earliest=Jurassic}}| image = Annual cicada (Cicadidae, Neotibicen sp.) (28934344001).jpg| image_caption = Neotibicen| taxon = Cicadidae| authority = Latreille, 1802| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies

#Subfamilies>text}}(File:Neotibicen linnei.jpg|thumb|Neotibicen linnei)Cicadidae, the true cicadas,JOURNAL, Pons, Pere, True cicadas (Cicadidae) as prey for the birds of the Western Palearctic: a review, Avian Research, December 2020, 11, 1, 14, 10.1186/s40657-020-00200-1, 218593305, free, is one of two families of cicadas, containing almost all living cicada species with more than 3,200 species worldwide.

Evolution

The earliest fossils of cicadas more closely related to Cicadidae than to Tettigarctidae date to the Jurassic period. The morphology of well preserved stem cicadids from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber from Myanmar suggests that unlike many modern cicadas, they were either silent or only made quiet sounds.JOURNAL, Jiang, Hui, Szwedo, Jacek, Labandeira, Conrad C., Chen, Jun, Moulds, Maxwell S., MÃ¤hler, Bastian, Muscente, A. Drew, Zhuo, De, Nyunt, Thet Tin, Zhang, Haichun, Wei, Cong, Rust, Jes, Wang, Bo, 2024-01-08, Mesozoic evolution of cicadas and their origins of vocalization and root feeding, Nature Communications, en, 15, 1, 376, 10.1038/s41467-023-44446-x, 2041-1723, 10774268, 38191461, The oldest modern cicadids date to the Paleocene.JOURNAL, Moulds, M. S., 22 June 2018, Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae, Zootaxa, 4438, 3, 443â€“470, 10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2, 30313130, free,

Description

Cicadas are large insects characterized by their membranous wings, triangular-formation of three ocelli on the top of their heads, and their short, bristle-like antennae.WEB,weblink Family Cicadidae,

Life cycle

Cicadas are generally separated into two categories based on their adult emergence pattern. Annual cicadas remain underground as nymphs for two or more years and the population is not locally synchronized in its development, so that some adults mature each year or in most years. Periodical cicadas also have multiple-year life cycles but emerge in synchrony or near synchrony in any one location and are absent as adults in the intervening years. The most well-known periodical cicadas, genus Magicicada, emerge as adults every 13 or 17 years.WEB,weblink Periodical Cicadas,

Ecology

Communication

Cicadas are known for the loud airborne sounds that males of most species make to attract mates. One member of this family, Brevisana brevis, the "shrill thorntree cicada", is the loudest insect in the world, able to produce a song that exceeds 100 decibels.WEB,weblink Loudest | Science Literacy and Outreach | Nebraska, Male cicadas can produce four types of acoustic signals: songs, calls, low-amplitude songs, and disturbance sounds.JOURNAL, Cocroft, Reginald B., Pogue, Michael, Social Behavior and Communication in the Neotropical Cicada Fidicina mannifera (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Cicadidae), Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 1996, 69, 4, 85â€“97, 25085708, Unlike members of the order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids), who use stridulation to produce sounds, members of Cicadidae produce sounds using a pair of tymbals, which are modified membranes located on the abdomen. In order to produce sound, each tymbal is pulled inwards by a connected muscle, and the deformation of the stiff membrane produces a 'click.'JOURNAL, Young, D, Bennet-Clark, H, The role of the tymbal in cicada sound production, Journal of Experimental Biology, 1 April 1995, 198, 4, 1001â€“1020, 10.1242/jeb.198.4.1001, 9318802,

Reproduction

Newly emerged cicadas climb up trees and molt into their adult stage, now equipped with wings. Males call to attract females, producing the distinct noisy songs cicadas are known for. Females respond to males with a 'click' made by flicking their wings. Once a male has found a female partner, his call changes to indicate that they are a mating pair."Amazing Cicada Life Cycle."Youtube, uploaded by BBC Studios, 24 Oct. 2008,weblink

Higher Classification

Cicadidae is one of two families within the superfamily Cicadoidea. This superfamily is in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, containing cicadas, hoppers, and relatives, within the order Hemiptera, the true bugs. There are five subfamilies within Cicadidae: Cicadettinae, Cicadinae, Tettigomyiinae, Tibicininae,JOURNAL, Marshall, David C., Moulds, Max, Hill, Kathy B. R., Price, Benjamin W., Wade, Elizabeth J., Owen, Christopher L., Goemans, Geert, Marathe, Kiran, Sarkar, Vivek, Cooley, John R., Sanborn, Allen F., Kunte, Krushnamegh, Villet, Martin H., Simon, Chris, A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification, Zootaxa, 28 May 2018, 4424, 1, 1â€“64, 10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1, 30313477, 52976455, and Derotettiginae.JOURNAL, Simon, Chris, Gordon, Eric R L, Moulds, M S, Cole, Jeffrey A, Haji, Diler, Lemmon, Alan R, Lemmon, Emily Moriarty, Kortyna, Michelle, Nazario, Katherine, Wade, Elizabeth J, Meister, Russell C, Goemans, Geert, Chiswell, Stephen M, Pessacq, Pablo, Veloso, Claudio, McCutcheon, John P, Åukasik, Piotr, Off-target capture data, endosymbiont genes and morphology reveal a relict lineage that is sister to all other singing cicadas, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 6 December 2019, 128, 4, 865â€“886, 10.1093/biolinnean/blz120, free, 11336/137011, free, {{div col|colwidth = 35em}}Subfamily Cicadettinae Buckton, 1890

Tribe Aragualnini Sanborn, 2018
Tribe Carinetini Distant, 1905
Tribe Chlorocystini Distant, 1905
Tribe Cicadatrini Distant, 1905
Tribe Cicadettini Buckton, 1890
Tribe Katoini Moulds & Marshall, 2018
Tribe Lamotialnini Boulard, 1976
Tribe Nelcyndanini Moulds & Marshall, 2018
Tribe Pagiphorini Moulds & Marshall, 2018
Tribe Parnisini Distant, 1905
Tribe Pictilini Moulds & Hill, 2018
Tribe Prasiini Matsumura, 1917
Tribe Taphurini Distant, 1905

Subfamily Cicadinae Latreille, 1802

Tribe Antankariini Sanborn, 2021
Tribe Arenopsaltriini Moulds, 2018
Tribe Ayuthiini Moulds, Lee, and Marshall, 2021
Tribe Burbungini Moulds, 2005
Tribe Cicadini Latreille, 1802
Tribe Cicadmalleuini Boulard & Puissant, 2013
Tribe Cosmopsaltriini Kato, 1932
Tribe Cryptotympanini Handlirsch, 1925{{efn|Synonomised with Tacuini Distant, 1904 by Marshall et al. (2018 p. 38). Tacuini has date priority.}}
Tribe Cyclochilini Distant, 1904
Tribe Distantadini Orian, 1963
Tribe Dundubiini Distant, 1905{{efn|Sinosenini Boulard, 1975, is now recognized as a subjective junior synonym of subtribe Dundubiina Distant, 1905.JOURNAL, Hill, Kathy B. R., Marshall, David C., Marathe, Kiran, Moulds, Maxwell S., Lee, Young June, Pham, Thai-Hong, Mohagan, Alma B., Sarkar, Vivek, Price, Benjamin W., Duffels, J. P., Schouten, Marieke A., de Boer, Arnold J., Kunte, Krushnamegh, Simon, Chris, The molecular systematics and diversification of a taxonomically unstable group of Asian cicada tribes related to Cicadini Latreille, 1802 (Hemiptera : Cicadidae), Invertebrate Systematics, 2021, 35, 5, 570, 10.1071/IS20079, 237857963, }}
Tribe Durangonini Moulds & Marshall, 2018
Tribe Fidicinini Distant, 1905
Tribe Gaeanini Distant, 1905
Tribe Jassopsaltriini Moulds, 2005
Tribe Kimberpsaltriini Moulds, Marshall, and Popple, 2021
Tribe Lahugadini Distant, 1905
Tribe Leptopsaltriini Moulton, 1923
Tribe Macrotristriini Moulds, 2018
Tribe Oncotympanini Ishihara, 1961
Tribe Platypleurini Schmidt, 1918{{efn|Orapini Boulard, 1985, is now recognized as a subjective junior synonym of Platypleurini Schmidt, 1918.JOURNAL, Price, Benjamin W., Marshall, David C., Barker, Nigel P., Simon, Chris, Villet, Martin H., Out of Africa? A dated molecular phylogeny of the cicada tribe Platypleurini Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), with a focus on African genera and the genus Platypleura Amyot & Audinet-Serville, Systematic Entomology, October 2019, 44, 4, 842â€“861, 10.1111/syen.12360, 133591262, free, 2019SysEn..44..842P, }}
Tribe Plautillini Distant, 1905
Tribe Polyneurini Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Tribe Psaltodini Moulds, 2018
Tribe Psithyristriini Distant, 1905
Tribe Sonatini Lee, 2010
Tribe Tacuini Distant, 1904{{efn|Synonomised with Cryptotympanini Handlirsch, 1925 by Marshall et al. (2018 p. 38). Tacuini has date priority.}}
Tribe Talcopsaltriini Moulds, 2008
Tribe Tamasini Moulds, 2005
Tribe Thophini Distant, 1904
Tribe Tosenini Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Tribe Zammarini Distant, 1905

Subfamily Tettigomyiinae Distant, 1905

Tribe Hovanini Sanborn, Moulds & Marshall, 2020
Tribe Iruanini Boulard, 1983{{efn|Lacetasini Moulds and Marshall, 2018, is now recognized as a subjective junior synonym of Iruanini Boulard, 1983.JOURNAL, Sanborn, Allen F., Marshall, David C., Moulds, Maxwell S., Puissant, StÃ©phane, Simon, Chris, Redefinition of the cicada tribe Hemidictyini Distant, 1905, status of the tribe Iruanini Boulard, 1993 rev. stat., and the establishment of Hovanini n. tribe and Sapantangini n. tribe (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), Zootaxa, 2 March 2020, 4747, 1, 133â€“155, 10.11646/zootaxa.4747.1.5, 32230121, 214750328, }}
Tribe Malagasiini Moulds & Marshall, 2018
Tribe Tettigomyiini Distant, 1905
Tribe Ydiellini Boulard, 1973

Subfamily Tibicininae Distant, 1905

Tribe Citroriginini Sanborn, 2021
Tribe Chilecicadini Sanborn, 2014
Tribe Hemidictyini Distant, 1905
Tribe Platypediini Kato, 1932
Tribe Sapantangini Sanborn, Moulds, & Marshall, 2020
Tribe Selymbriini Moulds & Marshall, 2018
Tribe Tettigadini Distant, 1905
Tribe Tibicinini Distant, 1905

Subfamily Derotettiginae Moulds, 2019

Tribe Derotettigini Moulds, 2019

Notes

References

External links

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Cicadidae

Evolution

Description

Life cycle

Ecology

Communication

Reproduction

Higher Classification

Notes

See also

References

External links