051727weblink">weblink 2016-03-04, dead, In 2013, Tibetan women were able to take the geshe exams for the first time.NEWS, Haas, Michaela, 2013-07-07,weblink, Buddhist nun professors or none?, dead, The Washington Post, https:web.archive.org/web/20130607162349weblink 2013-06-07, In 2016, twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns became the first Tibetan women to earn geshema degrees.WEB,weblink Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns are first ever to earn Geshema degrees - Lion's Roar, Lionsroar.com, 2016-07-15, 2016-10-04, WEB,weblink Tibetan Buddhist Nuns Make History: Congratulations Geshema Nuns! - The Tibetan Nuns Project, Tibetan Nuns Project, 2016-07-14, 2018-01-18, MAGAZINE, Meade Sperry, Rod, 2016-07-15,weblink Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns are first ever to earn Geshema degrees, Lion's Roar, 2018-01-18, The geshema degree is the same as a geshe degree, but is called a geshema degree because it is awarded to women.Curriculum
The Geshe curriculum consists of the "Collected Topics" ({{bo|t=à½à½¦à¾¡à½´à½¦à¼à½à¾²à¾à¼|w=bsdus-grwa}}) which were preliminary to the syllabus proper, as well as the five major topics, which form the syllabus proper.The exoteric study of Buddhism is generally organized into "five topics", listed as follows with the primary Indian source texts for each:- Abhidharma (Higher Knowledge, Wylie Tib.: mdzod)
- Compendium of Higher Knowledge (Abhidharma Samuccaya) by Asanga
- Treasury of Higher Knowledge (Abhidharma KoÅa) by Vasubandhu
- PrajÃ±Ä PÄramitÄ (Perfection of Wisdom, Wylie Tib.: phar-phyin)
- Ornament of Clear Realization (AbhisamayÄlaá¹kÄra) by Maitreya as related to Asaá¹ ga
- The Way of the Bodhisattva (BodhisattvacaryÄvatÄra, Wylie Tib.: sPyod-âjug) by ÅÄntideva
- Madhyamaka (Middle Way, Wylie Tib.: dbu-ma)
- (MÅ«lamadhyamakakÄrikÄ|Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way (MÅ«lamadhyamakakÄrikÄ, Wylie Tib.: rTsa dbu-ma)) by NÄgÄrjuna
- Four Hundred Verses on the Yogic Deeds of Bodhisattvas (CatuḥÅataka) by Äryadeva
- Introduction to the Middle Way (MadhyamakÄvatÄra, Wylie Tib.: dBu-ma-la âJug-pa) by CandrakÄ«rti
- Ornament of the Middle Way (MadhyamakÄlaá¹kÄra) by ÅÄntaraká¹£ita
- The Way of the Bodhisattva (BodhisattvacaryÄvatÄra, Wylie Tib.: sPyod-âjug) by ÅÄntideva
- Logic (pramÄá¹a Wylie Tib.: tshad-ma)
- Treatise on Valid Cognition (PramÄá¹avarttika) by DharmakÄ«rti
- Compendium on Valid Cognition (PramÄá¹asamuccaya) by DignÄga
- Vowed Morality (vinaya, Wylie Tib.: 'dul-ba)
- The Root of the Vinaya (Vinaya-mūla-sūtra, Dülwa Do Tsawa, Wylie Tib.: 'dul-ba mdo rtsa-ba) by the Pandita Gunaprabha
Conferral of the Degree
In the Gelug school, the degree may not be earned by laypeople (though some recipients later give up their robes), or until recently by women (including nuns). The first geshema degree was conferred to a German nun, Kelsang Wangmo, in 2011.WEB, Rinpoche II
, Tsenzhab Serkong
, Berzin, Alexander (trans.)
, Overview of the Gelug Monastic Education System
, Study Buddhism
,weblink
, 2016-06-06, Translated and compiled by Alexander Berzin, September 2003.Quotation: The monastic education system in the Gelug monasteries covers five major topics, based on five great Indian scriptural texts studied through the medium of logic and debate â "tsennyi" (mtshan-nyid, definitions) in Tibetan.In December 2005 Dalai Lama said that talks was going on with the Department of religion to start honoring Buddhist nuns with the title Geshema â Buddhism is All We Have - Dalai Lama The Gelug curriculum, which lasts between 12 and 40 years, centers around textual memorization and ritualized debate, and is invariably taught through the medium of the Tibetan language.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
Each year an examination is held for those who have completed their studies. In it their performance is evaluated by the abbot of the particular college. The topics for their dialectical examination are drawn from the whole course of study and the topic to be debated is selected by the abbot on the spot, so that students have no chance to do specific preparation. Thus, it is a real test of a student's abilities and the depth of their study. At the conclusion the abbot assigns each candidate to a category of geshe according to their ability. There are four such categories, Dorampa, Lingtse, Tsorampa and Lharampa, Lharampa being the highest. After this, in order to qualify, the candidates are not allowed to miss even one of the three daily debate sessions during the subsequent eight months.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}, Tsenzhab Serkong
, Berzin, Alexander (trans.)
, Overview of the Gelug Monastic Education System
, Study Buddhism
,weblink
, 2016-06-06, Translated and compiled by Alexander Berzin, September 2003.Quotation: The monastic education system in the Gelug monasteries covers five major topics, based on five great Indian scriptural texts studied through the medium of logic and debate â "tsennyi" (mtshan-nyid, definitions) in Tibetan.In December 2005 Dalai Lama said that talks was going on with the Department of religion to start honoring Buddhist nuns with the title Geshema â Buddhism is All We Have - Dalai Lama The Gelug curriculum, which lasts between 12 and 40 years, centers around textual memorization and ritualized debate, and is invariably taught through the medium of the Tibetan language.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
See also
Sources
- WEB,weblink The Gelugpa Monastic Curriculum, Adams, Miranda, The Treasury of Lives, November 22, 2013,
- WEB,weblink Tibetan Monastic Education, Dreyfyus, George, Georges Dreyfus, Tibetan and Himalayan Library, Tibetan and Himalayan Library, 22 November 2013,
- WEB,weblink The Education System of Three Major Monasteries in Lhasa, Liu Shengqi, China Tibetology, China Tibet Information Center, 23 July 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150420040142weblink">weblink 20 April 2015,
- {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917081805weblink |date=September 17, 2009 |title=The Geshe Degree: Origin of the Geshe Degree }} The Government of Tibet in Exile
- WEB,weblink The Education System of Three Major Monasteries in Lhasa, zt.tibet.cn, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150420040142weblink">weblink 2015-04-20,
References
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