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| area = 97000| seat = | region = Electoral division of Arafura>Arafura, Electoral division of Mulka, Electoral division of Arnhem>ArnhemDivision of Lingiari>Lingiari}}Arnhem Land is a historical region of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located in the north-eastern corner of the territory and is around {{cvt|500|km|mi}} from the territorial capital, Darwin. In 1623, Dutch East India Company captain Willem Joosten van Colster (or Coolsteerdt) sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria and Cape Arnhem is named after his ship, the Arnhem, which itself was named after the city of Arnhem in the Netherlands.The area covers about {{cvt|97,000|km2}} and has an estimated population of 16,000, of whom 12,000 are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Two regions are often distinguished as East Arnhem (Land) and West Arnhem (Land). The region’s service hub is Nhulunbuy, {{cvt|600|km}} east of Darwin, set up in the early 1970s as a mining town for bauxite. Other major population centres are Yirrkala (just outside Nhulunbuy), Gunbalanya (formerly Oenpelli), Ramingining, and Maningrida.A substantial proportion of the population, which is mostly Aboriginal, lives on small outstations or homelands. This outstation movement started in the early 1980s. Many Aboriginal groups moved to usually very small settlements on their traditional lands, often to escape the problems of the larger towns. These population groups have very little Western cultural influence, and Arnhem Land is arguably one of the last areas in Australia that could be seen as a completely separate country. Many of the region’s leaders have called and continue to call for a treaty that would allow the YolÅ‹u to operate under their own traditional laws.In 2013–14, the entire region contributed around {{AUD|1.3 billion}} or 7 percent to the Northern Territory’s gross state product, mainly through bauxite mining.In 2019, it was announced that NASA had chosen Arnhem Land as the location for a space launch facility, the Arnhem Space Centre. On 27 June 2022, NASA launched the first rocket there, the first rocket launch from a commercial spaceport outside the US, and two further launches followed within weeks.

History

File:Timmy Burarrwanga at Bawaka.JPG|thumb|YolÅ‹u man Timmy Burarrwanga at Bawaka]]The YolÅ‹u culture in East Arnhem Land is one of the oldest living cultures on Earth, at around 60,000 years old.WEB, History and culture, East Arnhem Land,www.eastarnhemland.com.au/history-and-culture, 21 May 2024, DNA studies have confirmed that “Aboriginal Australians are one of the oldest living populations in the world, certainly the oldest outside of Africa”; their descendants left the African continent 75,000 years ago. They may have the oldest continuous culture on earth.WEB, DNA confirms Aboriginal culture one of Earth’s oldest, Australian Geographic, 23 September 2011,www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/09/dna-confirms-aboriginal-culture-one-of-earths-oldest/, 21 May 2024, Oral histories comprising complex narratives have been passed down through hundreds of generations, and the Aboriginal rock art, dated by modern techniques, shows continuity of their culture.WEB, Discover the oldest continuous living culture on Earth, The Telegraph, 22 December 2023,www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/plan-your-australian-holiday/northern-territory/oldest-continuous-living-culture/, 21 May 2024, Arnhem Land is the location of the oldest-known ({{as of|lc=yes|2010}}) stone axe of its kind, which scholars believe to be 35,500 years old.WEB, Oldest known stone axe found in Arnhem Land, Emma, Masters, ABC News, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 4 November 2010,www.abc.net.au/news/2010-11-05/oldest-known-stone-axe-found-in-arnhem-land/2324852, 18 August 2020, 23 September 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200923073310/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-11-05/oldest-known-stone-axe-found-in-arnhem-land/2324852, live,

Prehistoric warfare

Rock art depicting what may be acts of violence between hunter-gatherers in Arnhem land has been tentatively dated to 10,000 years ago.JOURNAL, Taçon, Paul, Paul Taçon, Chippindale, Christopher, Christopher Chippindale, October 1994, Australia’s Ancient Warriors: Changing Depictions of Fighting in the Rock Art of Arnhem Land, N.T., Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 4, 2, 211–248, 10.1017/S0959774300001086, 162983574,

Makassan contact

At least since the 18th century (and probably earlier) Muslim traders from Makassar of Sulawesi visited Arnhem Land each year to trade, harvest, and process sea cucumbers or trepang. This marine animal is highly prized in Chinese cuisine, for folk medicine, and as an aphrodisiac.This Makassan contact with Australia is the first recorded example of interaction between the inhabitants of the Australian continent and their Asian neighbours.BOOK, 0-522-84088-4, MacKnight, CC, 1976, The Voyage to Marege: Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia, Melbourne University Press, File:macassan prau.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A Makassan wooden sailboat or prauprauThis contact had a major effect on local Aboriginal Australians. The Makassans exchanged goods such as cloth, tobacco, knives, rice, and alcohol for the right to trepang coastal waters and employ local labour. Makassar pidgin became a lingua franca along the north coast among several indigenous Australian groups who were brought into greater contact with each other by the seafaring Makassan culture.These traders from the southwest corner of Sulawesi also introduced the word balanda for white people, long before western explorers set foot on the coasts of northern Australia. In Arnhem Land, the word is still widely used today to refer to white Australians. The Dutch started settling in Sulawesi Island in the early 17th century.Archaeological remains of Makassar contact, including trepang processing plants (drying, smoking) from the 18th and 19th centuries, are still found at Australian locations such as Port Essington and Groote Eylandt. The Makassans also planted tamarind trees (native to Madagascar and East Africa). After processing, the sea cucumbers were traded by the Makassans to Southern China.In 2014, an 18th-century Chinese coin was found in the remote area of Wessel Islands off the coast on a beach on Elcho Island during a historical expedition. The coin was found near previously known Makassan trepanger fishing sites where several other Dutch coins have been discovered nearby, but never a Chinese coin. The coin was probably made in Beijing around 1735.WEB, Australian Geographic, Australian Geographic,www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2014/08/18th-century-chinese-coin-found-in-arnhem-land, 18th Century Chinese coin found in Arnhem Land, August 2014, 11 November 2014, 11 November 2014,www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2014/08/18th-century-chinese-coin-found-in-arnhem-land," title="web.archive.org/web/20141111070326www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2014/08/18th-century-chinese-coin-found-in-arnhem-land,">web.archive.org/web/20141111070326www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2014/08/18th-century-chinese-coin-found-in-arnhem-land, live,

Florida Station

In 1884, 10,000 square miles of Arnhem Land was sold by the colonial British government to cattle grazier, John Arthur Macartney. The property was called Florida Station and Macartney stocked it with cattle overlanded from Queensland. Monsoonal flooding, disease and strong resistance from the local Aboriginal population resulted in Florida Station being abandoned by Macartney in 1893. The first manager of the property, Jim Randell, bolted a swivel cannon to the verandah of the homestead to keep the Indigenous people away, while Jack Watson, the last manager of the property, reportedly “wiped out a lot” of “the blacks” living on the coast at Blue Mud Bay.{{Citation |author1=Macartney, J. A. (John Arthur) |title=Rockhampton fifty years ago : reminiscences of a pioneer ; Reminiscences of the early days in Rockhampton and elsewhere / J.A. Macartney |journal=Rex Nan Kivell Collection |publication-date=1909 |publisher=J.A. Macartney |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/239308979 |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203112858trove.nla.gov.au/work/239308979 |url-status=live }}NEWS,nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54320627, ON THE TRACK., Morning Bulletin, 19,211, Queensland, Australia, 13 March 1926, 20 October 2020, 3, National Library of Australia, 2 April 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220402170739/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/54320627, live, NEWS,nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48064516, OLD TIME MEMORIES, Northern Standard, 52, Northern Territory, Australia, 6 July 1934, 20 October 2020, 4, National Library of Australia, 2 April 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220402170735/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48064516, live, During the period of Watson’s management, another large massacre is recorded to have happened at Mirki on the north coast of Florida Station. The Yolngu people today remember this massacre where many people including children were shot dead.WEB, Ryan, Lyndall, Mirki massacre,c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=713, Colonial Frontier Massacres in Australia, 1788-1930, University of Newcastle, Centre for 21st Century Humanities, 21 October 2020, 24 October 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201024064136/https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=713, live, JOURNAL, Read, Peter, Reconciliation, trauma and the native born, Humanities Research, 2002, 9, 1, 29–35,openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/10440/896/1/Read_Reconciliation2002.pdf, 21 October 2020, 10.22459/HR.IX.01.2002.04, free, 4 December 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201204235548/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/10440/896/1/Read_Reconciliation2002.pdf, live,

Eastern and African Cold Storage Supply Company

From 1903 to 1908, the property rights of much of Arnhem Land were held by the Eastern and African Cold Storage Supply Company. This Anglo-Australian consortium leased the region under the name of Arafura cattle station and attempted to construct a massive cattle raising and meat production industry. The company employed roving gangs of armed men to shoot the resident Aboriginal population.{{Citation |author1=Roberts, Tony |title=Frontier justice : a history of the Gulf country to 1900 |year=2005 |publication-date=2005 |publisher=University of Queensland Press |isbn=978-0-7022-3361-6}}

Land rights

In 1971, the Gove land rights case (Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd) was the first litigation on native title in Australia, and the first significant legal case for Aboriginal land rights in Australia.BOOK, Sykes, Helen, More or less: democracy & new media, 2012, Future Leaders, 9780980332070,www.futureleaders.com.au/book_chapters/pdf/More-or-Less/John-Fogarty_Jacinta-Dwyer.pdf, The First Aboriginal Land Rights Case, John, Fogarty, Jacinta, Dwyer, 2012, 18 August 2020, 30 November 2020,www.futureleaders.com.au/book_chapters/pdf/More-or-Less/John-Fogarty_Jacinta-Dwyer.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20201130080127www.futureleaders.com.au/book_chapters/pdf/More-or-Less/John-Fogarty_Jacinta-Dwyer.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20201130080127www.futureleaders.com.au/book_chapters/pdf/More-or-Less/John-Fogarty_Jacinta-Dwyer.pdf, live,

Geography

(File:Kakadu 2803.jpg|thumb|Nanydjaka Cape Arnhem Coast)The area is from Port Roper on the Gulf of Carpentaria around the coast to the East Alligator River, where it adjoins Kakadu National Park. The major centres are Jabiru on the Kakadu National Park border, Maningrida at the Liverpool River mouth, and Nhulunbuy (also known as Gove) in the far north-east, on the Gove Peninsula. Gove is the site of large-scale bauxite mining with an associated alumina refinery. Its administrative centre is the town of Nhulunbuy, the fourth-largest population centre in the Northern Territory.The climate of Arnhem Land is tropical monsoon with a wet and dry season. The temperature has little seasonal variation; however, it can range from overnight lows of {{cvt|15|C|F}} in the dry season (April to September) to daily highs of {{cvt|33|C|F}} in the wet season (October to March).(File:Kakadu 2403.jpg|thumb|200px|East Alligator River Crossing (Cahills Crossing))(File:GoyderRiverCrossing.jpg|thumb|Goyder River Crossing, Central Arnhem Highway) (File:Ceremonycountry2.jpg|thumb|right|Some areas of deep cultural significance to the Indigenous inhabitants are off-limits even to those with permission to travel across Arnhem Land.)

Indigenous population and culture

In 1931, an area of {{cvt|96,000|km2}} was proclaimed as an Aboriginal reserve, named Arnhem Land Aboriginal Reserve. {{As of|2007}} the Land Trust held about {{cvt|100,000|km2}} as Aboriginal freehold land (with the exception of mining leases);WEB,www.ealta.org/localhistory.html, East Arnhemland, History, 5 June 2007,www.ealta.org/localhistory.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20070627222213www.ealta.org/localhistory.html,">web.archive.org/web/20070627222213www.ealta.org/localhistory.html, 27 June 2007, dead, it remains one of the largest parcels of Aboriginal-owned land in Australia and is perhaps best known for its isolation, the art of its people, and the strong continuing traditions of its Aboriginal inhabitants.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}Arnhem Land is composed of many different Aboriginal countries and language groups. North-east Arnhem Land is home to the Yolngu people, one of the largest Indigenous groups in Australia, who have succeeded in maintaining a vigorous traditional culture, and whose name for this area is Miwatj.WEB, Yalangbara: art of the Djang’kawu, Banduk, Marika, West, Margie, Western Australian Museum, 7 December 2010,museum.wa.gov.au/whats-on/yalangbara/background-essay, 18 July 2021, 17 July 2021,museum.wa.gov.au/whats-on/yalangbara/background-essay," title="web.archive.org/web/20210717101449museum.wa.gov.au/whats-on/yalangbara/background-essay,">web.archive.org/web/20210717101449museum.wa.gov.au/whats-on/yalangbara/background-essay, live, In West Arnhem Land, large groups include the Bininj people and the Maung people of the Goulburn Islands.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}In 2018, Kathy Guthadjaka AM (also known as Gotha) was awarded ‘NT Senior Australian of the Year.’WEB, Kathy Guthadjaka AM,australianoftheyear.org.au/recipients/kathy-guthadjaka-am, 2023-06-21, Australian of the Year, en, Guthadjaka has conducted academic research into Aboriginal languages, knowledge, and culture.

Economy

In 2013–14, the entire region contributed around {{AUD|1.3 billion}} or 7% to the Northern Territory’s gross state product, mainly through bauxite mining.WEB,www.developingeastarnhem.com.au/about/about-east-arnhem-land/, About East Arnhem Land, 14 June 2016,www.developingeastarnhem.com.au/about/about-east-arnhem-land/," title="web.archive.org/web/20180902032124www.developingeastarnhem.com.au/about/about-east-arnhem-land/,">web.archive.org/web/20180902032124www.developingeastarnhem.com.au/about/about-east-arnhem-land/, 2 September 2018, dead, In 2019, it was announced that NASA had chosen Arnhem Land as the location for a space launch facility.WEB,www.news.com.au/technology/science/space/nasas-surprise-australian-location-pick-for-worldfirst-rocket-launch/news-story/aa14341726461cac0918ff79bfe2daa1, NASA’s surprise Aussie pick for rocket launch, 2019-05-31, NewsComAu, 2019-06-22, 21 June 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190621104902/https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/space/nasas-surprise-australian-location-pick-for-worldfirst-rocket-launch/news-story/aa14341726461cac0918ff79bfe2daa1, live, The Arnhem Space Centre was built near Nhulunbuy, employing mostly local labour, and on 27 June 2022, NASA launched the first rocket there, which was the first rocket launch from a commercial spaceport outside the US.NEWS,www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-61947195, Nasa launches first rocket from Australian commercial spaceport, 27 June 2022, BBC News, 27 June 2022, Two further launches followed, the third on 11 July. Other space companies are interested in using the rocket launch pad, and NASA confirmed that it will use the facility again in the future.WEB, Garrick, Matt, NASA’s inaugural Northern Territory mission is over, but hopes for a space industry boom remain, ABC News, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 13 July 2022,www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-13/arnhem-land-rockets-nasa-future/101230196, 14 July 2022,

Film

The 2006 film Ten Canoes captures life in Arnhem Land through a story tapping into the Aboriginal mythic past; it was co-directed by one of the indigenous cast members. The film and the documentary about the making of the film, The Balanda and the Bark Canoes, give a remarkable testimony to the indigenous struggle to keep their culture alive – or rather revive it in the wake of considerable relative modernisation and influence of white (balanda) cultural imposition.WEB,www.vertigoproductions.com.au/ten_canoes_overview.php, Ten Canoes, Vertigo Productions, 14 June 2016, 31 May 2016,www.vertigoproductions.com.au/ten_canoes_overview.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20160531114924www.vertigoproductions.com.au/ten_canoes_overview.php,">web.archive.org/web/20160531114924www.vertigoproductions.com.au/ten_canoes_overview.php, live, WEB,nfsa.gov.au/collection/film-australia-collection/program-sales/search-programs/program/?sn=9057, The Balanda and the Bark Canoes at the National Film and Sound Archive, 14 June 2016, 20 September 2016,nfsa.gov.au/collection/film-australia-collection/program-sales/search-programs/program/?sn=9057," title="web.archive.org/web/20160920110043nfsa.gov.au/collection/film-australia-collection/program-sales/search-programs/program/?sn=9057,">web.archive.org/web/20160920110043nfsa.gov.au/collection/film-australia-collection/program-sales/search-programs/program/?sn=9057, live, High Ground (2020 film), a 2020 feature film directed by Stephen Maxwell Johnson, based on historical fact and reflecting the history and culture of Yolngu people, was filmed in Arnhem land.WEB, Gumurdul, Julie Narndal, Rademaker, Laura, May, Sally K., How historically accurate is the film High Ground? The violence it depicts is uncomfortably close to the truth, The Conversation (website), The Conversation, 9 February 2021,theconversation.com/how-historically-accurate-is-the-film-high-ground-the-violence-it-depicts-is-uncomfortably-close-to-the-truth-154475, 18 April 2022, WEB, Gan Gan, Colonial Frontier Massacres in Australia, 1788-1930, Centre for 21st Century Humanities, University of Newcastle (Australia),c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=715, 18 April 2022,

Art

File:Glen Namundja.jpg|thumb|Glen Namundja, an Australian AboriginalAustralian AboriginalThe Aboriginal community of Yirrkala, just outside Nhulunbuy, is internationally known for bark paintings, promoting the rights of Indigenous Australians, and as the origin of the yidaki, or didgeridoo. The community of Gunbalanya (previously known as Oenpelli) in Western Arnhem Land is also notable for bark painting. The indigenous inhabitants also create temporary sand sculptures as part of their sacred rituals.Arnhem Land is also notable for Aboriginal rock art, some examples of which can be found at Ubirr Rock, Injalak Hill, and in the Canon Hill area. Some of these record the early years of European explorers and settlers, sometimes in such detail that Martini–Henry rifles can be identified. They also depict axes, and detailed paintings of aircraft and ships. One remote shelter, several hundred kilometres from Darwin, has a painting of the wharf at Darwin, including building and boats, and Europeans with hats and pipes, some apparently without hands (which they have in their trouser pockets). Near the East Alligator River crossing, a figure was painted of a man carrying a gun and wearing his hair in long pigtails down his back, characteristic of the Chinese labourers brought to Darwin in the late 19th century.One Yolngu prehistoric stone arrangement at Maccasans Beach near Yirrkala shows the layout of the Makassan praus used for trepang (sea cucumber) fishing in the area. This was a legacy of Yolngu trade links with the people on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. The trading relationship antedated European settlement by some 200 years.Aboriginal artists in Arnhem Land are primarily represented by Aboriginal Art Centres, nonprofit, community-owned organisations.WEB,www.ankaaa.org.au/, ANKAAA homepage framed, www.ankaaa.org.au, 6 June 2022,www.ankaaa.org.au/," title="web.archive.org/web/20011015064946www.ankaaa.org.au/,">web.archive.org/web/20011015064946www.ankaaa.org.au/, 15 October 2001, dead, In East Arnhem Land, primarily Yolngu Matha-speaking artists are promoted by Buku-Larrnggay Mulka in Yirrkala, Bula’bula Arts in Ramingining, Elcho Island Arts and Crafts on Elcho Island, Gapuwiyak Culture and Arts in Gapuwiyak and Milingimbi Art and Culture on Milingimbi Island. In Central Arnhem Land, Maningrida Arts & Culture in Maningrida promotes the work of a diverse range of Kuninjku, Burarra, and Gurrgoni artists, amongst others. In West Arnhem Land, Injalak Arts in Gunbalanya represents mainly Kunwinjku artists. Ngukurr Arts is located on the Roper River in Southern Arnhem Land. Art is also produced on the many islands of Arnhem Land, and there are art centres on the Anindilyakwa speaking Groote Eylandt (Anindilyakwa Art) and the Maung speaking Goulburn Islands (Mardbalk Arts & Crafts).

Homelands

{{Further|Outstation (Aboriginal community)}}File:Timmy pointing out fish in Port Bradshaw.jpg|thumb|Timmy ‘Djawa’ Burarrwanga pointing out fish in Yalangbara ]]Arnhem Land is also known for embracing the homeland movement, sometimes referred to as the outstation movement. For many decades prior to 1970, the East Arnhem Land Yolngu people lived on mission stations, such as Yirrkala. From April 1972, Yolngu families began moving away, back to their traditional clan lands. This was instigated by Yolngu people, before there was government support for the outstation movement. The people cleared land for airstrips and built their own houses from local timber, with the help of non-Indigenous people from the mission. The elders of the clans aimed to determine their own futures, basing their societies on Yolngu law, while living and raising their children on their lands in a sustainable and self-sufficient way. In 1985, Laynhapuy Homelands Aboriginal Corporation (LHAC), an Aboriginal corporation, was established to assist the homelands.WEB, Who we are, Laynhapuy Homelands Aboriginal Corporation, 22 January 2020,www.laynhapuy.com.au/who-we-are/, 20 January 2022, 20 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220120083039/https://www.laynhapuy.com.au/who-we-are/, live, Homelands are tiny communities where members of related clan groups live on their traditional land, living according to Yolngu rom (law). There are benefits to the people to be living in these homelands, including:WEB, Our Homelands, Laynhapuy Homelands Aboriginal Corporation,www.laynhapuy.com.au/our-homelands/, 20 January 2022, 20 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220120083041/https://www.laynhapuy.com.au/our-homelands/, live, {{blockquote|

• Homelands people have a strong connection to their land, and maintain their traditional language and cultural values. They choose to live on their traditional land to maintain this strong spiritual connection, social wellbeing, and to provide a positive future for their children and their families by staying away from widespread problems in large communities.
• By living on their traditional land, homelands people retain a degree of autonomy. They are empowered to manage their own land, resources and affairs.
• They have the power to make decisions affecting their lives, and reduce their dependence on government.}}

Homelands also reduce pressure on other Indigenous communities, which are already suffering from problems in the housing, health and education services areas.In the early 21st century, a focus governments about the “viability” of the homelands has caused tensions and uncertainty within the Arnhem Land community.NEWS,www.nterreview.gov.au/subs/nter_review_report/190_aboriginal_medical_services/190_Aboriginal_Medical_Services_14.htm, ‘Viability of Aboriginal communities’, Australian Government, Australian Government, 30 October 2008, 2011-02-18, dead,www.nterreview.gov.au/subs/nter_review_report/190_aboriginal_medical_services/190_Aboriginal_Medical_Services_14.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20110221050201www.nterreview.gov.au/subs/nter_review_report/190_aboriginal_medical_services/190_Aboriginal_Medical_Services_14.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20110221050201www.nterreview.gov.au/subs/nter_review_report/190_aboriginal_medical_services/190_Aboriginal_Medical_Services_14.htm, 2011-02-21, In September 2008, then Darwin correspondent for The Age, Lindsay Murdoch, wrote: “Elders tell of their fears that Yolngu culture and society will not survive if clans cannot continue to live on and access their land through homelands. They warn that if services are cut, many of the 800 people in the Laynhapuy homelands will be forced to move to towns such as Yirrkala on the Gove Peninsula, creating new law and order problems, while those who stay will be severely disadvantaged.“NEWS,www.theage.com.au/national/the-homelands-ancient-ties-20080926-4ovi.html, ‘The Homelands’ Ancient Ties, The Age, The Age, 26 September 2008, 2011-02-18, 28 June 2011,www.theage.com.au/national/the-homelands-ancient-ties-20080926-4ovi.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110628191934www.theage.com.au/national/the-homelands-ancient-ties-20080926-4ovi.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110628191934www.theage.com.au/national/the-homelands-ancient-ties-20080926-4ovi.html, live, In response to changes made by the Northern Territory government surrounding reduced support for the homelands in 2009, the Indigenous leader Patrick Dodson criticised the Northern Territory Government’s controversial new policy on remote Aboriginal communities, describing it as a “die on the vine” plan that will “slowly but surely” kill indigenous culture.NEWS,www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/06/02/2587462.htm, ‘Killing us softly: Dodson slams outstations plan’, ABC, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2 June 2009, 2011-02-18, 28 June 2011,www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/06/02/2587462.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20110628225326www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/06/02/2587462.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20110628225326www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/06/02/2587462.htm, live, Born in the 1930s, Dr Gawirrin Gumana AO is a leader of the Dhalwangu clan, renowned for his artwork and knowledge of traditional culture and law. In May 2009, he had the following to say about the significance of the homelands to his people:NEWS,www.hreoc.gov.au/social_justice/sj_report/sjreport09/chap4.html, ‘Social Justice Report 2009: Chapter 4 Sustaining Aboriginal homeland communities’, Australian Human Rights Commission, Australian Human Rights Commission, 2009, 2011-02-18, 23 February 2011,www.hreoc.gov.au/social_justice/sj_report/sjreport09/chap4.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110223232837www.hreoc.gov.au/social_justice/sj_report/sjreport09/chap4.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110223232837www.hreoc.gov.au/social_justice/sj_report/sjreport09/chap4.html, live, {{blockquote|

“We want to stay on our own land. We have our culture, we have our law, we have our land rights, we have our painting and carving, we have our stories from our old people, not only my people, but everyone, all Dhuwa and Yirritja, we are not making this up. I want you to listen to me Government. I know you have got the money to help our Homelands. But you also know there is money to be made from Aboriginal land. You should trust me, and you should help us to live here, on our land, for my people. I am talking for all YolÅ‹u now. So if you can’t trust me Government, if you can’t help me Government, come and shoot me, because I will die here before I let this happen.“}}

Despite facing government concerns and policy confusion, a number of people have developed commercial enterprises that have centred on using the best elements of their homelands. Indigenous tourism ventures incorporating the controlled use of homelands are now showing signs of success for a select number of Yolngu.NEWS,www.bawaka.com.au/, ‘Bawaka’, 2011, 2011-02-18,www.bawaka.com.au/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110211213826www.bawaka.com.au/,">web.archive.org/web/20110211213826www.bawaka.com.au/, 11 February 2011, dead,

Communities

• Gan Gan,WEB, Northern Territory Government, Gan GAn, BushTel,bushtel.nt.gov.au/profile/498, 20 January 2022, 20 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220120083034/https://bushtel.nt.gov.au/profile/498, live, aka Gangan, is a remote inland riverside community, in the traditional lands of the DhalwaÅ‹u people. There are several well-known artists in the community, notably Malaluba Gumana, Nongirrnga Marawili, Gawarrin Gumana and Garawan Wanambi.WEB, Gangan, Laynhapuy Homelands, 30 January 2020,www.laynhapuy.com.au/our-homelands/gangan/, 18 April 2022, Gan Gan is also the site of an event known as the Gan Gan massacre that occurred in 1911, when over 30 men, women and children were killed by colonial police and settlers.
• Cannon Hill - family outstationWEB, Northern Territory Government, Gan GAn, BushTel,bushtel.nt.gov.au/profile/304, 20 January 2022, 20 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220120083036/https://bushtel.nt.gov.au/profile/304, live,

See also

• Arnhem Land tropical savanna
• Regions of Australia
• Gabarnmung – Aboriginal archaeological and rock art site
• Kakadu National Park
  • Flora of Kakadu National Park
• Protected areas of the Northern Territory
• Ubirr
• Wongalara Sanctuary

References

{{reflist}}

• Arnhem Land. Its History and Its People. 1954. R. M. & C. H. Berndt. F. W. Cheshire, Melbourne.

External links

{{Commons category|Arnhem Land}}

• {{wikivoyage-inline|Arnhem Land}}
• www.nt.gov.au/business/documents/general/East%20Arnhem%20Region%20Snapshot%20Nov%202006.pdf" title="web.archive.org/web/20070909172729www.nt.gov.au/business/documents/general/East%20Arnhem%20Region%20Snapshot%20Nov%202006.pdf">Arnhem Region
• Gove Online Community Website {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003101613www.goveonline.com.au/ |date=3 October 2019 }}
• www.bawaka.com.au/" title="web.archive.org/web/20110211213826www.bawaka.com.au/">Bawaka

{{Campaignbox Australian frontier wars}}{{DutchplacenamesAus}}{{Northern Territory}}{{Coord|12|43|48|S|134|35|24|E|display=title}}{{Authority control}}

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