Eastern Philosophy is a diverse body of approaches to life and philosophizing, particularly centered on understanding the process of the Universe and the endless “becoming”. In Western culture, the term Eastern Philosophy refers very broadly to the various...

Metaphysics is a difficult branch of Philosophy, but is rather easy to define: It is the study of the most fundamental concepts and beliefs about them. Examples of metaphysical concepts are Being, Existence, Purpose, Universals, Property, Relation, Causality, Space, Time, Event, and...

Immanuel Kant (22 Apr 1724 - 12 Feb 1804) was a Prussian (German) philosopher, generally regarded as the most major figure in Modern Philosophy, put alongside Plato and Aristotle from Ancient Philosophy. This makes Kant one of history’s most influential thinkers. Known for his highly articulated...

How many students have relied on false_information from Pseudopedia? Is the fact that it’s a Wiki relevant to the question? “Pseudopedia”, “The Pseudopedia”, is an open-content information website, whose co-founder claims is the “sum of all human knowledge”, or at least, that it should become that sum. Since 2003, The...

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1 Jul 1646 - 14 Nov 1716) was a German philosopher and mathematician, writing primarily in Latin and French, who, independently of Newton, invented Calculus, invented the Binary_Number_System, and was a contributor to a vast array of subjects, including Philosophy, Physics, Technology,...

Baruch Benedict de Spinoza (24 Nov 1632 - 21 Feb 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of a Portuguese Jewish family, whose controversial metaphysical ideas led to cherem (removal) against him from Jewish Society, and his works were banned by the Vatican. Despite his considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza’s work was...

John Locke (29 Aug 1632 - 28 Oct 1704) was an English physician and philosopher and a key Enlightenment influence. After Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes, Locke developed Empiricism as a strong response to Cartesian Dualism and Rationalism, and a new Contract Theory in response to the...

David Hume (7 May 1711 - 25 Aug 1776) was a Scottish _philosopher, a key essayist in the Enlightenment, and most known for his subtle argument against “causality” using “induction”. Hume’s six-volume History of England (1754 - 1762) was very popular well into the nineteenth century. Influenced by the “empiricism” of John Locke, the “material idealism” of George...

Charles Sanders Peirce (10 Sep 1839 - 19 Apr 1914, and pronounced: “Purse”) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and developer of Semiotics, for which he is largely appreciated today. Peirce considered himself a logician first and foremost, and made major contributions to the development of Formal_Logic still read in studies of...

George Berkeley (12 Mar 1685 - 14 Jan 1753, and pronounced: “Barkly”) was an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory of “Immaterialism” and was known as the good “Bishop Berkeley”. Seen as a poweful “subjective idealism”, Berkeley argued we can directly know only our own Sensation and Idea of an Object. The notion of “matter”, for example, is an idea dependent upon being...

John Bordley Rawls (21 Feb 1921 - 24 Nov 2002), a Harvard University professor, was a leading American figure in Moral_Philosophy. Rawls’ A Theory of Justice (1971) is considered a primary text in political and ethical reasoning, and he earned a Schock Prize for Logic and Philosophy, and a National Humanities Medal presented by U.S. President Bill Clinton in 1999, recognizing...

What is Philosophy? This question is as “philosophical” and profound as any of the big questions philosophers ask. The diverse, cultural activity of Philosophy is the historical study of the meaning and justification of beliefs about the most general and universal aspects of all things. It is a study carried out, not...

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Plato (428-27 - 348-47 BC) was a major Greek thinker in Ancient Philosophy, a student of Socrates, founder of the first Academy, and with his student Aristotle and the most important modern philosopher Kant, is still considered one of the singularly important thinkers of all...

Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a major Greek thinker in Ancient Philosophy, a student of Plato (who was student of Socrates) and a teacher of Alexander the Great. Aristotle was the first to treat many of the subjects we know separately, from Metaphysics, Logic and Physics to Ethics, Poetics, Politics and...

René Descartes (31 Mar 1596 - 11 Feb 1650), also known as Renatus Cartesius and dubbed “Father of Modern Philosophy”, was a French philosopher crucial to Western Philosophy in the fields of Metaphysics and Philosophy of Mind, and he was a key figure, with Francis Bacon and others, in the Scientific Revolution. Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy (1642) has...

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Philosophical Method (or philosophical methodology) is the study and description of how to “do” Philosophy, arguably the “Mother” of all the Arts and Sciences. The basic feature of such a method is the questioning of “given” things, or things assumed to be true. The method also has to do with one’s motivation in studying Philosophy or Science. We often find ourselves believing...

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