GetWiki
microsporidia
ARTICLE SUBJECTS
being →
database →
ethics →
fiction →
history →
internet →
language →
linux →
logic →
method →
news →
policy →
purpose →
religion →
science →
software →
truth →
unix →
wiki →
ARTICLE TYPES
essay →
feed →
help →
system →
wiki →
ARTICLE ORIGINS
critical →
forked →
imported →
original →
microsporidia
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{Short description|Phylum of fungi}}{{About|the parasitic fungi group|the ascomycete fungi genus|Microsporum|the green algae genus|Microspora|the beetle family|Microsporidae}}{{Automatic taxobox| image = Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg| image_caption = Sporoblast ofFibrillanosema crangonycis| display_parents = 6| taxon = Microsporidiomycota| authority = Benny 2007| subdivision_ranks = Classes & orders| subdivision_ref = | subdivision = - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
- Paramicrosporidiales
- Morellosporales
- Nucleophagales
- Chytridiopsidea
- Metchnikovellea
- Microsporidea
- Neopereziida
- Ovavesiculida
- Amblyosporida
- Glugeida
- Nosematida| synonyms =
- Microsporidia Balbiani, 1882JOURNAL, Balbiani, G, 1882, Sur les microsporidies ou psorospermies des Articulés,weblink C. R. Acad. Sci., 95, 1168â71,
- Microsporidiida Labbé, 1899
- Cnidosporidia Doflein 190?
- Microsporea Delphy, 1936 [1963], Levine et al., 1980Delphy, J. 1936. Sous-règne des Protozoaires. In: Perrier, R. (ed.). La Faune de la France en tableaux synoptiques illustrés, vol 1A. Delagrave: Paris.JOURNAL, Levine, N. D., etal, 1980, A Newly Revised Classification of the Protozoa,weblink The Journal of Protozoology, 27, 1, 37â58, 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1980.tb04228.x, 6989987, free,
- Microsporidea Corliss & Levine 1963JOURNAL, Corliss JO, Levine ND, 1963, Establishment of the Microsporidea as a new class in the protozoan subphylum Cnidospora, The Journal of Protozoology, 10, Suppl, 26â27, 10.1111/jeu.1963.10.issue-s3,
- Microspora Sprague, 1969, 1977Sprague, V. (1977). Classification and phylogeny of the Microsporidia. In: Comparative pathobiology. vol. 2, Systematics of the Microsporidia. Lee A. Bulla & Thomas C. Cheng (ed.). pp. 1â30. New York: Plenum Press, weblink.
- Microsporida Tuzet et al. 1971
Morphology
(File:Parasite140027-fig5 Dictyocoela diporeiae Winters & Faisal, 2014 transmission electron micrographs.tif|thumb|left|Dictyocoela diporeiae.JOURNAL, Winters, A. D., Faisal, M., 2014, Molecular and ultrastructural characterization of Dictyocoela diporeiae n. sp. (Microsporidia), a parasite of Diporeia spp. (Amphipoda, Gammaridea), Parasite, 21, 26, 10.1051/parasite/2014028, 24934702, 4059264, free, A, meront and spore; B, spore wall; C, polar filament)Microsporidia lack mitochondria, instead possessing mitosomes. They also lack motile structures, such as flagella.Microsporidia produce highly resistant spores, capable of surviving outside their host for up to several years. Spore morphology is useful in distinguishing between different species. Spores of most species are oval or pyriform, but rod-shaped or spherical spores are not unusual. A few genera produce spores of unique shape for the genus.The spore is protected by a wall, consisting of three layers:- an outer electron-dense exospore
- a median, wide and seemingly structureless endospore, containing chitin
- a thin internal plasma membrane
Infection
In the gut of the host the spore germinates; it builds up osmotic pressure until its rigid wall ruptures at its thinnest point at the apex. The posterior vacuole swells, forcing the polar filament to rapidly eject the infectious content into the cytoplasm of the potential host. Simultaneously the material of the filament is rearranged to form a tube which functions as a hypodermic needle and penetrates the gut epithelium.Medical implications
In animals and humans, microsporidia often cause chronic, debilitating diseases rather than lethal infections. Effects on the host include reduced longevity, fertility, weight, and general vigor. Vertical transmission of microsporidia is frequently reported.In the case of insect hosts, vertical transmission often occurs as transovarial transmission, where the microsporidian parasites pass from the ovaries of the female host into eggs and eventually multiply in the infected larvae. Amblyospora salinaria n. sp. which infects the mosquito Culex salinarius Coquillett, and Amblyospora californica which infects the mosquito Culex tarsalis Coquillett, provide typical examples of transovarial transmission of microsporidia.JOURNAL, Andreadis TG, Hall DW, Development, ultrastructure, and mode of transmission of Amblyospora sp. (Microspora) in the mosquito, The Journal of Protozoology, 26, 3, 444â52, August 1979, 536933, 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1979.tb04651.x, JOURNAL, Andreadis TG, Hall DW, Significance of transovarial infections of Amblyospora sp. (Microspora:Thelohaniidae) in relation to parasite maintenance in the mosquito Culex salinarius, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 34, 2, 152â7, September 1979, 536610, 10.1016/0022-2011(79)90095-8, JOURNAL, Jahn GC, Hall DW, Zam SG, 1986, A comparison of the life cycles of two Amblyospora (Microspora: Amblyosporidae) in the mosquitoes Culex salinarius and Culex tarsalis Coquillett, Journal of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association, 57, 1, 24â27, JOURNAL, Becnel JJ, Andreadis TG, Amblyospora salinaria n. sp. (Microsporidia: amblyosporidae), parasite of Culex salinarius (Diptera: culicidae): its life cycle stages in an intermediate host, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 71, 3, 258â62, May 1998, 9538031, 10.1006/jipa.1998.4729,weblink Microsporidia, specifically the mosquito-infecting Vavraia culicis, are being explored as a possible 'evolution-proof' malaria-control method.BOOK, Jacob C., Koella, Lena, Lorenz, Irka, Bargielowski, 2009, Chapter 12 Microsporidians as Evolution-Proof Agents of Malaria Control?, 68, 315â327, 19289199, 10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00612-X, Advances in Parasitology, 978-0-12-374787-7, Microsporidian infection of Anopheles gambiae (the principal vector of Plasmodium falciparum malaria) reduces malarial infection within the mosquito, and shortens the mosquito lifespan.JOURNAL, Bargielowski I, Koella JC, A Possible Mechanism for the Suppression of Plasmodium berghei Development in the Mosquito Anopheles gambiae by the Microsporidian Vavraia culicis, PLOS ONE, 4, 3, e4676, 2009, 19277119, 2651578, 10.1371/journal.pone.0004676, Baylis, Matthew, 2009PLoSO...4.4676B, free, As the majority of malaria-infected mosquitoes naturally die before the malaria parasite is mature enough to transmit, any increase in mosquito mortality through microsporidian-infection may reduce malaria transmission to humans. In May 2020, researchers reported that Microsporidia MB, a symbiont in the midgut and ovaries of An. arabiensis, significantly impaired transmission of P. falciparum, had "no overt effect" on the fitness of host mosquitoes, and was transmitted vertically (through inheritance).JOURNAL, etal, Herren, JK, Mbaisi, L, Mararo, E, A microsporidian impairs Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes, Nature Communications, 11, 2187, 2020, 2187, 10.1038/s41467-020-16121-y, 32366903, 7198529, 2020NatCo..11.2187H, free,Clinical
{{expand section|date=November 2013}}Microsporidian infections of humans sometimes cause a disease called microsporidiosis. At least 14 microsporidian species, spread across eight genera, have been recognized as human pathogens. These include Trachipleistophora hominis.JOURNAL, Heinz, E, Williams, TA, Nakjang, S, Noël, CJ, Swan, DC, Goldberg, AV, Harris, SR, Weinmaier, T, Markert, S, Oct 2012, The genome of the obligate intracellular parasite Trachipleistophora hominis: New insights into microsporidian genome dynamics and reductive evolution, PLOS Pathog, 8, 10, e1002979, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002979, 23133373, 3486916, 3, Bernhardt, Jörg, Dagan, Tal, Hacker, Christian, Lucocq, John M., Schweder, Thomas, Rattei, Thomas, Hall, Neil, Hirt, Robert P., Embley, T. Martin, free,As hyperparasites
File:Parasite140019-fig4 Nosema podocotyloidis - Hyperparasitic Microsporidia.tif|thumb|A hyperparasitic microsporidian, Nosema podocotyloidis, a parasite of a digeneadigeneaMicrosporidia can infect a variety of hosts, including hosts which are themselves parasites. In that case, the microsporidian species is a hyperparasite, i.e. a parasite of a parasite. As an example, more than eighteen species are known which parasitize digeneans (parasitic flatworms). These digeneans are themselves parasites in various vertebrates and molluscs. Eight of these species belong to the genus Nosema.JOURNAL, Toguebaye, B. S., Quilichini, Y., Diagne, P. M., Marchand, B., 2014, Ultrastructure and development of Nosema podocotyloidis n. sp. (Microsporidia), a hyperparasite of Podocotyloides magnatestis (Trematoda), a parasite of Parapristipoma octolineatum (Teleostei), Parasite, 21, 44, 10.1051/parasite/2014044, 25174849, 4150386, {{open access}} Similarly, the microsporidian species Toguebayea baccigeri is a parasite of a digenean, the faustulid Bacciger israelensis, itself an intestinal parasite of a marine fish, the bogue Boops boops (Teleostei, Sparidae).JOURNAL, Miquel, Jordi, Kacem, Hichem, Baz-González, Edgar, Foronda, Pilar, Marchand, Bernard, Ultrastructural and molecular study of the microsporidian Toguebayea baccigeri n. gen., n. sp., a hyperparasite of the digenean trematode Bacciger israelensis (Faustulidae), a parasite of Boops boops (Teleostei, Sparidae), Parasite, EDP Sciences, 29, 2022, 1776-1042, 10.1051/parasite/2022007, 2, 35103588, 8805611, 246443154, {{open access}}Genomes
Microsporidia have the smallest known (nuclear) eukaryotic genomes. The parasitic lifestyle of microsporidia has led to a loss of many mitochondrial and Golgi genes, and even their ribosomal RNAs are reduced in size compared with those of most eukaryotes. As a consequence, the genomes of microsporidia are much smaller than those of other eukaryotes. Currently known microsporidial genomes are 2.5 to 11.6 Mb in size, encoding from 1,848 to 3,266 proteins which is in the same range as many bacteria."MEMBERWIDE">DNA repair
The Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 protein complex (also known as the 9-1-1 complex) in eukaryotes is recruited to sites of DNA damage where it is considered to help trigger the checkpoint-signaling cascade. Genes that code for heterotrimeric 9-1-1 are present in microsporidia.JOURNAL, Mascarenhas Dos Santos AC, Julian AT, Pombert JF, The Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 DNA Repair Clamp is Found in Microsporidia, Genome Biology and Evolution, 2022-04-10, 14, 4, evac053, 10.1093/gbe/evac053, 35439302, 9053307, In addition to the 9-1-1 complex, other components of the DNA repair machinery are also present indicting that repair of DNA damage likely occurs in microsporidia.Phylogeny
Phylogeny of RozellomycotaJOURNAL, 6, Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, Al-Ani LK, Tedersoo L, Haelewaters D, Rajeshkumar KC, Zhao RL, Aptroot A, Leontyev DV, Saxena RK, Tokarev YS, Dai DQ, Letcher PM, Stephenson SL, Ertz D, Lumbsch HT, Kukwa M, Issi IV, Madrid H, Phillips AJ, Selbmann L, Pfliegler WP, Horváth E, Bensch K, Kirk PM, KolaÅÃková K, Raja HA, Radek R, Papp V, Dima B, Ma J, Malosso E, Takamatsu S, Rambold G, Gannibal PB, Triebel D, Gautam AK, Avasthi S, Suetrong S, Timdal E, Fryar SC, Delgado G, Réblová M, Doilom M, Dolatabadi S, PawÅowska J, Humber RA, Kodsueb R, Sánchez-Castro I, Goto BT, Silva DK, de Souza FA, Oehl F, da Silva GA, Silva IR, BÅaszkowski J, Jobim K, Maia LC, Barbosa FR, Fiuza PO, Divakar PK, Shenoy BD, Castañeda-Ruiz RF, Somrithipol S, Lateef AA, Karunarathna SC, Tibpromma S, Mortimer PE, Wanasinghe DN, Phookamsak R, Xu J, Wang Y, Tian F, Alvarado P, Li DW, KuÅ¡an I, MatoÄec N, Maharachchikumbura SS, Papizadeh M, Heredia G, Wartchow F, Bakhshi M, Boehm E, Youssef N, Hustad VP, Lawrey JD, Santiago AL, Bezerra JD, Souza-Motta CM, Firmino AL, Tian Q, Houbraken J, Hongsanan S, Tanaka K, Dissanayake AJ, Monteiro JS, Grossart HP, Suija A, Weerakoon G, Etayo J, Tsurykau A, Vázquez V, Mungai P, Damm U, Li QR, Zhang H, Boonmee S, Lu YZ, Becerra AG, Kendrick B, Brearley FQ, MotiejÅ«naitÄ J, Sharma B, Khare R, Gaikwad S, Wijesundara DS, Tang LZ, He MQ, Flakus A, Rodriguez-Flakus P, Zhurbenko MP, McKenzie EH, Stadler M, Bhat DJ, Liu JK, Raza M, Jeewon R, Nassonova ES, Prieto M, Jayalal RG, ErdoÄdu M, Yurkov A, Schnittler M, Shchepin ON, Novozhilov YK, Silva-Filho AG, Liu P, Cavender JC, Kang Y, Mohammad S, Zhang LF, Xu RF, Li YM, Dayarathne MC, Ekanayaka AH, Wen TC, Deng CY, Pereira OL, Navathe S, Hawksworth DL, Fan XL, Dissanayake LS, Kuhnert E, Grossart HP, Thines M, Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa, Mycosphere, 2020, 11, 1, 1060â1456,weblink 2077-7019, 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8, free, JOURNAL, Bojko, Jamie, Reinke, Aaron W., Stentiford, Grant D., Williams, Bryony, Rogers, Martin S.J., Bass, David, Microsporidia: a new taxonomic, evolutionary, and ecological synthesis, Trends in Parasitology, 2022, 38, 8, 642â659, 10.1016/j.pt.2022.05.007, free, {hide}clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:350px|label1=Rozellomyceta|1={{clade
|label1=Rozellomycota
|1={{clade
|label1=Rozellomycetes
|1=Rozellales
{edih}
|label2=Microsporidiomycota
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Morellosporales
|1={{clade
|1=Mitosporidiaceae
|2=Morellosporaceae
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Paramicrosporidiales
|1=Paramicrosporidiaceae
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Nucleophagales
|1=Nucleophagaceae
|label2=Microsporidia
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Chytridiopsidea
|1=Chytridiopsida
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Metchnikovellea
|1=Metchnikovellida
|label2=Microsporidea
|2={{clade
|1=Neopereziida
|2={{clade
|1=Ovavesiculida
|2={{clade
|1=Amblyosporida
|2={{clade
|1=Glugeida
|2=Nosematida
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}|1={{clade
|label1=Rozellomycetes
|1=Rozellales
{edih}
|label2=Microsporidiomycota
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Morellosporales
|1={{clade
|1=Mitosporidiaceae
|2=Morellosporaceae
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Paramicrosporidiales
|1=Paramicrosporidiaceae
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Nucleophagales
|1=Nucleophagaceae
|label2=Microsporidia
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Chytridiopsidea
|1=Chytridiopsida
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Metchnikovellea
|1=Metchnikovellida
|label2=Microsporidea
|2={{clade
|1=Neopereziida
|2={{clade
|1=Ovavesiculida
|2={{clade
|1=Amblyosporida
|2={{clade
|1=Glugeida
|2=Nosematida
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
Classification
{{Further|Wikispecies:Microsporidia}}The first described microsporidian genus, Nosema, was initially put by Nägeli in the fungal group Schizomycetes together with some bacteria and yeasts.JOURNAL, Nägeli, C. von, 1857, Ãber die neue Krankheit der Seidenraupe und verwandte Organismen. pp. 760â61. In: Caspary, R. (ed.). Bericht über die Verhandlungen der 33. Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte, gehalten in Bonn von 18 bis 24 September 1857,weblink Botanische Zeitung, 15, 749â776, JOURNAL, Keeling, P. J., Fast, N. M., 2002, Microsporidia: biology and evolution of highly reduced intracellular parasites,weblink Annual Review of Microbiology, 56, 1, 93â116, 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160854, 12142484, For some time microsporidia were considered as very primitive eukaryotes, placed in the protozoan group Cnidospora. Later, especially because of the lack of mitochondria, they were placed along with the other Protozoa such as diplomonads, parabasalids and archamoebae in the protozoan-group Archezoa.JOURNAL, Cavalier-Smith, T, 1993, Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla, Microbiological Reviews, 57, 4, 953â994, 10.1128/MR.57.4.953-994.1993, 8302218, 372943, More recent research has falsified this theory of early origin (for all of these). Instead, microsporidia are proposed to be highly developed and specialized organisms, which just dispensed functions that are needed no longer, because they are supplied by the host.JOURNAL, Keeling PJ, Slamovits CH, Simplicity and Complexity of Microsporidian Genomes, Eukaryotic Cell, 3, 6, 1363â9, December 2004, 15590811, 539024, 10.1128/EC.3.6.1363-1369.2004, Furthermore, spore-forming organisms in general do have a complex system of reproduction, both sexual and asexual, which look far from primitive.Since the mid-2000s microsporidia are placed within the Fungi or as a sister-group of the Fungi with a common ancestor.JOURNAL, Fischer WM, Palmer JD, Evidence from small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences for a fungal origin of Microsporidia, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36, 3, 606â22, September 2005, 15923129, 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.031, JOURNAL, Liu YJ, Hodson MC, Hall BD, Loss of the flagellum happened only once in the fungal lineage: phylogenetic structure of Kingdom Fungi inferred from RNA polymerase II subunit genes, BMC Evolutionary Biology, 6, 74, 2006, 17010206, 1599754, 10.1186/1471-2148-6-74, free, JOURNAL, Gill EE, Fast NM, Assessing the microsporidia-fungi relationship: Combined phylogenetic analysis of eight genes, Gene, 375, 103â9, June 2006, 16626896, 10.1016/j.gene.2006.02.023, JOURNAL, Lee SC, Corradi N, Byrnes EJ, etal, Microsporidia evolved from ancestral sexual fungi, Current Biology, 18, 21, 1675â9, November 2008, 18976912, 10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.030, 2654606, Work to identify clades is largely based on habitat and host. Three classes of Microsporidia are proposed by Vossbrinck and Debrunner-Vossbrinck, based on the habitat: Aquasporidia, Marinosporidia and Terresporidia.JOURNAL, Vossbrinck CR, Debrunner-Vossbrinck BA, Molecular phylogeny of the Microsporidia: ecological, ultrastructural and taxonomic considerations, Folia Parasitologica, 52, 1â2, 131â42; discussion 130, May 2005, 16004372, 10.14411/fp.2005.017, free, A second classification by Cavalier-Smith 1993:JOURNAL, Cavalier-Smith, Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla, Microbiological Reviews, 1993, 57, 4, 953â94, 10.1128/MR.57.4.953-994.1993, 8302218, 372943,- Subphyla Rudimicrospora Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Class Minisporea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order Minisporida Sprague, 1972
- Class Metchnikovellea Weiser, 1977
- Order Metchnikovellida Vivier, 1975
- Class Minisporea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subphyla Polaroplasta Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Class Pleistophoridea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order Pleistophorida Stempell 1906
- Class Disporea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subclass Unikaryotia Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subclass Diplokaryotia Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Class Pleistophoridea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Class Metchnikovellea
- Order Metchnikovellida
- Family Amphiacanthidae
- Family Metchnikovellidae
- Order Metchnikovellida
- Class Microsporea
- Family Cougourdellidae
- Family Facilisporidae
- Family Heterovesiculidae
- Family Myosporidae
- Family Nadelsporidae
- Family Neonosemoidiidae
- Family Ordosporidae
- Family Pseudonosematidae
- Family Telomyxidae
- Family Toxoglugeidae
- Family Tubulinosematidae
- Subclass Haplophasea
- Order Chytridiopsida
- Order Glugeida
- Subclass Dihaplophasea
- Order Meiodihaplophasida
- Order Dissociodihaplophasida
- Order Paramicrosporidiales Corsaro 2022
- Family Paramicrosporidiaceae Corsaro 2022
- Order Morellosporales Corsaro 2022
- Family Mitosporidiaceae Corsaro 2022
- Family Morellosporaceae Corsaro 2022
- Order Nucleophagales Corsaro 2022
- Family Nucleophagaceae Corsaro 2022
- Class Chytridiopsidea Issi 1980
- Order Hesseida Weiser 1977
- Family Hesseidae Ormières & Sprague 1973
- Order Chytridiopsida Weiser 1974
- Family Buxtehudeidae Larsson 1980
- Family Chytridiopsidae Sprague, Ormières & Manier 1972
- Order Hesseida Weiser 1977
- Class Metchnikovellea Weiser 1977 em. Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Manubrispora Cavalier-Smith 1998]
- Order Metchnikovellida Vivier 1977
- Family Amphiacanthidae Larsson 2000
- Family Metchnikovellidae Caullery & Mesnil 1897
- Order Metchnikovellida Vivier 1977
- Class Microsporidea Delphy 1936 ex Levine & Corliss 1963
- Family Abelsporidae Azevedo 1987
- Family Areosporidae Stentiford et al. 2014
- Family Burenellidae Jouvenaz & Hazard 1978
- Family Burkeidae Sprague 1977
- Family Cougourdellidae Poisson 1953
- Family Cylindrosporidae Issi & Voronin 1986
- Family Duboscqiidae Sprague 1977
- Family Golbergiidae Issi 1986
- Family Microfilidae Sprague, Becnel & Hazard 1992
- Family Neonosemoidiidae Faye, Toguebaye & Bouix 1996
- Family Pleistosporidiidae Codreanu-Balcesci & Codreanu 1982
- Family Pseudopleistophoridae Sprague 1977
- Family Striatosporidae Issi & Voronin 1986
- Family Telomyxidae Leger & Hesse 1910
- Family Toxoglugeidae Voronin 1993
- Family Tuzetiidae Sprague, Tuzet & Maurand 1977
- Order Amblyosporida Tokarev & Issi 2020
- Family Amblyosporidae Weiser 1977 [Culicosporidae; Culicosporellidae]
- Family Caudosporidae Weiser 1958 [Flabelliformidae]
- Family Gurleyidae Sprague 1977
- Order Neopereziida Tokarev & Issi 2020
- Family Janacekiidae Issi et al. 1990
- Family Berwaldiidae Simakova, Tokarev & Issi 2018a [Fibrillasporidae]
- Family Neopereziidae Voronin 1999 [Pseudonosematidae]
- Family Tubulinosematidae Franzen et al. 2005
- Order Ovavesiculida Tokarev & Issi 2020
- Family Ovavesiculidae Sprague, Becnel & Hazard 1992
- Order Glugeida Issi 1986
- Family Facilisporidae Jones, Prosperi-Porta & Kim 2012
- Family Glugeidae Thélohan 1892 [Ichthyosporidiidae]
- Family Myosporidae Stentiford et al. 2010
- Family Pereziidae Loubes et al. 1977 [Nadelsporidae]
- Family Pleistophoridae Doflein 1901
- Family Spragueidae Weissenberg 1976 [Tetramicridae]
- Family Thelohaniidae Hazard & Oldacre 1975 [Coccosporidae]
- Family Unikaryonidae Sprague 1977
- Order Nosematida Labbé 1899
- Family Encephalitozoonidae Voronin 1989
- Family Enterocytozoonidae Cali & Owen 1990
- Family Heterovesiculidae Lange et al. 1995
- Family Mrazekiidae Léger & Hesse 1922 [Rectisporidae]
- Family Nosematidae Labbe 1899
- Family Ordosporidae Larsson, Ebert & Vávra 1997
See also
- List of Microsporidian genera
- Glugea, a genus of microsporidia
- Nosema apis, a microsporidian parasite of bees
References
External links
{{Commons category|Microsporidia}}- {{Wikispecies-inline|Microsporidia}}
- BioHealthBase Bioinformatics Resource Center Database of microspordia sequences and related information.
- {{MeshName|Microsporidia}}
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "microsporidia" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 12:58am EDT - Sun, May 05 2024
- "microsporidia" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 12:58am EDT - Sun, May 05 2024
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
GETWIKI 23 MAY 2022
The Illusion of Choice
Culture
Culture
GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019
Eastern Philosophy
History of Philosophy
History of Philosophy
GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016
GetMeta:About
GetWiki
GetWiki
GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015
M.R.M. Parrott
Biographies
Biographies
GETWIKI 20 AUG 2014
GetMeta:News
GetWiki
GetWiki
© 2024 M.R.M. PARROTT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED