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{{Short description|NASA orbiter for geology and hydrology}}{{Italic title}}{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020|cs1-dates=ly}}

factoids

| COSPAR_ID = 2001-013A| SATCAT = 26734| mission_duration = {hide}ubli 376.3lb}}PUBLISHER=NASA SPACE SCIENCE DATA COORDINATED ARCHIVE, November 29, 2022, | power = 750 WPUBLISHER=NASA SPACE SCIENCE DATA COORDINATED ARCHIVE, November 29, 2022, Delta II>Delta II 7925-9.5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station>Cape Canaveral SLC-17ABoeing Defense, Space & Security>Boeing| last_contact = Q4 2025 (planned)| decay_date =AUTHOR3=TUNG, R.URL=HTTPS://DESCANSO.JPL.NASA.GOV/DPSUMMARY/ODYSSEY_TELECOM.PDFPAGE=7, Areocentric orbit>AreocentricSun-synchronous orbit>Sun-synchronous400mi|abbr=on}}| orbit_inclination = 93.064°| orbit_period = 2 hours3793.4mi|abbr=on}}| orbit_RAAN = 34.98°| orbit_arg_periapsis = 0°| orbit_mean_anomaly = 0°| orbit_eccentricity = 0.0| apsis = areion|interplanetary = | programme = Mars Exploration Program| previous_mission = Mars Surveyor 2001| next_mission = Mars Exploration Rover}}2001 Mars Odyssey is a robotic spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars. The project was developed by NASA, and contracted out to Lockheed Martin, with an expected cost for the entire mission of US$297 million. Its mission is to use spectrometers and a thermal imager to detect evidence of past or present water and ice, as well as study the planet's geology and radiation environment.WEB,weblink Mars Odyssey Goals, NASA JPL, The data Odyssey obtains is intended to help answer the question of whether life once existed on Mars and create a risk-assessment of the radiation that future astronauts on Mars might experience. It also acts as a relay for communications between the Curiosity rover, and previously the Mars Exploration Rovers and Phoenix lander, to Earth. The mission was named as a tribute to Arthur C. Clarke, evoking the name of his and Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film (2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey).WEB,weblink Mars Odyssey: Overview, JPL, CIT,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110919002232weblink">weblink September 19, 2011, live, PRESS RELEASE,weblink It's "2001 Mars Odyssey" for NASA's next trip to the red planet, NASA,weblink April 18, 2021, live, Odyssey was launched April 7, 2001, on a Delta II rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and reached Mars orbit on October 24, 2001, at 02:30 UTC (October 23, 19:30 PDT, 22:30 EDT).WEB, 2001 Mars Odyssey Quick Facts,weblink 2001 Mars Odyssey, NASA/JPL, 22 January 2021, On May 28, 2002 (sol {{age in sols|2001|10|24|2002|05|28}}), NASA reported that Odyssey{{'}}s GRS instrument had detected large amounts of hydrogen, a sign that there must be ice lying within a meter of the planet's surface, and proceeded to map the distribution of water below the shallow surface.WEB,weblink January, 2008: Hydrogen Map, Lunar & Planetary Lab at The University of Arizona, 2015-06-30, 2008-10-13,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081013115534weblink">weblink dead, The orbiter also discovered vast deposits of bulk water ice near the surface of equatorial regions.Equatorial locations of water on Mars: Improved resolution maps based on Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer data (PDF). Jack T. Wilson, Vincent R. Eke, Richard J. Massey, Richard C. Elphic, William C. Feldman, Sylvestre Maurice, Luıs F. A. Teodoroe. Icarus, 299, 148–160. January 2018.By December 15, 2010, it broke the record for longest serving spacecraft at Mars, with 3,340 days of operation.WEB,weblink NASA's Odyssey Spacecraft Sets Exploration Record on Mars, Press Releases, December 15, 2010, JPL, NASA,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110425065346weblink">weblink April 25, 2011, live, WEB, Howell, Elizabeth, July 23, 2018, Mars Odyssey: Record-Breaking Mission to Mars,weblink March 13, 2024, space.com, Odyssey has also served as the primary means of communications for NASA's Mars surface explorers in the past decade, up to the Curiosity rover. It currently holds the record for the longest-surviving continually active spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth, ahead of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (served 14 yearsWEB,weblink Pioneer Venus 1: In Depth, NASA Solar System Exploration, NASA, ) and the Mars Express (serving over 20 years), at {{Age in years, months and days| year=2001| month=10| day=24}}. {{As of|2019|10}} it is in a polar orbit around Mars with a semi-major axis of about 3,800 km or 2,400 miles. It is estimated to have enough propellant to function until the end of 2025.WEB,weblink Engineers Keep an Eye on Fuel Supply of NASA's Oldest Mars Orbiter, JPL, NASA, March 15, 2023, March 15, 2023,

Naming

In August 2000, NASA solicited candidate names for the mission. Out of 200 names submitted, the committee chose Astrobiological Reconnaissance and Elemental Surveyor, abbreviated ARES (a tribute to Ares, the Greek god of war). Faced with criticism that this name was not very compelling, and too aggressive, the naming committee reconvened. The candidate name "2001 Mars Odyssey" had earlier been rejected because of copyright and trademark concerns. However, NASA e-mailed Arthur C. Clarke in Sri Lanka, who responded that he would be delighted to have the mission named after his books, and he had no objections. On September 20, NASA associate administrator Ed Weiler wrote to the associate administrator for public affairs recommending a name change from ARES to 2001 Mars Odyssey. Peggy Wilhide then approved the name change.BOOK, Hubbard, Scott, Exploring Mars: Chronicles from a Decade of Discovery,weblink registration, 2011, University of Arizona Press, 978-0-8165-2896-7, 149–51, PRESS RELEASE,weblink September 28, 2000, March 12, 2016, NASA HQ/JPL, It's "2001 Mars Odyssey" for NASA's Next Trip to the Red Planet,

Mission objectives

• Mapping the levels of elements across the entire Martian surface
• Determine how much hydrogen exists within the "shallow subsurface"
• Develop a library of high-resolution images and spectroscopy for the mineral composition of the Martian surface
• Provide information on the morphology of the Martian surface
• Identify the "radiation-induced risk to human explorers" through a characterization of the "near-space radiation environment" on the Martian surfaceWEB, Objectives,weblink mars.nasa.gov, NASA/JPL, 27 January 2021, en,

Scientific instruments

The three primary instruments Odyssey uses are the:

• Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS).JOURNAL, The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) for the Mars 2001 Odyssey Mission, P. R., Christensen, B. M., Jakosky, H. H., Kieffer, M. C., Malin, H. Y., McSween Jr., K., Nealson, G. L., Mehall, S. H., Silverman, S., Ferry, M., Caplinger, M., Ravine, Space Science Reviews, 110, 1–2, 10.1023/B:SPAC.0000021008.16305.94, 2004, 85, 2004SSRv..110...85C, 3629716, It is an onboard camera that provides visible and infrared imaging to characterize how minerals are distributed on the surface of Mars.
• Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS),JOURNAL, The Mars Odyssey Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite, W.V., Boynton, W.C., Feldman, I.G., Mitrofanov, L.G., Evans, R.C., Reedy, S.W., Squyres, R., Starr, J.I., Trombka, C., d'Uston, J.R., Arnold, P.A.J., Englert, A.E., Metzger, H., Wänke, J., Brückner, D.M., Drake, C., Shinohara, C., Fellows, D.K., Hamara, K., Harshman, K., Kerry, C., Turner, M., Ward, H., Barthe, K.R., Fuller, S.A., Storms, G.W., Thornton, J.L., Longmire, M.L., Litvak, A.K., Ton'chev, Space Science Reviews, 110, 1–2, 10.1023/B:SPAC.0000021007.76126.15, 2004, 37, 2004SSRv..110...37B, 121206223, including the High Energy Neutron Detector (HEND), provided by Russia. GRS is a collaboration between University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Lab., the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Russia's Space Research Institute.WEB, Profile: Dr. William Boynton,weblink 2001 Mars Odyssey, NASA, 10 May 2021,weblink 10 May 2021, live, It is a spectrometer focussed on the gamma-ray portion of the spectrum in order to search for various elements in the Martian atmosphere, including carbon, silicon, iron and magnesium.
• Mars Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE). An "energetic particle spectrometer", measuring the radiation levels around Mars.

Mission

(File:2001 Mars Odyssey being encapsulated in Delta II rocket fairing (KSC-01PP-0699).jpg|thumb|The spacecraft encapsulated in Delta II rocket fairing)Mars Odyssey launched from Cape Canaveral on April 7, 2001, and arrived at Mars about 200 days later on October 24. Upon arrival, the spacecraft's main engine firedWEB, NASA Facts: 2001 Mars Odyssey,weblink live, NASA,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150905091733weblink">weblink September 5, 2015, in order to decelerate, which allowed it to be captured into orbit around Mars. Odyssey then spent about 76 days aerobraking, using aerodynamic drag from the upper reaches of the Martian atmosphere to gradually slow down and reduce and circularize its orbit. By planning to use the atmosphere of Mars to slow the spacecraft in its orbit rather than firing its engine or thrusters, Odyssey did not need an additional 200 kilograms (440 lb) of propellant on board. This reduction in spacecraft weight allowed the mission to be launched on a Delta II 7925 launch vehicle, rather than a larger, more expensive launcher.PRESS RELEASE,weblink Mars Odyssey Mission Status, 11 January 2002, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Aerobraking ended in January 2002, and Odyssey began its science mapping mission on February 19, 2002. Odyssey{{'}}s original, nominal mission lasted until August 2004, but repeated mission extensions have kept the mission active.WEB,weblink Mission Timeline – Mars Odyssey, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, The payload's MARIE radiation experiment stopped taking measurements after a large solar event bombarded the Odyssey spacecraft on October 28, 2003. Engineers believe the most likely cause is that a computer chip was damaged by a solar particle smashing into the MARIE computer board.WEB, MARIE,weblink 2001 Mars Odyssey, NASA, 10 May 2021,weblink 10 May 2021, live, About 85% of images and other data from NASA's twin Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, have reached Earth via communications relay by Odyssey.WEB,weblink Communications Relay – Mars Odyssey, NASA, JPL, mars.nasa.gov, October 31, 2018, The orbiter helped analyze potential landing sites for the rovers and performed the same task for NASA's Phoenix mission, which landed on Mars in May 2008. Odyssey aided NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which reached Mars in March 2006, by monitoring atmospheric conditions during months when the newly arrived orbiter used aerobraking to alter its orbit into the desired shape.WEB, Mars Odyssey Begins Overtime After Successful Mission,weblink 2022-06-24, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), en-US, Odyssey is in a Sun-synchronous orbit,WEB, Mars Odyssey, NASA Science, October 24, 2001,weblink March 20, 2024, which provides consistent lighting for its photographs. On September 30, 2008 (sol {{age in sols|2001|10|24|2008|09|30}}) the spacecraft altered its orbit to gain better sensitivity for its infrared mapping of Martian minerals. The new orbit eliminated the use of the gamma ray detector, due to the potential for overheating the instrument at the new orbit.WEB, Martinez, Carolina, Webster, Guy, NASA's Mars Odyssey Alters Orbit to Study Warmer Ground,weblink JPL News, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, JPL, 10 May 2021,weblink 10 May 2021, Pasadena, California, 22 June 2009, live, The orbiter's orientation is controlled by a set of three reaction wheels and a spare. When one failed in June 2012, the fourth was spun up and successfully brought into service. Since July 2012, Odyssey has been back in full, nominal operation mode following three weeks of 'safe' mode on remote maintenance.WEB,weblink Longest-Lived Mars Orbiter Is Back in Service, June 27, 2012, Status Reports, JPL,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120703221048weblink">weblink July 3, 2012, live, WEB,weblink Guidance, Navigation, and Control – Mars Odyssey, NASA, JPL, mars.nasa.gov, October 31, 2018, Mars Odyssey{{'}}s THEMIS instrument was used to help select a landing site for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL).WEB,weblink THEMIS Support for MSL Landing Site Selection, THEMIS, July 28, 2006, Arizona State University,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060814062323weblink">weblink August 14, 2006, live, Several days before MSL's landing in August 2012, Odyssey{{'}}s orbit was altered to ensure that it would be able to capture signals from the rover during its first few minutes on the Martian surface.WEB,weblink Curiosity's perilous landing? 'Cleaner than any of our tests', Los Angeles Times, August 7, 2012, Scott, Gold,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120809094601weblink">weblink August 9, 2012, live, Odyssey also acted as a relay for UHF radio signals from the (MSL) rover Curiosity.WEB, Mars Science Laboratory Landing,weblink NASA/JPL, 22 January 2021, July 2012, Because Odyssey is in a Sun-synchronous orbit, it passes over Curiosity{{'}}s location twice per day, enabling regular contact with Earth.WEB, Howell, Elizabeth, How NASA's New Mars Rover Will Phone Home, Space.com, August 3, 2012,weblink March 20, 2024, On February 11, 2014, mission control accelerated Odyssey{{'}}s drift toward a morning-daylight orbit to "enable observation of changing ground temperatures after sunrise and after sunset in thousands of places on Mars". The orbital change occurred gradually until November 2015.NEWS, Staff, NASA Moves Longest-Serving Mars Spacecraft for New Observations, February 12, 2014, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,weblink Press Releases,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140226161657weblink">weblink February 26, 2014, live, Those observations could yield insight about the composition of the ground and about temperature-driven processes, such as warm seasonal flows observed on some slopes, and geysers fed by spring thawing of carbon dioxide (CO2) ice near Mars' poles.On October 19, 2014, NASA reported that the Mars Odyssey Orbiter,WEB, Webster, Guy, Brown, Dwayne, NASA's Mars Odyssey Orbiter Watches Comet Fly Near,weblink October 19, 2014, NASA, October 20, 2014, as well as the Mars Reconnaissance OrbiterWEB, Webster, Guy, Brown, Dwayne, NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Studies Comet Flyby,weblink October 19, 2014, NASA, October 20, 2014, and MAVEN,WEB, Jones, Nancy, Steigerwald, Bill, Webster, Guy, Brown, Dwayne, NASA's MAVEN Studies Passing Comet and Its Effects,weblink October 19, 2014, NASA, October 20, 2014, were healthy after the Comet Siding Spring flyby.WEB, Webster, Guy, Brown, Dwayne, Jones, Nancy, Steigerwald, Bill, All Three NASA Mars Orbiters Healthy After Comet Flyby,weblink October 19, 2014, NASA, October 20, 2014, NEWS, Agence France-Presse, A Comet's Brush With Mars,weblink October 19, 2014, The New York Times, October 20, 2014, In 2010, a spokesman for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory stated that Odyssey could continue operating until at least 2016.WEB,weblink The Longest Martian Odyssey Ever, Universe Today, December 13, 2010, Ken, Kremer,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101220000650weblink">weblink December 20, 2010, live, This estimate has since been extended to the end of 2025.File:Animation of 2001 Mars Odyssey trajectory around Sun.gif|Animation of 2001 Mars Odyssey{{'}}s trajectory around Sun{{legend2|magenta|2001 Mars Odyssey}}{{·}}{{legend2|RoyalBlue|Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime|Mars}}File:Animation of 2001 Mars Odyssey trajectory around Mars.gif|Animation of 2001 Mars Odyssey{{'s}} trajectory around Mars from October 24, 2001, to October 24, 2002{{legend2|magenta| 2001 Mars Odyssey}}{{·}}{{legend2| Lime|Mars}}Image:Mgs odyssey.gif|Mars Odyssey as imaged by Mars Global SurveyorImage:Mars Radiation Environment Experiment.jpg|MARIE hardware, designed to measure radiation

Major discoveries

{{further|Water on Mars}}By 2008, Mars Odyssey had mapped the basic distribution of water below the shallow surface.WEB,weblink January, 2008: Hydrogen Map, Lunar & Planetary Lab at The University of Arizona, 2015-06-30, 2008-10-13,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081013115534weblink">weblink dead, The ground truth for its measurements came on July 31, 2008, when NASA announced that the Phoenix lander confirmed the presence of water on Mars,WEB,weblink Confirmation of Water on Mars, Phoenix Mars Lander, June 20, 2008, NASA,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080701104400weblink">weblink July 1, 2008, live, as predicted in 2002 based on data from the Odyssey orbiter. The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for microscopic life, and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present.NEWS, NASA's Phoenix touches, tastes Martian water, The Economic Times,weblink 2022-06-24, The orbiter also discovered vast deposits of bulk water ice near the surface of equatorial regions. Evidence for equatorial hydration is both morphological and compositional and is seen at both the Medusae Fossae formation and the Tharsis Montes.File:PIA26203-Mars-HorizonViews-OdysseyTHEMIS-20230509.webm|thumb|center|600px|Mars—horizon views (video; 1:24; Odyssey orbiter; THEMIS camera; 9 May 2023)]]

See also

{hide}cmn|colwidth=35em|

• {{annotated link|Exploration of Mars{edih}
• List of Mars orbiters
• List of missions to Mars
• {{annotated link|Mars Express Orbiter}}
• {{annotated link|Mars Global Surveyor}}
• {{annotated link|Mars Orbiter Mission}}
• {{annotated link|Mars Student Imaging Project}}
• (Mythodea|Mythodea – Music for the NASA Mission: 2001 Mars Odyssey)

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References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

{{commons category|2001 Mars Odyssey}}

• The Mars Odyssey site
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121116045602weblink">2001 Mars Odyssey Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
• weblink" title="archive.today/20130202125124weblink">Sky & Telescope: "Mars Odyssey Pays Early Dividends"
• BBC News story on Mars Odyssey observations of apparent ice deposits
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150815084859weblink">Mars Trek—Shows present overhead position of Mars Odyssey

{{Mars spacecraft}}{{Solar System probes}}{{NASA navbox}}{{Jet Propulsion Laboratory}}{{Orbital launches in 2001}}