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{{short description|Decoration of a wreath or garland hanging from two points}}{{other uses}}{{more footnotes|date=February 2014}}File:Détail du Panthéon en mars 2014 5.jpg|thumb|250px| Festoon of the Panthéon, Paris, by Jacques-Germain Soufflot and Jones|2014|p=276}}A festoon (from French feston, Italian festone, from a Late Latin festo, originally a festal garland, Latin festum, feast) is a wreath or garland hanging from two points, and in architecture typically a carved ornament depicting conventional arrangement of flowers, foliage or fruit bound together and suspended by ribbons.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The motif is sometimes known as a swag when depicting fabric or linen.BOOK, Fleming, John, Honour, Hugh, Pevsner, Nikolaus, Dictionary of Architecture, 3, 1986, 1966, Penguin Books Ltd, 0-14-051013-3, 114,weblink Sturgis, pp. 22-23In modern English the verb forms, especially "festooned with", are often used very loosely or figuratively to mean having any type of fancy decoration or covering.

Origins and design

Its origin is probably due to the representation in stone of the garlands of natural flowers, etc., which were hung up over an entrance doorway on fête days, or suspended around an altar.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}The design was largely employed both by the Ancient Greeks and Romans and formed the principal decoration of altars, friezes and panels. The ends of the ribbons are sometimes formed into bows or twisted curves; when in addition a group of foliage or flowers is suspended, it is called a drop or margent.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}The motif was later used in Neoclassical architecture and decorative arts, especially ceramics and the work of silversmiths. Variations on the exact design are plentiful; for example, the ribbons can be suspended either from a decorated knot, or held in the mouths of lions, or suspended across the tops of bucrania as in the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli.

Gallery

Detail of the Hellenistic mosaic floor panel of an Alexandrine parakeet from Pergamon, 2nd century BC, Pergamon Museum (8407011235).jpg|Detail of an Ancient Greek mosaic floor, Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany, unknown architect, 2nd century BCWall painting from the west wall of Room L of the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale MET DP141474.jpg|Roman trompe-l'œil wall painting from a villa, with festoons and bucrania, {{circa}}50-40 BC, fresco, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New YorkRoma, sarcofago con ghirlande, collez. borghese, 125-130 ca. 01.JPG|Highly decorated Roman sarcophagus with festoons, {{circa}}125-130 AD, marble, LouvreFile:Herculaneum 97 (14896258706).jpg|Roman festoon, {{circa}}70 BC, mosaic, Casa di Nettuno e Anfitrite, Herculaneum Archaeological Park, Ercolano, ItalyBOOK, Virginia, L. Campbell, Ancient Room - Pocket Museum, 2017, Thames & Hudson, 978-0-500-51959-2, 199, en, File:Trois urnes cinéraires du IIe siècle.jpg|Festoons on Roman cremation urns, 2nd century AD, marble, Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne, Marseille, FranceFile:Impératrice Ariane.JPG|Byzantine festoon at the top of a relief of Empress Ariadne, {{circa}}500, ivory, National Bargello Museum, Florence, ItalyBOOK, Eastmond, Anthony, The Glory of Byzantium and early Christendom, 2013, Phaidon, 978-0-7148-4810-5, 66, en, file:Van-Kessel-Festons-masques-Fondation-Custodia.jpg|Festoon, masks and rosettes made of shells, by Jan van Kessel the Elder, 17th century, color on copper, Fondation Custodia, ParisFile:Jan Brueghel de Oude ^ Hendrik van Balen - Krans van vruchten rond een voorstelling met Cybele die geschenken ontvangt van personificaties van de vier jaargetijden - 233 - Mauritshuis.jpg|Garland of Flowers around an Allegory of Farming, by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Hendrick van Balen the Elder, 1615, oil on panel, Mauritshuis, The Hague, the NetherlandsMusée Carnavalet in Paris DSC06601 (51600026401).jpg|Baroque festoons on the boiserie of a room from the Hôtel Colbert de Villacerf, now in the Musée Carnavalet, Paris, unknown architect, sculptor and painter, {{circa}}1650WEB,weblink carnavalet.paris.fr, LAMBRIS DU CABINET DE L'HÔTEL COLBERT DE VILLACERF, 31 August 2023, Château de Versailles, galerie des glaces 02.jpg|Baroque festoon with a mascaron in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678-1684BOOK, Martin, Henry, Le Style Louis XIV, 1927, Flammarion, 31, fr, Pair of swags MET DP281041.jpg|Rococo or Louis XVI style festoon ornament, 18th century, gilt bronze, Metropolitan Museum of ArtCupid Seated on a Garland MET DP278833 (cropped).jpg|Louis XVI style Cupid seated on a festoon made of flowers, {{circa}}1770-1790, oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of ArtFile:Table de Teschen (Louvre, OA 12547) top.jpg|Louis XVI style festoons on the Table de Teschen, by Johann Christian Neuber, 1775-1800, gilt bronze, semiprecious stones, porcelain, and wood, LouvreWEB,weblink collections.louvre.fr, Table de Breteuil, 1774, 18 November 2023, File:Vase (vase grec Duplessis rectifié), design attributed to Jean Claude Duplessis, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.jpg|Louis XVI style vase decorated with festoons, design attributed to Jean-Claude Chambellan Duplessis, by the Sèvres porcelain factory, 1780, painted and gilded hard-paste porcelain, gilt bronze, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, the NetherlandsFile:State Bed detail by Thomas Chippendale, 1773, carved and gilt wood, silk damask, State Bedroom - Harewood House - West Yorkshire, England - DSC01823.jpg|Neoclassical festoons on a bed, by Thomas Chippendale, 1773, carved and gilt wood, Harewood House, Harewood, West Yorkshire, EnglandFile:Woven at the Gobelins tapestry manufactory, Paris, 1699 - present - Tapestry showing Don Quixote Guided by Folly, Setting Forth to be a Knight-Errant - Google Art Project.jpg|Louis XVI flower festoons on a tapestry showing Don Quixote guided by folly, by the Gobelins Manufactory, 1780-1783, wool and silk, woven on a low-warp loom, Philadelphia Museum of Art, USINVERARAY CASTLE CEILING DETAIL.JPG|Louis XVI style festoons on a ceiling in the State Dining Room, Inveraray Castle, Scotland, the UK, by Girard and Guinand, 1784WEB,weblink Ground Floor, inveraray-castle.com, 23 April 2023, Pair of Spindle Vases - OA 11090 - Louvre (05).jpg|Neoclassical festoon on a vase, by the Sèvres Porcelain Factory, 1814, hard-paste porcelain with platinum background and gilt bronze mounts, LouvreWEB,weblink PAIRE DE VASES « FUSEAU », amisdulouvre.fr, 10 May 2023, File:Père-Lachaise - Division 23 - Suchet 04.jpg|Neoclassical festoon in the Grave of Louis Gabriel Suchet, Père-Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, designed by Louis Visconti, sculpted by Pierre-Jean David and Jean-Baptiste-Louis Plantar, 1826Ceilings of Room 644 of the Louvre Palace (27711621434).jpg|Neoclassical festoons with Egyptian Revival elements around them, on the ceiling of room 644 of the Louvre Palace, unknown painter, {{circa}}1840File:Ceiling of the room 643 of the Louvre (28327916715).jpg|Neoclassical festoon on the ceiling of room 643 of the Louvre Palace, unknown painter, {{circa}}1840File:Ceiling of the room 642 of the Louvre (28224476972).jpg|Neoclassical festoon on the ceiling of room 642 of the Louvre Palace, unknown painter, {{circa}}1840Lyon 2e - Palais de la Bourse - Salle de la Corbeille - Plafond - Armoiries de Lyon (L).jpeg|Neoclassical festoons on a ceiling of the Palais de la Bourse, Lyon, France, designed by Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle and sculpted by Guillaume Bonnet, 1855-1862File:Détail façade principale Palais Garnier Paris 6.jpg|Neoclassical festoon on the facade of the Palais Garnier, Paris, designed by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875{{sfn|Jones|2014|p=296}}File:Lyon 5e - Cimetière de Loyasse - Allée 12 - Tombe de la famille Pillet - Buste en bas-relief du docteur Antoine Pillet et guirlande.jpg|Neoclassical festoon on the Grave of the Pillet family, Loyasse Cemetery, Lyon, designed by Jean-Prosper Bissuel and sculpted by Pierre-Toussaint Bonnaire, probably 1869File:13 Strada Arthur Verona, Bucharest (02).jpg|Neoclassical relief with putti and festoons on the Dimitrie Sturdza House (Strada Arthur Verona no. 13-15), Bucharest, Romania, 1883, unknown architectWEB,weblink pop.culture.gouv.fr, Palais du Commerce, 18 September 2023, File:Van Dyck peignant son premier tableau, ODUT1866.jpg|Festoon on a vase of Anthony van Dyck painting his first painting, by Dalou Aimé-Jules and the Sèvres Porcelain Factory, {{circa}}1888, sandstone, Petit PalaisFile:Vestiges Expo 1889, square Paul-Langevin, Paris 5e 1.jpg|Beaux Arts festoons on an architectural element of the Palais des Beaux-Arts, part of the 1889 Paris Exposition, now in the Square Paul-Langevin, Paris, by Jules-Paul Loebnitz, 1889Jean Leclaire's statue, 2009-07-31 001.jpg|Beaux Arts oak leaf festoons on the Jean Leclaire Monument, Square des Épinettes, Paris, by Jean Camille Formigé, 1896File:Pont Alexandre III Paris 05.jpg|Beaux Arts festoons of the Pont Alexandre III, Paris, designed by Joseph Cassien-Bernard and Gaston Cousin, 1896-1900File:50A Calea Dorobanților, Bucharest (08).jpg|Stylized Art Nouveau festoon on a ceiling of Calea Dorobanților no. 50A, Bucharest, unknown architect, {{circa}}1900 File:P1080322Oïkos 01.jpg|Greek Revival festoons in the Villa Kerylos, Beaulieu-sur-Mer, France, designed by Emmanuel Pontremoli, 1902-190823 Rue de la Paix, Paris (04).jpg|Beaux Arts mascaron with festoons on Rue de la Paix no. 23, Paris, unknown architect, 1908File:47BIS Avenue Kléber, Paris (01).jpg|Beaux Arts festoons above the door of Avenue Kléber no. 47bis, Paris, unknown architect, 1908WEB,weblink bercail.com, 47 bis avenue Kléber, 18 September 2023, File:14 Strada Vasile Conta, Bucharest (01).jpg|Beaux Arts gate with festoons of Strada Vasile Conta no. 14, Bucharest, unknown architect, {{circa}}191015 Strada Arthur Verona, Bucharest (29).jpg|Neo-Louis XVI style festoons with a medallion above a door in Strada Arthur Verona no. 15, Bucharest, unknown architect, {{circa}}191018 Calea Dorobanților, Bucharest (17).jpg|Beaux Arts swags of a cartouche on the Nicolae T. Filitti/Nae Filitis House (Calea Dorobanților no. 18), by Ernest Doneaud, {{circa}}1910BOOK, Marinache, Oana, Ernest Donaud - visul liniei, 2015, Editura Istoria Artei, 978-606-94042-8-7, 79, ro, File:Casa Comalat interior 16.jpg|Art Nouveau festoons on the walls and columns of a room in the Casa Comalat, Barcelona, Spain, by Salvador Valeri i Pupurull, 1911BOOK, Cuito, Aurora, Montes, Cristina, Antoni Gaudí – Complete Works, 2009, Evergreeb, 978-3-8365-1165-0, 781, en, de, File:4 Strada Bocșa, Bucharest (10).jpg|Rococo Revival festoon on a stained-glass window in the orangery of the Ecaterina Procopie House (Strada Bocșa no. 4), Bucharest, unknown architect or painter, {{circa}}1912WEB,weblink Economica.net, Vila matematicianului Isac Moscuna şi casa Ecaterinei Procopie Dumitrescu, scoase la licitaţie, 15 June 2019, 18 September 2023, File:Paul Iribe, cassettiera, parigi 1919 ca.jpg|Art Deco festoons on a commode, by Paul Iribarne Garay, {{circa}}1912, mahogany and tulip wood frame, slate top, green-tinted shagreen upholstery, ebony knobs, base and garlands, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris44 Calea Călărașilor, Bucharest (12).jpg|Art Deco festoons in the pediment of the Mihai Zisman House (Calea Călărașilor no. 44), Bucharest, by architect Soru, 1920File:Tombe de la famille Vetter (Lyon Croix-Rousse).jpg|Highly stylized Art Deco festoons on the Grave of the Vetter Family, Cemetery of Croix-Rousse (new), Rhône, France, designed by Michel Roux-Spitz, and sculpted by Marcel Renard and Raymond Delamarre, {{circa}}1920

See also

• Tinsel
• Ornament
• Classical architecture
• Garland bearers

Notes

{{Reflist}}

References

• BOOK, Hopkins, Owen, Architectural Styles: A Visual Guide, 2014, Laurence King, 978-178067-163-5, en,
• BOOK, Jones, Denna, Architecture The Whole Story, 2014, Thames & Hudson, 978-0-500-29148-1, en,

Attribution:

• {{EB1911|wstitle=Festoon|volume=10|page=294}}

Further reading

• BOOK, Philippa, Lewis, G. Darley, 1986, Dictionary of Ornament, New York, Pantheon, 0-394-50931-5,weblink
• BOOK, Russell, Sturgis, 1901, A Dictionary of Architecture and Building, Volume II, New York, Macmillan,

External links

• {{wiktionary-inline|festoon}}

{{Ornaments}}