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| birth_place = Montreal, Quebec, Canada197178|19}}| death_place =| nationality = Canadian| known_for = Literature (Poetry, Drama, Prose, Essays), Painting| training =Les Automatistes>Automatist| notable_works =| patrons =| awards = }}Claude Gauvreau (August 19, 1925 – July 7, 1971 in Montreal, Quebec) was a Canadian playwright, poet, sound poet and polemicist. He was a member of the radical Automatist movement and a contributor to the revolutionary Refus Global Manifesto.

Life and career

Gauvreau pursued classical studies at the Collège Sainte-Marie, and graduated with a B.A in Philosophy from Université de Montréal.He discovered modern art through his brother Pierre, who attended l’École des beaux-arts, and met painter Paul-Émile Borduas, leader of Les Automatistes. He then became an unconditional advocate of the Automatist Movement of the Montreal Surrealists, and, in 1948 contributed to the Refus Global (“Total Refusal“) Manifesto, which would become a key document of Quebec and Canadian cultural history.Between 1944 and 1947, he wrote Les Entrailles, a collection of 26 short plays or “dramatic objects”.Entrails (Entrailles), translated by Ray Ellenwood. Toronto: Exile Editions, 1991. In 1947, he staged one of these plays, Bien-être, with his muse, actress Muriel Guilbault.Following Muriel Guilbault’s suicide in 1952, Gauvreau’s fragile emotional stability caused him to be institutionalized ten times over eight years in Montreal psychiatric hospital Saint-Jean-de-Dieu. He continued to write, though. While working for the radio, between 1952 and 1969, he wrote several of his best known works, beginning with Beauté baroque (1952), a novel depicting the life of Muriel, as well as several collections of poems, including Sur fil métamorphose (1956), Brochuges (1956), and Étal Mixte (1968). In 1958, two of Gauvreau’s short plays were performed at École des beaux-arts: La jeune fille et la lune and Les grappes lucides.Ray Ellenwood, “Translator’s Note,” The Charge of the Expormidable Moose, trans. Ray Ellenwood, Exile Editions, Toronto, 1996, pp. 154-158]In 1956, at a time he believed he would die, Gauvreau wrote his best-known work, La charge de l’orignal épormyable (The Charge of the Expormidable Moose).BOOK, Gauvreau, Claude,books.google.com/books?id=yDoMosgMerMC, The Charge of the Expormidable Moose, 1996, Exile Editions, Ltd., 978-1-55096-181-2, en, André-Gilles Bourassa, “Notes on La charge de l’orignal épormyable,” l’Hexagone, Montreal, 1992, p.220”The Charge of the Expormidable Moose is considered by many to be Gauvreau’s masterpiece.” Robert Markow, liner notes for The Bounds of Our Dreams, National Arts Centre Orchestra Recordings, Analekta, Montreal, 2018.Set in a vaguely institutional communal home, the play revolves around Mycroft Mixeudeim, a poet who is envied, plagiarized, mocked and ultimately sacrificed by his fellow housemates. When the play finally premiered in 1970 at Le Gésu in Montreal, the production closed after only a few performances as a result of poor planning and sheer lack of audience.André-Gilles Bourassa, “Notes on La charge de l’orignal épormyable, l’Hexagone, Montreal, 1992, p.230 But three years after Gauvreau’s death, in 1974, the play received a successful production at Théâtre du Nouveau Monde, and went on to receive several more productions over time in Quebec, as well as a television adaptation for Radio-Canada Television in 1992.The Charge of the Expormidable Moose, trans. Ray Ellenwood, Exile Editions, Toronto, 1996, p.156On March 27, 1970, he participated to La Nuit de la poésie, the largest poetry festival in the history of Quebec.Catherine Lalonde, Les Nuits de la poésie à travers le temps, Le Devoir, Montreal, 22 Sep 2012. On July 7, 1971, Gauvreau fell to his death from the roof of his building. While some considered his death to be a suicide, the coroner ruled the death accidental.Ray Ellenwood. Egregore: a history of the Montréal automatist movement, Toronto, Exile Editions, 1992, p.316.Gauvreau’s final full-length play, Les oranges sont vertes, premiered posthumously in 1972 at Théâtre du Nouveau Monde, and six years after his death, in 1977, Gauvreau’s Complete Creative Works, containing over 1,500 pages of his poetry, prose and drama, was published in Montreal.Oeuvres créatrices complètes Parti pris, Montreal, 1977. {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230718www.edhexagone.com/%C5%92uvres-creatrices-completes/Claude-Gauvreau/livre/9780885120703|date=2016-03-03}}Gauvreau invented vocabulary through his own form of sound poetry, creating what he called explorean language. His life and work influenced a new generation of Canadian artists, including performance poets The Four Horsemen.

Works

In English translation

(File:Charge book thumbnail.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Horizontal)

• The Vampire and the Nymphomaniac / Le vampire et la nymphomane (1949), bilingual edition, translated by Ray Ellenwood. Toronto: One Little Goat Theatre Company, 2022. {{ISBN|9781775325567}} The Vampire at Canadian Play Outlet
• The Charge of the Expormidable Moose (La charge de l’orignal épormyable), translated by Ray Ellenwood. Toronto: Exile Editions, 1996. {{ISBN|9781550961812}}
• Entrails (Entrailles - a collection of 26 “dramatic objects” by Claude Gauvreau, 1948), translated by Ray Ellenwood. Coach House Books, 1981, {{ISBN|9780889102248}}, Toronto: Exile Editions, 1991. {{ISBN|9781550960266}}
• The Lucid Clusters: Poetics of Claude Gauvreau, translated, and with an introduction by, Ray Ellenwood. Calgary: no press, 2011

In French

• Le vampire et la nymphomane / The Vampire and the Nymphomaniac (1949), publication bilingue. Toronto: One Little Goat Theatre Company, 2022. {{ISBN|9781775325567}}
• Les entrailles (1948), édition par Thierry Bissonnette. Bromont, Québec: Éditions de la Grenouillère, 2022. {{ISBN|9782924758809}}
• Oeuvres créatrices complètes (Complete Creative Works), Ottawa: Parti pris, 1977.
  • {{ISBN|9780885120703}}
  • Link to the 1991 edition
• (:fr:Claude Gauvreau.C5.92uvres|List of Gauvreau’s works via French Pseudopedia)

References

{{Reflist}}

• W. H. New, ed. Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002: 417–18.
• Ellenwood, Ray. Egregore: a history of the Montréal automatist movement. Toronto: Exile Editions, 1992.
  • {{ISBN|9781550960211}}
  • On Google Books

External links

• The Charge of the Expormidable Moose, 2013 English language world premiere by One Little Goat Theatre Company
• National Film Board of Canada documentary, Claude Gauvreau - Poète (1974) with footage from Gauvreau’s public appearances and interviews as well as scenes from the 1974 production of The Charge of the Expormidable Moose
• {{YouTube|5g5lXcFIwd0|Gauvreau from 1970 “La Nuit de la poésie“}}
• www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/claude-gauvreau" title="web.archive.org/web/20121022202510www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/claude-gauvreau">The Canadian Encyclopedia
• Encyclopædia Britannica
• The PIP (Project for Innovative Poetry) Blog
• List of Quebec authors

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