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Anseriformes
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{{Short description|Order of water birds}}{{automatic taxobox! style="background:#F0F2F5" | Anseriformes classification|{{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%|1={{clade
|label1=Anhimae
|1={{clade
|label1=Anhimidae
|1={{clade
|1=Anhima(File:Palamedra cornuta white background.png|50px)
|2=Chauna(File:Chauna chavaria white background.jpg|50px)
}}
}}
|label2=Anseres
|2={{clade
|label1=Anseranatidae
|1={{clade
|1=Anseranas(File:Cayley Anseranas semipalmata white background.jpg|70px)
}}
|label2=Anatidae
|2={{clade
|label1=Dendrocygninae
|1={{clade
|1=Dendrocygna(File:DendrocygnaMajorJerdon flipped.jpg|50px)
|2=Thalassornis(File:ThalassornisLeuconotaDavies flipped.jpg|50px)
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=?Plectropterinae
|1={{clade
|1=Plectropterus (File:PlectropterusGambensisM1Davies white background.jpg|50px)
}}
|label2=Stictonettinae
|2={{clade
|1=Stictonetta
}}
|3={{clade
|label1=Anserinae
|1={{clade
|label1=?Nettapodini
|1={{clade
|1=Nettapus(File:NettapusFuertes white background.jpg|50px)
}}
|label2=Biziurini
|2={{clade
|1=Biziura(File:Biziura lobata 1838 flipped.jpg|50px)
}}
|3={{clade
|label1=Oxyurini
|1={{clade
|1=Heteronetta(File:Heteronetta atricapilla by John Charles Phillips (1876-1938) flipped.PNG|50px)
|2={{clade
|1=Nomonyx
|2=Oxyura(File:Oxyura leucocephala 1921 white background.jpg|50px)
}}
}}
|label2=Anserini
|2={{clade
|label1=Malacorhynchina
|1={{clade
|1=Malacorhynchus(File:Companion to Gould's Handbook; or, Synopsis of the birds of Australia (Plate 77) (white background).jpg|50px)
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Cereopsina
|1={{clade
|1=Coscoroba
|2=Cereopsis(File:Cayley Cereopsis novaehollandiae white background.jpg|50px)
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Cygnina
|1={{clade
|1=Sthenelides(File:Cygnus melancoryphus 1876 flipped.jpg|60px)
|2=Cygnus(File:Cuvier-96-Bernache de Magellan et Cygne tuberculé flipped.jpg|70 px)
}}
|label2=Anserina
|2={{clade
|1=Branta(File:Birds Illustrated Canada Goose white background.jpg|70 px)
|2=Anser(File:Greylag flipped.JPG|70 px)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Anatinae
|2={{clade
|label1=Tadornini
|1={{clade
|label1=Merganettina
|1={{clade
|1=Merganetta(File:MerganettaKeulemans flipped.jpg|50 px)
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Chleophagina
|1={{clade
|1=Chloephaga(File:The birds of South America (1912) (flipped).jpg|50 px)
|2={{clade
|1=Oressochen
|2=Neochen(File:Avium Species Novae (white background).jpg|50 px)
}}
}}
|label2=Tadornina
|2={{clade
|1=Radjah(File:A natural history of the ducks (Plate 16) (white background).jpg|50 px)
|2={{clade
|1=Tadorna(File:British game birds and wildfowl (1855) (white background).jpg|50 px)
|2=Alopochen(File:AlopochenAegyptiacusDavies flipped.jpg|50 px)
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Mergini
|2={{clade
|1=Histrionicus
|2={{clade
|1=†Camptorhynchus(File:Centenaire de la fondation du Muséum d'histoire naturelle 10 juin 1793 - 10 juin 1893 - volume commémoratif (1893) (white background).jpg|50 px)
|2={{clade
|1=Clangula(File:The birds of Europe (1837) (white background).jpg|50 px)
|2={{clade
|label1=Somanterina
|1={{clade
|1=Polysticta(File:The Naturalist's Miscellany Vol.1 Western Duck (white background).jpg|50 px)
|2=Somateria(File:Aland post 1987 Haahka FÃ¥gelserie Ejder flipped.jpg|50 px)
}}
|label2=Mergina
|2={{clade
|1=Melanitta(File:247 Velvet Duck flipped.jpg|50 px)
|2={{clade
|1=Bucephala(File:Buffel-headed Duck.jpg|50 px)
|2={{clade
|1=Mergellus(File:Nederlandsche vogelen (KB) - Mergellus albellus (flipped).jpg|50 px)
|2={{clade
|1=Lophodytes(File:Cuvier-100-Sarcelle d'hiver et Harle piette flipped.jpg|50 px)
|2=Mergus(File:MergusSerratorKeulemans flipped.jpg|50 px)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label3=Cairinini
|3={{clade
|1=Cairina(File:Pato Criollo Blanco Macho.jpg|50px)
|2=Aix(File:Rural Hours - Wood Duck white background.jpg|50px)
}}
|label4=Callonettini
|4={{clade
|1=Callonetta
}}
|5={{clade
|1=?Salvadorina(File:Salvadorina waigiuensis 1895 white background.jpg|50px)
}}
|6={{clade
|label1=Aythyini
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Chenonetta
|2={{clade
|1=Hymenolaimus
|2=Sarkidiornis(File:SarkidiornisMelanotosSmit white background.jpg|50px)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Pteronetta
|2=Cyanochen
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Marmaronetta(File:MarmaronettaAngustirostrisKeulemans white background.jpg|50px)
|2={{clade
|1=Asarcornis(File:Asarcornis scutulata 1921 white background.jpg|50px)
|2={{clade
|1=Netta(File:NettaRufinaGronvold white background.jpg|50px)
|2={{clade
|1=Metopiana
|2=Aythya(File:AythyaBaeriKeulemans white background.jpg|50px)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Anatini
|2={{clade
|1=Anas(File:Cuvier-97-Canard colvert.jpg|50px)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Sibirionetta(File:Anas formosa male Fauna Japonica flipped.jpg|50px)
|2=Spatula(File:A history of British birds (white background).jpg|50px)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Tachyeres
|2={{clade
|1=Lophonetta
|2={{clade
|1=Amazonetta
|2=Speculanas(File:Houghton MS Typ 55.21 - Edward Lear, bronze-winged duck flipped.jpg|50px)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
Paleogene-Holocene, {{fossilrange>54 FIRST2 = C. FIRST3 = A. FIRST4 = G. FIRST5 = G. FIRST6 = S. T. FIRST7 = S. FIRST8 = B. FIRST9 = M. YEAR = 2020 JOURNAL = MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION PAGES = 108–127 PMID = 32781465 DOI-ACCESS = FREE, |image = Magpie goose.jpg|image_caption = Magpie goose, Anseranas semipalmata|taxon = AnseriformesJohann Georg Wagler>Wagler, 1831family (biology)>families|subdivision = }}Anseriformes is an order of birds also known as waterfowl that comprises about 180 living species of birds in three families: Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which includes over 170 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans. Most modern species in the order are highly adapted for an aquatic existence at the water surface. With the exception of screamers, males have penises, a trait that has been lost in the Neoaves. Due to their aquatic nature, most species are web-footed.

Evolution

Anseriformes are one of only two types of modern bird to be confirmed present during the Mesozoic alongside the other dinosaurs, and in fact were among the very few birds to survive their extinction, along with their cousins the galliformes. These two groups only occupied two ecological niches during the Mesozoic, living in water and on the ground, while the toothed enantiornithes were the dominant birds that ruled the trees and air. The asteroid that ended the Mesozoic destroyed all trees as well as animals in the open, a condition that took centuries{{citation needed|reason=Centuries? This sounds way too short. An unimpeachable citation of the actual span is needed.|date=November 2022}} to recover from. The anseriformes and galliformes are thought to have survived in the cover of burrows and water, and not to have needed trees for food and reproduction.Quail-like creatures were the only birds to survive the dinosaur-killing asteroid impactThe earliest Cretaceous anseriform found so far is Vegavis, a goose-like waterfowl thought to have lived as long as 66 million years ago.The Delaware River: History, Traditions and Legends Some members apparently surviving the KT extinction event, including presbyornithids, thought to be the common ancestors of ducks, geese, swans, and screamers, the last group once thought to be galliformes, but now genetically confirmed to be closely related to geese. The first known duck fossils start to appear about 34 million years ago.Waterfowl are the best-known examples of sexually antagonistic genital coevolution in vertebrates, causing genital adaptations to coevolve in each sex to advance control over mating and fertilization. Sexually antagonistic coevolution (or SAC) occurs as a consequence of sexual conflict between males and females, resulting in coevolutionary process that reduce fit, or that functions to decrease ease of having sex.JOURNAL, Brennan, Patricia L.R., Prum, Richard O., July 2015, Mechanisms and Evidence of Genital Coevolution: The Roles of Natural Selection, Mate Choice, and Sexual Conflict, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 7, 7, a017749, 10.1101/cshperspect.a017749, 26134314, 4484975, 1943-0264,

Taxonomy

The Anseriformes and the Galliformes (pheasants, etc.) belong to a common group, the Galloanserae. They are the most primitive neognathous birds, and as such they should follow the palaeognathae (ratites and tinamous) in bird classification systems. Several unusual extinct families of birds like the albatross-like pseudotooth birds and the giant flightless gastornithids and mihirungs have been found to be stem-anseriforms based on common features found in the skull region, beak physiology and pelvic region.JOURNAL, Andors, A., 1992, Reappraisal of the Eocene groundbird Diatryma (Aves: Anserimorphae), Science Series Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 36, 109–125, BOOK, Murrary, P.F, Vickers-Rich, P., 2004, Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime, Indiana University Press, JOURNAL, Bourdon, E., 2005, Osteological evidence for sister group relationship between pseudo-toothed birds (Aves: Odontopterygiformes) and waterfowls (Anseriformes), 16240103, Naturwissenschaften, 92, 12, 586–91, 10.1007/s00114-005-0047-0, 2005NW.....92..586B, 9453177, JOURNAL, Agnolín, F., 2007, Brontornis burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, un Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del Mioceno Medio de Patagonia, Argentina., Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 9, 15–25, 10.22179/revmacn.9.361, free, JOURNAL, Livezey, B.C., Zusi, R.L., 2007, Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion, 2517308, The Science of Nature, 149, 1, 1–95, 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x, 18784798, JOURNAL, Louchart, A., Sire, J.-Y., Mourer-Chauviré, C., Geraads, D., Viriot, L., de Buffrénil, V., 2013, Structure and Growth Pattern of Pseudoteeth in Pelagornis mauretanicus (Aves, Odontopterygiformes, Pelagornithidae), PLOS ONE, 8, 11, e80372, 10.1371/journal.pone.0080372, 24244680, 3828250, 2013PLoSO...880372L, free, The genus Vegavis for a while was found to be the earliest member of the anseriform crown group but a recent 2017 paper has found it to be just outside the crown group in the family Vegaviidae.JOURNAL, Agnolín, F.L., Egli, F.B., Chatterjee, S., Marsà, J.A.G, 2017, Vegaviidae, a new clade of southern diving birds that survived the K/T boundary, The Science of Nature, 104, 87, 87, 10.1007/s00114-017-1508-y, 28988276, 2017SciNa.104...87A, 13246547, Below is the general consensus of the phylogeny of anseriforms and their stem relatives.{{clade|style=font-size:107%|label1=Odontoanserae|1={{Clade
|1=†Pelagornithidae (pseudo-tooth birds) (File:Osteodontornis BW.jpg|70 px)
|label2=Anserimorphae
|2={{clade
|1=†Gastornithidae (File:Gastornis giganteus restoration.jpeg|70 px)
|2={{clade
|1=†Dromornithidae (mihirungs) (File:Dromornis BW.jpg|70 px)
|2={{clade
|1=†Vegaviidae
|2=Anseriformes (screamers and waterfowl) (File:Palamedra cornuta white background.png|70 px) (File:Cayley Anseranas semipalmata white background.jpg|70 px)(File:Greylag flipped.JPG|70 px)}}}}}}}}}}

Systematics

Anatidae systematics, especially regarding placement of some "odd" genera in the dabbling ducks or shelducks, is not fully resolved. See the Anatidae article for more information, and for alternate taxonomic approaches. Anatidae is traditionally divided into subfamilies Anatinae and Anserinae. The Anatinae consists of tribes Anatini, Aythyini, Mergini and Tadornini. The higher-order classification below follows a phylogenetic analysis performed by Mikko's Phylogeny ArchiveMikko's Phylogeny Archive weblink WEB, Haaramo, Mikko, 2007, Anseriformes – waterfowls,weblink 30 December 2015, Paleofile.com (net, info) WEB,weblink Paleofile.com, 2015-12-30, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160111195520weblink">weblink 2016-01-11, . WEB,weblink Taxonomic lists- Aves, 30 December 2015, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160111195520weblink">weblink 11 January 2016, and John Boyd's website.John Boyd's website weblink WEB, Boyd, John, 2007, Anseriformes – waterfowl,weblink 30 December 2015,
  • Order Anseriformes
    • ?†Conflicto Claudia P. Tambussi et al. 2019 – tentatively placed here; possibly family Conflictonidae
    • †Anatalavis Olson & Parris 1987 (Late Cretaceous/Early Paleocene – Early Eocene) – including Nettapterornis; may belong in Anseranatidae or Conflictonidae
    • †Naranbulagornis Zelenkov 2019
    • †AnachronornisJOURNAL, Houde, Peter, Dickson, Meig, Camarena, Dakota, February 2023, Basal Anseriformes from the Early Paleogene of North America and Europe, Diversity, en, 15, 2, 233, 10.3390/d15020233, 1424-2818, free,
    • Suborder Anhimae Wetmore & Miller 1926
Genus Anhima (Linnaeus 1766) Brisson 1760 (horned screamer) Genus Chauna Illiger 1811 Family Anseranatidae Sclater 1880* Genus †Anserpica Mourer-Chauviré, Berthet & Hugueney 2004* Genus †Eoanseranas Worthy & Scanlon 2009 (hand's dawn magpie goose)* Genus Anseranas (Latham 1798) Lesson 1828 (magpie goose) Family †Presbyornithidae Wetmore 1926 (wading-"geese"){{note|Possibly paraphyletic in relation to Anhimidae}}* Genus †Teviornis Kuročkin, Dyke & Karhu 2002* Genus †Telmabates Howard 1955* Genus †Headonornis (Lydekker 1891) Harrison & Walker 1976* Genus †Presbyornis Wetmore 1926* Genus †Wilaru Boles et al. 2013 Family †Paranyrocidae Miller & Compton 1939* Genus †Paranyroca Miller & Compton 1939 (Rosebud Early Miocene of Bennett County, USA) File:Vogels door Jan van Oort (12).jpg|thumb|AnatidaeAnatidae Family Anatidae Leach 1820 (almost 150 species)* Subfamily †Romainvilliinae Lambrecht 1933** Genus †Romainvillia Lebedinský 1927 (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)** Genus †Saintandrea Mayr & De Pietri 2013* Subfamily Dendrocygninae Reichenbach 1849–50 ** Genus Dendrocygna Swainson 1837 (whistling ducks)** Genus Thalassornis Eyton 1838 (white-backed duck)* Subfamily †Dendrocheninae Livezey & Martin 1988** Genus †Dendrochen Miller 1944** Genus †Manuherikia Worthy et al. 2007** Genus †Mionetta Livezey & Martin 1988* Subfamily Stictonettinae ** Genus Stictonetta (Gould 1841) Reichenbach 1853 (freckled duck)* Subfamily Anserinae Vigors 1825 sensu Livezey 1996 (swans and geese)** Genus †Anserobranta Kuročkin & Ganya 1972** Genus †Asiavis Nesov 1986** Genus †“Chenopis” De Vis 1905** Genus †Cygnavus Lambrecht 1931** Genus †Cygnopterus Lambrecht 1931** Genus †Eremochen Brodkorb 1961** Genus †Megalodytes Howard 1992** Genus †Paracygnus Short 1969** Genus †Presbychen Wetmore 1930** Genus †Cnemiornis Owen 1866 (New Zealand geese)** Genus †Afrocygnus Louchart et al. 2005** Genus Coscoroba (Molina 1782) Reichenbach 1853 (Coscoroba swan)** Genus Cereopsis Latham 1801 (Cape Barren goose)** Genus Cygnus Garsault 1764** Genus Branta Scopoli 1769** Tribe Anserini Vigors 1825*** Genus Anser Brisson 1760* Subfamily Tadorninae Reichenbach 1849–50 (shelducks and sheldgeese)** Genus †Australotadorna Worthy 2009** Genus †Brantadorna Howard 1964** Genus †Centrornis Andrews 1897 (Malagasy sheldgoose)** Genus †Miotadorna Worthy et al. 2007 (St. Bathans shelduck)** Genus †Nannonetta Campbell 1979** Genus †Pleistoanser Agnolín 2006** Genus Plectropterus (Linnaeus 1766) (spur-winged goose)** Genus Merganetta Gould 1842 (Torrent duck)** Genus Chloephaga Eyton 1838** Genus Neochen Oberholser 1918** Genus Cyanochen (Rüppell 1845) Bonaparte 1856 (blue-winged goose)** Genus Tadorna Boie 1822** Genus Radjah Reichenbach, 1853** Genus Alopochen Stejneger 1885** Genus Cairina (Linnaeus 1758) Fleming 1822 (Muscovy duck)** Genus Hymenolaimus (Gmelin 1789) Gray 1843 (blue duck)** Genus Sarkidiornis Eyton 1838** Genus Tachyeres Owen 1875 (steamer ducks)* Subfamily Anatinae Vigors 1825 sensu Livezey 1996** Genus †Dunstanetta Worthy et al. 2007 (Johnstone's duck)** Genus †Lavadytis Stidham & Hilton 2015** Genus †Pinpanetta Worthy 2009** Genus †Tirarinetta Worthy 2008** Genus Aix Boie 1828** Genus Callonetta Delacour 1936 (ringed teal)** Genus Chenonetta von Brandt 1836 (Australian wood duck)** Genus Biziura Stephens 1824 (musk ducks)** Genus Pteronetta (Cassin 1860) Salvadori 1895 (Hartlaub's duck)** Genus Marmaronetta (Ménétries 1832) Reichenbach 1853 (marbled duck)** Genus Asarcornis (Müller 1842) Salvadori 1895 (white-winged duck)** Genus Netta Kaup 1829** Genus Lophonetta (King 1828) Riley 1914 (crested duck)** Genus Amazonetta (Gmelin 1789) von Boetticher 1929 (Brazilian teal)** Tribe Oxyurini Swainson 1831 (stiff-tailed ducks and allies)** Genus †Anabernicula Ross 1935*** Genus Heteronetta (Merrem 1841) Salvadori 1865 (black-headed duck)*** Genus Nomonyx (Linnaeus 1766) Ridgway 1880 (masked duck)*** Genus Oxyura Bonaparte 1828** Genus Nettapus von Brandt 1836 (pygmy geese)** Genus Malacorhynchus Swainson 1831 (pink-eared duck)** Genus Salvadorina Rothschild & Hartert 1894 (Salvadori's teal)** Genus Speculanas (King 1828) von Boetticher 1929 (bronze-winged duck)** Tribe Mergini Rafinesque 1815 (eiders, scoters, mergansers and other sea-ducks)*** Genus †Chendytes Miller 1925*** Genus †Shiriyanetta Watanabe & Matsuoka 2015*** Genus †Camptorhynchus (Gmelin 1789) Bonaparte 1838 (Labrador duck)*** Genus Histrionicus Lesson 1828 (harlequin duck)*** Genus Clangula Leach 1819 (long-tailed duck)*** Genus Polysticta stelleri (Pallas 1769) Eyton 1836 (Steller's eider)*** Genus Somateria Leach 1819 (eiders)*** Genus Melanitta Boie 1822 (scoters)*** Genus Bucephala Baird 1858*** Genus Mergellus Selby 1840 (Smew)*** Genus Lophodytes (Linnaeus 1758) Reichenbach 1853 (hooded merganser)*** Genus Mergus Linnaeus 1758 non Brisson 1760** Tribe Anatini Vigors 1825 sensu Livezey 1996 (dabbling ducks and moa-nalos)*** Genus †Matanas Worthy et al. 2007 (Enright's duck)*** Genus Anas Linnaeus 1758*** Genus Sibirionetta (Georgi 1775) (Baikal teal)*** Genus Mareca (Stephens 1824)*** Genus Spatula Boie 1822** Tribe Aythyini Delacour and Mayr, 1945 (diving ducks)*** Genus Aythya Boie 1822Some fossil anseriform taxa not assignable with certainty to a family are: Unassigned Anatidae: In addition, a considerable number of mainly Late Cretaceous and Paleogene fossils have been described where it is uncertain whether or not they are anseriforms. This is because almost all orders of aquatic birds living today either originated or underwent a major radiation during that time, making it hard to decide whether some waterbird-like bone belongs into this family or is the product of parallel evolution in a different lineage due to adaptive pressures.
  • "Presbyornithidae" gen. et sp. indet. (Barun Goyot Late Cretaceous of Udan Sayr, Mongolia) – Presbyornithidae?
  • UCMP 117599 (Hell Creek Late Cretaceous of Bug Creek West, USA)
  • Petropluvialis (Late Eocene of England) – may be same as Palaeopapia
  • Agnopterus (Late Eocene – Late Oligocene of Europe) – includes Cygnopterus lambrechti
  • "Headonornis hantoniensis" BMNH PAL 4989 (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England) – formerly "Ptenornis"
  • Palaeopapia (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England)
  • "Anas" creccoides (Early/Middle Oligocene of Belgium)
  • "Anas" skalicensis (Early Miocene of "Skalitz", Czech Republic)
  • "Anas" risgoviensis (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany)
  • †"Anas" meyerii Milne-Edwards 1867 [Aythya meyerii (Milne-Edwards 1867) Brodkorb 1964]
  • †Eonessa anaticula Wetmore 1938 {Eonessinae Wetmore 1938}

Phylogeny

Living Anseriformes based on the work by John Boyd.{| class="collapsible expanded" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa"
Image:Zoo América-2897-Chauna torquata.jpg|Crested screamer (Chauna torquata)Image:magpie.goose.grooming.arp.750pix.jpg|Magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata), sole surviving member of a Mesozoic lineageImage:Dromornis stirtoni 01.jpg|Cast of Dromornis stirtoni, a mihirung, from Australia.

Molecular studies

Studies of the mitochondrial DNA suggest the existence of four branches – Anseranatidae, Dendrocygninae, Anserinae and Anatinae – with Dendrocygninae being a subfamily within the family Anatidae and Anseranatidae representing anindependent family.JOURNAL, Liu, G, Zhou, L, Zhang, L, Luo, Z, Xu, W, 2013, The complete mitochondrial genome of bean goose (Anser fabalis) and implications for anseriformes taxonomy, PLOS ONE, 8, 5, e63334, 10.1371/journal.pone.0063334, 23717412, 3662773, 2013PLoSO...863334L, free, The clade Somaterini has a single genus Somateria.

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

Cited texts

{{Commons category|Anseriformes}}
  • JOURNAL, Agnolin, F, 2007, Brontornis burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, un Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del Mioceno Medio de Patagonia, Argentina, Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 9, 15–25, 10.22179/revmacn.9.361, free,
  • JOURNAL, Clarke, J. A., Tambussi, C. P., Noriega, J. I., Erickson, G. M., Ketcham, R. A., 2005, Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous, Nature, 433, 7023, 305–308, 10.1038/nature03150, 15662422, 2005Natur.433..305C, 4354309,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Livezey, B. C., Zusi, R. L., 2007, Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 149, 1, 1–95, 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x, 18784798, 2517308,
  • Murray, P. F. & Vickers-Rich, P. (2004) Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime. Indiana University Press.
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