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Asgard
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{{about|the location in Nordic Mythology|other uses}}{{short description|Location in Nordic Mythology}}In Nordic mythology, Asgard (Old Norse: Ãsgarðr {{IPA-non|ËÉËsËÉ¡ÉrðzÌ |}}; “enclosure of the Ãsir“) is a location associated with the gods. It appears in several Old Norse sagas and mythological texts, including the Eddas, however it has also been suggested to be referred to indirectly in some of these sources. It is described as the fortified home of the Ãsir gods and is often associated with gold imagery and contains many other locations known in Nordic mythology such as Valhöll, Iðavöllr and Hlidskjálf. In some euhemeristic accounts, Asgard is portrayed as being a city in Asia or Troy, however in other accounts that likely more accurately reflect its conception in Old Nordic religion, it is depicted as not conforming to a naturalistic geographical position. In these latter accounts, it is found in a range of locations such as over the rainbow bridge Bifröst, in the middle of the world and over the sea. - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Etymology
The word Ãsgarðr is a compound formed from (“god“) and (“enclosure“).{{sfn|Lindow|2002}} Possible anglicisations include: Ãsgarthr, Ãsgard, Ãsegard, Ãsgardr, Asgardr, Ãsgarth, Asgarth, Esageard, and Ãsgardhr.{{sfn|Encyclopedia Britannica, Asgard}}Attestations
The Poetic Edda
Asgard is named twice in Eddic poetry.{{sfn|Simek|2008|p=20}} The first case is in Hymiskviða, when Thor and Týr journey from Asgard to Hymir’s hall to obtain a cauldron large enough to brew beer for a feast for Ãgir and the gods.{{sfn|Orchard|2011|p=77|loc = Hymiskvida: The song of Hymir, stanza 7}}{{sfn|Bellows|1923|loc= Ãrymskviða, stanza 17}}{{sfn|Simek|2008|p=167-169}} The second instance is in Ãrymskviða when Loki is attempting to convince Thor to dress up as Freyja in order to get back Mjölnir by claiming that without his hammer to protect them, jötnar would soon be living in Asgard.{{sfn|Bellows|1923|loc= Ãrymskviða, stanza 17}} GrÃmnismál contains among its cosmological descriptions, a number of abodes of the gods, such as Ãlfheim, Nóatún and Valhalla, which some scholars have identified as being in Asgard. It is to be noted, however, that Asgard is not mentioned at any point in the poem.{{sfn|Simek|2008|pp=8,235,329}}{{sfn|Mattioli|2018|p=102}} Furthermore, Völuspá references Iðavöllr, one of the most common meeting places of Ãsir gods, which in Gylfaginning, Snorri locates in the centre of Asgard.{{sfn|Boult|1948}}{{sfn|Sturluson|2018|loc=Gylfaginning, chapter 14}}The Prose Edda
Prologue
The Prose Edda’s euhemeristic prologue portrays the Ãsir gods as people that travelled from the East to northern territories.{{sfn|Sturluson|Byock|2005}} According to Snorri, Asgard represented the town of Troy before Greek warriors overtook it. After the defeat, Trojans moved to northern Europe, where they became a dominant group due to their “advanced technologies and culture”.{{sfn|Sturluson|Byock|2005}} Eventually, other tribes began to perceive the Trojans and their leader Trór (Thor in Old Norse) as gods.{{sfn|Lindow|2002}}Gylfaginning
In Gylfaginning, Snorri Sturluson describes how during the creation of the world, the gods made the earth and surrounded it with the sea. They made the sky from the skull of Ymir and settled the on the shores of the earth. They set down the brows of Ymir, forming Midgard, and in the centre of the world they built Asgard, which he identifies as Troy:{{sfn|Sturluson|2018|loc= Gylfaginning, chapter 8, 9}}{| width=“100%“! width=“50%” | Old Norse text{{sfn|Gylfaginning (ON)|loc=Chapter 9}}! width=“50%” | Brodeur translation{{sfn|Sturluson|2018|loc=Gylfaginning, chapter 9}}Skáldskaparmál
Asgard is mentioned briefly throughout Skáldskaparmál as the name for the home of the Ãsir, as in Gylfaginning.{{sfn|Simek|2008|p=20}} In this section, a number of locations are described as lying within Asgard including Valhalla, and in front of its doors, the golden grove Glasir.{{sfn|Simek|2008|p=113}} It also records a name for Thor as ‘Defender of Ãsgard’ ().{{sfn|Sturluson|2018|loc=11. Kennings for Thor}}{{sfn|Skáldskaparmál|loc=Chapter 11}}Ynglinga Saga
In the Ynglinga saga, found in Heimskringla, Snorri describes Asgard as a city in Asia, based on a perceived, but erroneous, connection between the words for Asia and Ãsir. In the opening stanzas of the Saga of the Ynglings, Asgard is the capital of Asaland, a section of Asia east of the river Tana-kvÃsl or Vana-KvÃsl (kvÃsl is “arm“), which Snorri explains is the river Tanais (now Don), flowing into the Black Sea. Odin then leaves to settle in the northern part of the world and leaves his brothers Vili and Vé to rule over the city. When the euhemerised Odin dies, the account states that the Swedes believed he had returned to Asgard and would live there forever.{{sfn|Laing|1961|pp=8-13}}Interpretation and discussion
Cosmology in Old Nordic religion is presented in a vague and often contradictory manner when viewed from a naturalistic standpoint. Snorri places Asgard in the centre of the world, surrounded by Midgard and then the lands inhabited by , all of which are finally encircled by the sea. He also locates the homes of the gods in the heavens. This had led to the proposition of a system of concentric circles, centred on Asgard or Yggdrasil, and sometimes with a vertical axis, leading upwards towards the heavens. There is debate between scholars over whether the gods were conceived of as living in the heavens, with some aligning their views with Snorri, and others proposing that he at times presents the system in a Christian framework and that this organisation is not seen in either Eddic or skaldic poetry. The concept of attempting to create a spatial cosmological model has itself been criticised by scholars who argue that the oral traditions did not form a naturalistic, structured system that aimed to be internally geographically consistent. An alternative proposal is that the world should be conceived of as a number of realms connected by passages that cannot be typically traversed. This would explain how Asgard can be located both to the east and west of the realm of men, over the sea and over Bifröst.{{sfn|Heide|2014|pp=103-104,125-127}}It has been noted that the tendency to link Asgard to Troy is part of a wider European cultural practice of claiming Trojan origins for one’s culture, first seen in the Aeneid and also featuring in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia regum Britanniae for the founding of Britain.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1983|p=56}}Depictions in popular culture
Thor first appeared in the Marvel Universe within comic series Journey into Mystery in the issues #83 during August 1962. Following this release, he becomes one of the central figures in the comics along with Loki and Odin. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Thor and Loki make their first appearance together in the 2011 film Thor. After that, Thor becomes a regular character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and reappears in several films, including the Avengers series. Asgard becomes the central element of the film (Thor: Ragnarok), where it is destroyed following the Old Norse mythos. These and other Norse mythology elements also appear in video games, TV series, and books based in and on the Marvel Universe, although these depictions do not closely follow historical sources.{{cn|date=August 2023}}Asgard is an explorable realm in the video game (God of War Ragnarök|God of War: Ragnarök), a sequel to 2018’s Norse-themed God of War.{{sfn|God Of War Interview}}In the Assassin’s Creed Valhalla video game, Asgard is featured as part of a “vision quest”.{{sfn|PC Games AC}}See also
- Mount Olympus - home of the Olympian gods
Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}Bibliography
Primary
- BOOK, Bellows, Henry Adams, Henry Adams Bellows (businessman), 1923, Lays of the Gods: Voluspo, Bellows, Henry Adams, Henry Adams Bellows (businessman), The Poetic Edda,books.google.com/books?id=OjZcAAAAMAAJ, Scandinavian classics, vols. 21, 22, New York, American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1926, 3, 9 August 2021,
- BOOK, Crawford, Jackson, The Poetic Edda : stories of the Norse Gods and heroes, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc, 2015, 978-1-62466-358-1, Chicago, 12â14, 47â58, 68, 95, 905921490,
- BOOK, Laing, Samuel, Heimskringla. Part two, Sagas of the Norse Kings, 1961, Dent, London, 0460008471,
- BOOK, Orchard, Andy, Andy Orchard, The Elder Edda : a book of Viking lore, 2011, Penguin Books, London, 9780141393728,
- BOOK, Sturluson, Snorri, The prose Edda: Norse mythology, Byock, Jesse L., Penguin Classics, 2005, 0-14-044755-5, London, 30â48, 55â78, 80â83, 93â94, 97, 59352542,
- BOOK, Sturluson, Snorri, Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist, The Prose Edda, 2018, Franklin Classics Trade Press, 9780344335013,
- WEB, {{SfnRef, Gylfaginning (ON), | title=Gylfaginning (Old Norse) |url=https://heimskringla.no/wiki/Gylfaginning |website=heimskringla.no |access-date=4 October 2022}}
- WEB, Skaldskáparmál (Old Norse), {{harvid, Skáldskaparmál, |url=https://heimskringla.no/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l |website=heimskringla.no |access-date=8 October 2022}}
Secondary
- BOOK, Boult, Katherine, Asgard and the Norse Heroes, University of Michigan Library, 1948, 978-1176204492, Ann Arbor, 21, 56â59, 72, 82â90, 121â123,
- JOURNAL, Fontenrose, Joseph, 1983, The Building of the City Walls: Troy and Asgard, The Journal of American Folklore, 96, 379, 53â63, 10.2307/539834, 539834, 0021-8715,
- JOURNAL, Heide, Eldar, Contradictory cosmology in Old Norse myth and religion â but still a system?, Maal og Minne, 2014, 106, 1,ojs.novus.no/index.php/MOM/article/view/226, 23 April 2022, no, 1890-5455,
- BOOK, Lindow, John, Norse mythology : a guide to the Gods, heroes, rituals, and beliefs, Oxford University Press, 2002, 9786610532490, Oxford, 1136323846, 13, 37, 54â56,
- JOURNAL, Mattioli, Vittorio, GrÃmnismál : a critical edition, University of St Andrews, 2018, 165843311, en,
- BOOK, Simek, Rudolf, Rudolf Simek, Hall, Angela, A Dictionary of Northern Mythology, 2008, BOYE6, 9780859915137,
- WEB, {{SfnRef, Encyclopedia Britannica, Asgard, |title= Asgard {{!}} Norse mythology|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Asgard|access-date=2020-06-03 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}
- WEB, {{SfnRef, PC Games AC, |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/assassins-creed-valhalla/asgard-jotunheim |title=You can visit Asgard and Jotunheim in Assassin’s Creed Valhalla |website=PCGamesN |date=15 October 2020 }}
- AV MEDIA, {{SfnRef, God Of War Interview, |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=nOJrXHLQPx8|title=God Of War Ragnarök Developer Interview|website=IGN|date=9 September 2021}}
External links
- MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository) Illustrations of Asgard from manuscripts and early print books.
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