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{{Short description|Mathematical set formed from two given sets}}{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}{{Redirect|Cartesian square|Cartesian squares in category theory|Cartesian square (category theory)}}(File:Cartesian Product qtl1.svg|thumb|Cartesian product of the sets {x,y,z} and {1,2,3})In mathematics, specifically set theory, the Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted A{{Hair space}}×{{Hair space}}B, is the set of all ordered pairs {{nowrap|(a, b)}} where a is in A and b is in B.{{MathWorld |id=CartesianProduct |title=Cartesian Product |access-date=2020-09-05}} In terms of set-builder notation, that is A table can be created by taking the Cartesian product of a set of rows and a set of columns. If the Cartesian product {{nowrap|rows × columns}} is taken, the cells of the table contain ordered pairs of the form {{nowrap|(row value, column value)}}.WEB, Cartesian Product,web.mnstate.edu/peil/MDEV102/U1/S7/Cartesian4.htm, 2020-09-05, web.mnstate.edu, July 18, 2020,web.mnstate.edu/peil/MDEV102/U1/S7/Cartesian4.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20200718035119web.mnstate.edu/peil/MDEV102/U1/S7/Cartesian4.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20200718035119web.mnstate.edu/peil/MDEV102/U1/S7/Cartesian4.htm, dead, One can similarly define the Cartesian product of n sets, also known as an n-fold Cartesian product, which can be represented by an n-dimensional array, where each element is an n-tuple. An ordered pair is a 2-tuple or couple. More generally still, one can define the Cartesian product of an indexed family of sets.The Cartesian product is named after René Descartes,WEB, Cartesian, 2009, Merriam-Webster.com, December 1, 2009,www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Cartesian, whose formulation of analytic geometry gave rise to the concept, which is further generalized in terms of direct product.

Set-theoretic definition

A rigorous definition of the Cartesian product requires a domain to be specified in the set-builder notation. In this case the domain would have to contain the Cartesian product itself. For defining the Cartesian product of the sets A and B, with the typical Kuratowski’s definition of a pair (a,b) as {{a},{a,b}}, an appropriate domain is the set mathcal{P}(mathcal{P}(Acup B)) where mathcal{P} denotes the power set. Then the Cartesian product of the sets A and B would be defined asWEB, Corry, S., A Sketch of the Rudiments of Set Theory, May 5, 2023,www2.lawrence.edu/fast/corrys/Math300/SetTheory.pdf, Atimes B={xinmathcal{P}(mathcal{P}(Acup B))midexists ain A exists bin B:x=(a,b)}.

Examples

A deck of cards

(File:Piatnikcards.jpg|thumb|Standard 52-card deck)An illustrative example is the standard 52-card deck. The standard playing card ranks {A, K, Q, J, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2} form a 13-element set. The card suits {{nowrap|{â™ , {{color|#c00000|♥}}, {{color|#c00000|♦}}, ♣}}} form a four-element set. The Cartesian product of these sets returns a 52-element set consisting of 52 ordered pairs, which correspond to all 52 possible playing cards.{{nowrap|Ranks × Suits}} returns a set of the form {(A, â™ ), (A, {{color|#c00000|♥}}), (A, {{color|#c00000|♦}}), (A, â™£), (K, â™ ), …, (3, â™£), (2, â™ ), (2, {{color|#c00000|♥}}), (2, {{color|#c00000|♦}}), (2, â™£)}.{{nowrap|Suits × Ranks}} returns a set of the form {(â™ , A), (â™ , K), (â™ , Q), (â™ , J), (â™ , 10), …, (♣, 6), (♣, 5), (♣, 4), (♣, 3), (♣, 2)}.These two sets are distinct, even disjoint, but there is a natural bijection between them, under which (3, â™£) corresponds to (♣, 3) and so on.

A two-dimensional coordinate system

(File:Cartesian-coordinate-system.svg|thumb|Cartesian coordinates of example points)The main historical example is the Cartesian plane in analytic geometry. In order to represent geometrical shapes in a numerical way, and extract numerical information from shapes’ numerical representations, René Descartes assigned to each point in the plane a pair of real numbers, called its coordinates. Usually, such a pair’s first and second components are called its x and y coordinates, respectively (see picture). The set of all such pairs (i.e., the Cartesian product RtimesR, with R denoting the real numbers) is thus assigned to the set of all points in the plane.BOOK, Probability: An Introduction, Dover Books on Mathematics, Samuel, Goldberg, Courier Corporation, 1986, 9780486652528, 41,books.google.com/books?id=CmzFx9rB_FcC&pg=PA41,

Most common implementation (set theory)

A formal definition of the Cartesian product from set-theoretical principles follows from a definition of ordered pair. The most common definition of ordered pairs, Kuratowski’s definition, is (x, y) = {{x},{x, y}}. Under this definition, (x, y) is an element of mathcal{P}(mathcal{P}(X cup Y)), and Xtimes Y is a subset of that set, where mathcal{P} represents the power set operator. Therefore, the existence of the Cartesian product of any two sets in ZFC follows from the axioms of pairing, union, power set, and specification. Since functions are usually defined as a special case of relations, and relations are usually defined as subsets of the Cartesian product, the definition of the two-set Cartesian product is necessarily prior to most other definitions.

Non-commutativity and non-associativity

Let A, B, C, and D be sets.The Cartesian product {{nowrap|A × B}} is not commutative, because the ordered pairs are reversed unless at least one of the following conditions is satisfied:

• A is equal to B, or
• A or B is the empty set.

For example: Strictly speaking, the Cartesian product is not associative (unless one of the involved sets is empty). If for example A = {{mset|1}}, then {{nowrap|1=(A × A) × A = {{mset|((1, 1), 1)}} ≠}} {{nowrap|1={{mset|(1, (1, 1))}} = A × (A × A)}}.

Intersections, unions, and subsets

{{See also|List of set identities and relations}}{{multiple image|align=center| total_width = 750|image1=CartDistr_svg.svg|caption1=Example sets{{color|#0000c0|A}} = [1,4], {{color|#c00000|B}} = [2,5], and {{color|#00c000|C}} = [4,7], demonstrating{{highlight|A × (B∩C)|#FCFCC6}} = ({{highlight|A×B|#FCC6C6}}) ∩ ({{highlight|A×C|#C6FCC6}}),A × (B∪C) = ({{highlight|A×B|#FCC6C6}}) ∪ ({{highlight|A×C|#C6FCC6}}), andA × (B{{hsp}}{{hsp}}C) = ({{highlight|A×B|#FCC6C6}}) ({{highlight|A×C|#C6FCC6}})|image2=CartInts_svg.svg|caption2=Example sets{{color|#c00000|A}} = [2,5], {{color|#00c000|B}} = [3,7],{{color|#c00000|C}} = [1,3], {{color|#00c000|D}} = [2,4], demonstrating{{highlight|(A∩B) × (C∩D)|#FCFCC6}} = ({{highlight|A×C|#FCC6C6}}) ∩ ({{highlight|B×D|#C6FCC6}}).|image3=CartUnion_svg.svg

(A∪B) × (C∪D)

A×C

B×D|#C6FCC6}}) can be seen from the same example.}}The Cartesian product satisfies the following property with respect to intersections (see middle picture). (A cap B) times (C cap D) = (A times C) cap (B times D) In most cases, the above statement is not true if we replace intersection with union (see rightmost picture). (A cup B) times (C cup D) neq (A times C) cup (B times D) In fact, we have that: (A times C) cup (B times D) = [(A setminus B) times C] cup [(A cap B) times (C cup D)] cup [(B setminus A) times D] For the set difference, we also have the following identity: (A times C) setminus (B times D) = [A times (C setminus D)] cup [(A setminus B) times C] Here are some rules demonstrating distributivity with other operators (see leftmost picture):Singh, S. (August 27, 2009). Cartesian product. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site:cnx.org/content/m15207/1.5/ begin{align} A times (B cap C) &= (A times B) cap (A times C), A times (B cup C) &= (A times B) cup (A times C), A times (B setminus C) &= (A times B) setminus (A times C), end{align} (A times B)^complement = left(A^complement times B^complementright) cup left(A^complement times Bright) cup left(A times B^complementright)!, where A^complement denotes the absolute complement of A.Other properties related with subsets are: text{if } A subseteq B text{, then } A times C subseteq B times C; text{if both } A,B neq emptyset text{, then } A times B subseteq C times D !iff! A subseteq C text{ and } B subseteq D.Cartesian Product of Subsets. (February 15, 2011). ProofWiki. Retrieved 05:06, August 1, 2011 fromproofwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Cartesian_Product_of_Subsets&oldid=45868 Cardinality {{See also|Cardinal arithmetic}}The cardinality of a set is the number of elements of the set. For example, defining two sets: {{nowrap|1=A = {{mset|a, b}}}} and {{nowrap|1=B = {{mset|5, 6}}}}. Both set A and set B consist of two elements each. Their Cartesian product, written as {{nowrap|A × B}}, results in a new set which has the following elements: A × B = {{mset|(a,5), (a,6), (b,5), (b,6)}}. where each element of A is paired with each element of B, and where each pair makes up one element of the output set.The number of values in each element of the resulting set is equal to the number of sets whose Cartesian product is being taken; 2 in this case.The cardinality of the output set is equal to the product of the cardinalities of all the input sets. That is, {{abs|A × B}} = {{abs|A}} · {{abs|B}}. In this case, {{abs|A × B}} = 4Similarly, {{abs|A × B × C}} = {{abs|A}} · {{abs|B}} · {{abs|C}} and so on.The set {{nowrap|A × B}} is infinite if either A or B is infinite, and the other set is not the empty set.Peter S. (1998). A Crash Course in the Mathematics of Infinite Sets. St. John’s Review, 44(2), 35–59. Retrieved August 1, 2011, fromwww.mathpath.org/concepts/infinity.htm Cartesian products of several sets n-ary Cartesian product“> n-ary Cartesian product The Cartesian product can be generalized to the n-ary Cartesian product over n sets X1, ..., Xn as the set X_1timescdotstimes X_n = {(x_1, ldots, x_n) mid x_i in X_i text{for every} i in {1, ldots, n} } of n-tuples. If tuples are defined as nested ordered pairs, it can be identified with {{nowrap|(X1 × ... × X’n−1) × Xn}}. If a tuple is defined as a function on {{nowrap|{1, 2, ..., n}}} that takes its value at i to be the ith element of the tuple, then the Cartesian product {{nowrap|X1 × ... × X’n}} is the set of functions { x:{1,ldots,n}to X_1cupcdotscup X_n | x(i)in X_i text{for every} i in {1, ldots, n} }. n-ary Cartesian power“> n-ary Cartesian power The Cartesian square of a set X is the Cartesian product {{nowrap|1=X2 = X × X}}.An example is the 2-dimensional plane {{nowrap|1=R2 = R × R}} where R is the set of real numbers: R2 is the set of all points {{nowrap|(x,y)}} where x and y are real numbers (see the Cartesian coordinate system).The n-ary Cartesian power of a set X, denoted X^n, can be defined as X^n = underbrace{ X times X times cdots times X}_{n}= { (x_1,ldots,x_n) | x_i in X text{for every} i in {1, ldots, n} }. An example of this is {{nowrap|1=R3 = R × R × R}}, with R again the set of real numbers, and more generally Rn.The n-ary Cartesian power of a set X is isomorphic to the space of functions from an n-element set to X. As a special case, the 0-ary Cartesian power of X may be taken to be a singleton set, corresponding to the empty function with codomain X. Infinite Cartesian products It is possible to define the Cartesian product of an arbitrary (possibly infinite) indexed family of sets. If I is any index set, and {X_i}_{iin I} is a family of sets indexed by I, then the Cartesian product of the sets in {X_i}_{iin I} is defined to be prod_{i in I} X_i = left{left. f: I to bigcup_{i in I} X_i right| forall iin I. f(i) in X_iright}, that is, the set of all functions defined on the index set I such that the value of the function at a particular index i is an element of Xi. Even if each of the Xi is nonempty, the Cartesian product may be empty if the axiom of choice, which is equivalent to the statement that every such product is nonempty, is not assumed. prod_{iin I}X_i may also be denoted mathsf{X}{}_{iin I}X_i.F. R. Drake, Set Theory: An Introduction to Large Cardinals, p. 24. Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, vol. 76 (1978). ISBN 0-7204-2200-0.For each j in I, the function pi_{j}: prod_{i in I} X_i to X_{j}, defined by pi_{j}(f) = f(j) is called the jth projection map.Cartesian power is a Cartesian product where all the factors Xi are the same set X. In this case, prod_{i in I} X_i = prod_{i in I} X is the set of all functions from I to X, and is frequently denoted XI. This case is important in the study of cardinal exponentiation. An important special case is when the index set is mathbb{N}, the natural numbers: this Cartesian product is the set of all infinite sequences with the ith term in its corresponding set Xi. For example, each element of prod_{n = 1}^infty mathbb R = mathbb R times mathbb R times cdots can be visualized as a vector with countably infinite real number components. This set is frequently denoted mathbb{R}^omega, or mathbb{R}^{mathbb{N}}. Other forms Abbreviated form If several sets are being multiplied together (e.g., X1, X2, X3, …), then some authorsOsborne, M., and Rubinstein, A., 1994. A Course in Game Theory. MIT Press. choose to abbreviate the Cartesian product as simply ×Xi. Cartesian product of functions If f is a function from X to A and g is a function from Y to B, then their Cartesian product {{nowrap|f × g}} is a function from {{nowrap|X × Y}} to {{nowrap|A × B}} with (ftimes g)(x, y) = (f(x), g(y)). This can be extended to tuples and infinite collections of functions.This is different from the standard Cartesian product of functions considered as sets. Cylinder Let A be a set and B subseteq A. Then the cylinder of B with respect to A is the Cartesian product B times A of B and A.Normally, A is considered to be the universe of the context and is left away. For example, if B is a subset of the natural numbers mathbb{N}, then the cylinder of B is B times mathbb{N}. Definitions outside set theory Category theory Although the Cartesian product is traditionally applied to sets, category theory provides a more general interpretation of the product of mathematical structures. This is distinct from, although related to, the notion of a Cartesian square in category theory, which is a generalization of the fiber product.Exponentiation is the right adjoint of the Cartesian product; thus any category with a Cartesian product (and a final object) is a Cartesian closed category. Graph theory In graph theory, the Cartesian product of two graphs G and H is the graph denoted by {{nowrap|G × H}}, whose vertex set is the (ordinary) Cartesian product {{nowrap|V(G) × V(H)}} and such that two vertices (u,v) and (u′,v′) are adjacent in {{nowrap|G × H}}, if and only if {{nowrap|1=u = u′}} and v is adjacent with v′ in H, or {{nowrap|1=v = v′}} and u is adjacent with u′ in G. The Cartesian product of graphs is not a product in the sense of category theory. Instead, the categorical product is known as the tensor product of graphs. See also Axiom of power set (to prove the existence of the Cartesian product) Direct product Empty product Finitary relation Join (SQL) § Cross join Orders on the Cartesian product of totally ordered sets Outer product Product (category theory) Product topology Product type References {{reflist}} External links Cartesian Product at ProvenMath {{SpringerEOM|title=Direct product|id=p/d032730}} How to find the Cartesian Product, Education Portal Academy {{Set theory}}{{Mathematical logic}}