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{{short description|Field of developmental neuroscience}}Cortical patterning is a field of developmental neuroscience which aims to determine how the various functional areas of the cerebral cortex are generated, what size and shape they will be, and how their spatial pattern across the surface of the cortex is specified. Early brain lesion studies indicated that different parts of the cortex served different cognitive functions, such as visual, somatosensory, and motor functions, beautifully assimilated by Brodmann in 1909.BOOK, notes, Dr. K. Brodmann; translated with editorial, Garey, an introduction by Laurence J., Brodmann’s Localisation in the cerebral cortex : the principles of comparative localisation in the cerebral cortex based on cytoarchitectonics., 2006, Springer Science+Business Media, New York, 978-0387269177, 3rd, Today the field supports the idea of a ‘protomap’, which is a molecular pre-pattern of the cortical areas during early embryonic stages.JOURNAL, Rakic, P, Specification of cerebral cortical areas., Science, 8 July 1988, 241, 4862, 170–6, 3291116, 10.1126/science.3291116, The protomap is a feature of the cortical ventricular zone, which contains the primary stem cells of the cortex known as radial glial cells. A system of signaling centers, positioned strategically at the midline and edges of the cortex, produce secreted signaling proteins that establish concentration gradients in the cortical primordium.JOURNAL, Fukuchi-Shimogori, T, Grove, EA, Neocortex patterning by the secreted signaling molecule FGF8., Science, 2 November 2001, 294, 5544, 1071–4, 11567107, 10.1126/science.1064252, free, JOURNAL, Grove, EA, Fukuchi-Shimogori, T, Generating the cerebral cortical area map., Annual Review of Neuroscience, 2003, 26, 355–80, 14527269, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131137, JOURNAL, Sur, M, Rubenstein, JL, Patterning and plasticity of the cerebral cortex., Science, 4 November 2005, 310, 5749, 805–10, 16272112, 10.1126/science.1112070, 17225116, This provides positional information for each stem cell, and regulates proliferation, neurogenesis, and areal identity. After the initial establishment of areal identity, axons from the developing thalamus arrive at their correct cortical areal destination through the process of axon guidance and begin to form synapses. Many activity-dependent processes are then thought to play important roles in the maturation of each area.JOURNAL, Ackman, JB, Burbridge, TJ, Crair, MC, Retinal waves coordinate patterned activity throughout the developing visual system., Nature, 11 October 2012, 490, 7419, 219–25, 23060192, 10.1038/nature11529, 3962269,

See also

• Protomap
• Radial unit hypothesis
• Neural stem cell
• Stem cell
• Neurogenesis
• Cellular differentiation
• Gyrification

References

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