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Beryciformes

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Beryciformes
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{{Short description|Order of fishes}}{{Automatic taxobox
100.5|0}} Late Cretaceous to Recent| image = BeryxDecadactylus.jpg| image_caption = Beryx decadactylus| taxon = BeryciformesCharles Tate Regan>Regan, 1909| subdivision_ranks = Families| subdivision = Beryx decadactylus{{ITIS >id=166155 access-date=24 January 2006}}Georges Cuvier>G. Cuvier, 1829)}}The Beryciformes {{IPAc-en|’|b|É›|r|áµ»|s|áµ»|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}} are a poorly-understood order of carnivorous ray-finned fishes consisting of 7 families, 30 genera, and 161 species. They feed on small fish and invertebrates. Beyond this, little is known about the biology of most member species because of their nocturnal habits and deepwater habitats. All beryciform species are marine and most live in tropical to temperate, deepwater environments. Most live on the continental shelf and continental slope, with some species being found as deep as {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.WEB, Bray, Dianne J., Order Beryciformes, Fishes of Australia, Museums Victoria,fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/order/9, Some species move closer to the surface at night,BOOK, Paxton, J.R., Eschmeyer, W.N., Paxton, John R., 1998, Encyclopedia of Fishes, Academic Press, San Diego, 160–163, 0-12-547665-5, while others live entirely in shallow water and are nocturnal, hiding in rock crevices and caves during the day. Several species are mesopelagic and bathypelagic. Beryciformes’ bodies are deep and mildly compressed, typically with large eyes that help them see in darker waters. Colors range from red to yellow and brown to black, and sizes range from {{convert|8|-|61|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Member genera include the alfonsinos, squirrelfishes, flashlight fishes, fangtooth fishes, spinyfins, pineconefishes, redfishes, roughies, and slimeheads. A number of member species are caught commercially, including the alfonsino, the splendid alfonsino, and the orange roughy, the latter being much more economically important. Some species have bioluminescent bacteria contained in pockets of skin or in light organs near the eyes, including the anomalopids and monocentrids.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

File:Pseudoberyxsyriacus.jpg|thumb|left|Pseudoberyx syriacus, an extinct beryciform]]Beryciforms first appeared during the Late Cretaceous period and have survived to today in relative abundance. They are considered the most primitive order in Acanthopterygii, and as such are split off at the base of the cladogram below from the rest of the member orders. Beryciforms are distinguished by having 18–19 caudal fin rays, as opposed to percomorphs, which have 17. Having fewer caudal fin rays is considered a sign of a more recently evolved species among fish. The whalefishes, beardfishes, gibberfishes, and pricklefishes were once considered members of Beryciformes, but have since been assigned to separate orders.BOOK, Grzimek, Bernhard, Michael Hutchins, Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, Fishes II, 5, 2nd, 2003, 113–122, Gale, Farmington Hills, 978-0787657819, A recent phylogeny based on the work Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2017.JOURNAL, Betancur-Rodriguez, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, Gloria, Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G., Ortí, G., Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes – Version 4, 2017, BioMed Central, BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17, 162, 162, 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3, 5501477, 28683774, free, The Gibberichthyidae (gibberfishes) and Hispidoberycidae (spiny-scale pricklefish) of suborder Stephanoberycoidei were not examined.{hide}clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%|label1= |1={{clade|1=Polymixiiformes (beardfishes)|label2=Acanthopterygii|2={{clade
|label1=Berycimorpha
|1={{clade
|label1=Beryciformes
|1={{clade
|label1=Berycoidei
|1={{clade
|1=Melamphaidae (ridgeheads or bigscales)
|2=Berycidae (alfonsinos and nannygais)
{edih}
|label2=Stephanoberycoidei
|2={{clade
|1=Cetomimidae (flabby whalefishes)
|2={{clade
|1=Rondeletiidae (redmouth whalefishes)
|2={{clade
|1=Barbourisiidae (velvet whalefish)
|2=Stephanoberycidae (pricklefishes)
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Trachichthyiformes
|2={{clade
|1=Diretmidae (spinyfins)
|label2=Trachichthyoidea
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Monocentridae (pinecone fishes)
|2=Anomalopidae (lanterneye or flashlight fishes)
}}
|2=Trachichthyidae (slimeheads, roughies or redfish) (File:Anoplogaster cornuta.jpg|70px)
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Holocentrimorpha
|1={{clade
|label1=Holocentriformes
|1=Holocentridae (squirrelfishes and soldierfishes)
}}
|2=Percomorpha (perches and allies)
}}
}}
}}}}

Older classification

The order contains 7 families, 30 genera, and 161 species:{{FishBase_order |order=Beryciformes |year=2008 |month=November}}

Human interaction

File:Santiago, Praza de Abastos castañeta encarnada.JPG|thumb|left|AlfonsinoAlfonsinoThe Beryciformes are generally not important to humans, and their trend towards living in deeper waters generally keeps many species away from human activity. Several species are found in the aquarium trade, however. Pineapplefishes are of interest to fishkeepers for their bright colors, while squirrelfishes’ shallower reef habitats and bright red colors make them more easily collected. Flashlight fishes are also kept as pets because of the bioluminescent organs underneath their eyes. The alfonsinos and orange roughy are of a different interest to humans, targeted by deepwater commercial fisheries. Increased catches could lead to steep population declines for these species as their extended lifespans make them vulnerable to overfishing. The orange roughy, for example, can live up to 149 years, but takes anywhere from 23 to 40 years to begin reproducing.JOURNAL, Fenton, G.E., Short, S.A., Ritz, D.A., Age determination of orange roughy, Hoplostethus atlanticus (Pisces: Trachichthyidae) using 210 Pb: 226 Ra disequilibria, Marine Biology, 109, 2, June 1991, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 0025-3162, 10.1007/BF01319387, 197–202, 84942308, Managing risk and uncertainty in deep-sea fisheries: lessons from Orange Roughy Despite these risks, most of the species that have been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) are listed as Least Concern or Data Deficient; only a few are classified as Vulnerable.{{clear}}

Timeline of genera

The Beryciformes first appeared in the Late Cretaceous and still survive today in relative abundance.JOURNAL, Sepkoski, J., A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology, 363, 1–560, 2002,strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class, 2011-05-17, dead,strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class," title="web.archive.org/web/20110723131237strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class,">web.archive.org/web/20110723131237strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class, 2011-07-23, ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15pxPlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10pxPeriod = from:-145.5 till:15TimeAxis = orientation:horizontalScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-145.5ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-145.5TimeAxis = orientation:horAlignBars = justifyColors =
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References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • {{Commons category-inline|Beryciformes}}
  • {{Wikispecies-inline|Beryciformes}}
  • {{ITIS |id=166083 |taxon=Beryciformes}}
  • {{EOL}}
{{Actinopterygii}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q749596}}{{Authority control}}


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