GetWiki

, Morrow, H.
, 2010
, Cadmium and Cadmium Alloys
, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
, John Wiley & Sons
, 1–36
, 10.1002/0471238961.0301041303011818.a01.pub3
, 978-0-471-23896-6, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
, ) and nickel–cadmium batteries have been replaced with nickel–metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. One of its few new uses is in cadmium telluride solar panels.

, Holleman, A. F.
, Wiberg, E.
, Wiberg, Nils
, 1985
, Cadmium
, Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 91–100
, Walter de Gruyter
, 1056–1057
, 978-3-11-007511-3|LD50: 225 mg/kg|rat|oral|n/a|LD50: 890 mg/kg|mouse|oral|n/a|LC50: 25 mg/m3|rat|airborne|30 min

corrosion and is used as a protective Plating>plate on other metals. As a bulk metal, cadmium is insoluble in waterCADMIUM 3.2.6 SOLUBILITY >URL=HTTPS://PUBCHEM.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/COMPOUND/CADMIUM#SECTION=SOLUBILITY

ACCESS-DATE=25 NOVEMBER 2021, and is not Flammability

; however, in its powdered form it may burn and release Cadmium oxide>toxic fumes.WEB , Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Cadmium ,weblink , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , 30 May 2011 ,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110606014211weblink">weblink , 6 June 2011 , Chemical properties {{Category see also|Cadmium compounds}}Although cadmium usually has an oxidation state of +2, it also exists in the +1 state. Cadmium and its congeners are not always considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states.BOOK , Cotton, F. A. , 1999 , Survey of Transition-Metal Chemistry , Advanced Inorganic Chemistry , 633, 6th , John Wiley and Sons , 978-0-471-19957-1 , Cadmium burns in air to form brown amorphous cadmium oxide (CdO); the crystalline form of this compound is a dark red which changes color when heated, similar to zinc oxide. Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid dissolve cadmium by forming cadmium chloride (CdCl2), cadmium sulfate (CdSO4), or cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2). The oxidation state +1 can be produced by dissolving cadmium in a mixture of cadmium chloride and aluminium chloride, forming the Cd22+ cation, which is similar to the Hg22+ cation in mercury(I) chloride. Cd + CdCl2 + 2 AlCl3 → Cd2(AlCl4)2 The structures of many cadmium complexes with nucleobases, amino acids, and vitamins have been determined.BOOK, Carballo, Rosa, Castiñeras, Alfonso, Domínguez-Martin, Alicia, García-Santos, Isabel, Niclós-Guttiérrez, Juan, Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality, Solid State Structures of Cadmium Complexes with Relevance for Biological Systems, Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, Roland K. O. Sigel, Metal Ions in Life Sciences, 11, 2013, Springer, 145–189

pmid=23430774, 978-94-007-5178-1, 11093/232, Isotopes (File:Cadmium cutoff.png|thumb|left|The cadmium-113 total cross section clearly showing the cadmium cut-off)Naturally occurring cadmium is composed of eight isotopes. Two of them are radioactive, and three are expected to decay but have not measurably done so under laboratory conditions. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113Cd (beta decay, half-life is {{val|7.7|e=15|u=y}}) and 116Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is {{val|2.9|e=19|u=y}}). The other three are 106Cd, 108Cd (both double electron capture), and 114Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on these half-lives have been determined. At least three isotopes â€“ 110Cd, 111Cd, and 112Cd â€“ are stable. Among the isotopes that do not occur naturally, the most long-lived are 109Cd with a half-life of 462.6 days, and 115Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than 2.5 hours, and the majority have half-lives of less than 5 minutes. Cadmium has 8 known meta states, with the most stable being 113mCd (t1⁄2 = 14.1 years), 115mCd (t1⁄2 = 44.6 days), and 117mCd (t1⁄2 = 3.36 hours).{{NUBASE 2003}}The known isotopes of cadmium range in atomic mass from 94.950 u (95Cd) to 131.946 u (132Cd). For isotopes lighter than 112 u, the primary decay mode is electron capture and the dominant decay product is element 47 (silver). Heavier isotopes decay mostly through beta emission producing element 49 (indium).One isotope of cadmium, 113Cd, absorbs neutrons with high selectivity: With very high probability, neutrons with energy below the cadmium cut-off will be absorbed; those higher than the cut-off will be transmitted. The cadmium cut-off is about 0.5 eV, and neutrons below that level are deemed slow neutrons, distinct from intermediate and fast neutrons.BOOK , Knoll, G. F. , 2000 , Radiation Detection and Measurement , 505 , John Wiley & Sons, Wiley , 978-0-471-07338-3 , Cadmium is created via the s-process in low- to medium-mass stars with masses of 0.6 to 10 solar masses, over thousands of years. In that process, a silver atom captures a neutron and then undergoes beta decay.BOOK , Padmanabhan, T. , 2001 , Stellar Nucleosynthesis ,weblink , Theoretical Astrophysics, Volume II: Stars and Stellar Systems , 230–236 , Cambridge University Press , 978-0-521-56631-5 , History File:Friedrich Stromeyer.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Friedrich StromeyerFriedrich StromeyerCadmium (Latin cadmia, Greek καδμεία meaning "calamine", a cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals that was named after the Greek mythological character Κάδμος, Cadmus, the founder of Thebes) was discovered in contaminated zinc compounds sold in pharmacies in GermanyJOURNAL, Journal des practischen Arzneykunde und Wundarzneykunst (Hufelands Journal),weblink 2 Februar Stück, 110, Wichtige Nachricht für Aerzte und Apoteker – Entdeckung eines Arsenikgehalts in der Zinkblume und des Zinkvitriols in Tartarus vitriolis, Rolof, 1795, in 1817 by Friedrich Stromeyer.JOURNAL , Hermann, C. S. , 1818 , Noch ein schreiben über das neue Metall ,weblink , Annalen der Physik , 59, 5, 113–116 , 1818AnP....59..113H , 10.1002/andp.18180590511 , Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann simultaneously investigated the discoloration in zinc oxide and found an impurity, first suspected to be arsenic, because of the yellow precipitate with hydrogen sulfide. Additionally Stromeyer discovered that one supplier sold zinc carbonate instead of zinc oxide. Stromeyer found the new element as an impurity in zinc carbonate (calamine), and, for 100 years, Germany remained the only important producer of the metal. The metal was named after the Latin word for calamine, because it was found in this zinc ore. Stromeyer noted that some impure samples of calamine changed color when heated but pure calamine did not. He was persistent in studying these results and eventually isolated cadmium metal by roasting and reducing the sulfide. The potential for cadmium yellow as pigment was recognized in the 1840s, but the lack of cadmium limited this application.BOOK , Waterston, W. , Burton, J. H. , 1844 , Cyclopædia of commerce, mercantile law, finance, commercial geography and navigation ,weblink , 122 , H. G. Bohn , BOOK , Rowbotham, T. , Rowbotham, T. L. , 1850 , The Art of Landscape Painting in Water Colours ,weblink , 10 , Windsor and Newton , BOOK , Ayres, R. U. , Ayres, L. , RÃ¥de, I. , 2003 , The Life Cycle of Copper, Its Co-Products and Byproducts ,weblink , 135–141 , Springer (publisher), Springer , 978-1-4020-1552-6 , Even though cadmium and its compounds are toxic in certain forms and concentrations, the British Pharmaceutical Codex from 1907 states that cadmium iodide was used as a medication to treat "enlarged joints, scrofulous glands, and chilblains".BOOK , Dunglison, R. , 1866 , Medical Lexicon: A Dictionary of Medical Science ,weblink , 159 , Henry C. Lea , In 1907, the International Astronomical Union defined the international Ã¥ngström in terms of a red cadmium spectral line (1 wavelength = 6438.46963 Ã…).WEB,weblink International Angstrom, Science Dictionary, 2013-09-14, 2014-09-24,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20181118101806weblink">weblink 18 November 2018, dead, WEB,weblink angstrom or Ã¥ngström, Sizes.com, 2010-10-28, 2014-09-24, This was adopted by the 7th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1927. In 1960, the definitions of both the metre and Ã¥ngström were changed to use krypton.JOURNAL , Burdun, G. D. , 1958 , On the new determination of the meter , Measurement Techniques , 1, 3, 259–264 , 10.1007/BF00974680, 121450003 , After the industrial scale production of cadmium started in the 1930s and 1940s, the major application of cadmium was the coating of iron and steel to prevent corrosion; in 1944, 62% and in 1956, 59% of the cadmium in the United States was used for plating.LANSCHE >FIRST=A. M., 1956, Cadmium, Minerals Yearbook, Volume I: Metals and Minerals (Except Fuels),weblink United States Geological Survey, 21 April 2008, In 1956, 24% of the cadmium in the United States was used for a second application in red, orange and yellow pigments from sulfides and selenides of cadmium.The stabilizing effect of cadmium chemicals like the carboxylates cadmium laurate and cadmium stearate on PVC led to an increased use of those compounds in the 1970s and 1980s. The demand for cadmium in pigments, coatings, stabilizers, and alloys declined as a result of environmental and health regulations in the 1980s and 1990s; in 2006, only 7% of total cadmium consumption was used for plating, and only 10% was used for pigments.At the same time, these decreases in consumption were compensated by a growing demand for cadmium for nickel–cadmium batteries, which accounted for 81% of the cadmium consumption in the United States in 2006.WEB ,weblink , USGS Mineral Information: Cadmium , United States Geological Survey , 8 August 2009 , Occurrence (File:CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|Cadmium metal){{see also|Category:Cadmium minerals}}Cadmium makes up about 0.1 ppm of Earth's crust. It is much rarer than zinc, which makes up about 65 ppm.JOURNAL , Wedepohl, K. H. , 1995 , The composition of the continental crust , Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 59, 7, 1217–1232 , 1995GeCoA..59.1217W , 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2 , No significant deposits of cadmium-containing ores are known. The only cadmium mineral of importance, greenockite (CdS), is nearly always associated with sphalerite (ZnS). This association is caused by geochemical similarity between zinc and cadmium, with no geological process likely to separate them. Thus, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct of mining, smelting, and refining sulfidic ores of zinc, and, to a lesser degree, lead and copper. Small amounts of cadmium, about 10% of consumption, are produced from secondary sources, mainly from dust generated by recycling iron and steel scrap. Production in the United States began in 1907, but wide use began after World War I.WEB , Plachy, J. , 1998 ,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20000816225332weblink">weblink 2000-08-16, live , Annual Average Cadmium Price , 17–19 , U.S. Geological Survey , 16 June 2010 , JOURNAL , Fthenakis, V. M. , 2004 , Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production , Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 8, 4, 303–334 , 10.1016/j.rser.2003.12.001 ,weblink , Metallic cadmium can be found in the Vilyuy River basin in Siberia.JOURNAL , Fleischer, M. , Cabri, L. J. , Chao, G. Y. , Pabst, A. , 1980 , New Mineral Names ,weblinkweblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010weblink">weblink 2022-10-10, live , American Mineralogist , 65, 1065–1070 , Rocks mined for phosphate fertilizers contain varying amounts of cadmium, resulting in a cadmium concentration of as much as 300 mg/kg in the fertilizers and a high cadmium content in agricultural soils.JOURNAL , Grant, C. A. , Sheppard, S. C. , 2008 , Fertilizer impacts on cadmium availability in agricultural soils and crops , Human and Ecological Risk Assessment , 14, 2, 210–228 , 10.1080/10807030801934895, 2008HERA...14..210G , 84548398 , JOURNAL , Jiao, Y. , Grant, C. A. , Bailey, L. D. , 2004 , Effects of phosphorus and zinc fertilizer on cadmium uptake and distribution in flax and durum wheat , Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 84, 8, 777–785 , 10.1002/jsfa.1648, 2004JSFA...84..777J , Coal can contain significant amounts of cadmium, which ends up mostly in coal fly ash.JOURNAL , Bettinelli, M. , Baroni, U. , Pastorelli, N. , 1988 , Determination of arsenic, cadmium, lead, antimony, selenium and thallium in coal fly ash using the stabilised temperature platform furnace and Zeeman-effect background correction , Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry , 3, 7, 1005–1011 , 10.1039/JA9880301005 , Cadmium in soil can be absorbed by crops such as rice and cocoa. In 2002, the Chinese ministry of agriculture measured that 28% of rice it sampled had excess lead and 10% had excess cadmium above limits defined by law. Consumer Reports tested 28 brands of dark chocolate sold in the United States in 2022, and found cadmium in all of them, with 13 exceeding the California Maximum Allowable Dose level.Dark chocolate is high in cadmium and lead. How much is safe to eat?Some plants such as willow trees and poplars have been found to clean both lead and cadmium from soil.NEWS,weblink The most neglected threat to public health in China is toxic soil, The Economist, 2017-06-13, 2017-06-08, Typical background concentrations of cadmium do not exceed 5 ng/m3 in the atmosphere; 2 mg/kg in soil; 1 Î¼g/L in freshwater and 50 ng/L in seawater.BOOK , Rieuwerts, J. , 2015 , The Elements of Environmental Pollution , 166 , Routledge , 978-0-415-85920-2 , Concentrations of cadmium above 10 μg/L may be stable in water having low total solute concentrations and p H and can be difficult to remove by conventional water treatment processes.JOURNAL, Hem, John D., 1972, Chemistry and occurrence of cadmium and zinc in surface water and groundwater, Water Resources Research, en, 8, 3, 661–679, 10.1029/WR008i003p00661, 1972WRR.....8..661H, 1944-7973, Production Cadmium is a common impurity in zinc ores, and it is most often isolated during the production of zinc. Some zinc ores concentrates from zinc sulfate ores contain up to 1.4% of cadmium.BOOK , Golberg, D. C. , 1969 , Trends in Usage of Cadmium: Report ,weblink , 1–3 , United States National Research Council, US NRC/National Academy of Sciences, NAS/National Academy of Engineering, NAE

6.5|lb}} per ton of zinc. Zinc sulfide ores are roasted in the presence of oxygen, converting the zinc sulfide to the oxide. Zinc metal is produced either by smelting the oxide with carbon or by electrolysis in sulfuric acid. Cadmium is isolated from the zinc metal by vacuum distillation if the zinc is smelted, or cadmium sulfate is precipitated from the electrolysis solution.BOOK , Scoullos, M. J. , 2001 , Mercury, Cadmium, Lead: Handbook for Sustainable Heavy Metals Policy and Regulation ,weblink , 104–116 , Springer (publisher), Springer , 978-1-4020-0224-3 , The British Geological Survey reports that in 2001, China was the top producer of cadmium with almost one-sixth of the world's production, closely followed by South Korea and Japan.BOOK, Hetherington, L. E., World Mineral Production 2002–06, 2008, British Geological Survey, 15, Production of Cadmium, etal, 15 April 2012,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121108102639weblink">weblink 2012-11-08, dead, File:Cadmium - world production trend.svg|History of the world production of cadmiumFile:2022cadmium.png|Cadmium production in 2010. Applications Cadmium is a common component of electric batteries, pigments, coatings, and electroplating. Batteries (File:NiCd various.jpg|thumb|Ni–Cd batteries)In 2009, 86% of cadmium was used in batteries, predominantly in rechargeable nickel–cadmium batteries. Nickel–cadmium cells have a nominal cell potential of 1.2 V. The cell consists of a positive nickel hydroxide electrode and a negative cadmium electrode plate separated by an alkaline electrolyte (potassium hydroxide).BOOK, Krishnamurthy, N., 2 July 2013, Engineering Chemistry, 2nd edition, New York, PHI Learning Private Limited, 82–83, 978-81-203-3666-7, The European Union put a limit on cadmium in electronics in 2004 of 0.01%,WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160305003607weblink">weblink dead, 5 March 2016, EUR-Lex - 32011L0065 - EN - EUR-Lex, eur-lex.europa.eu, with some exceptions, and in 2006 reduced the limit on cadmium content to 0.002%.WEB, 26 September 2006, Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council,weblink 25 October 2022, EUR-lex.europa.eu, Another type of battery based on cadmium is the silver–cadmium battery. Electroplating File:CdSeqdots.jpg|thumb|A photograph and representative spectrum of photoluminescence from colloidal CdSe quantum dotquantum dotCadmium electroplating, consuming 6% of the global production, is used in the aircraft industry to reduce corrosion of steel components.BOOK,weblink Mercury, Cadmium, Lead: Handbook for Sustainable Heavy Metals Policy and Regulation, Michael J., Scoullos, Vonkeman, Gerrit H., Thornton, Iain, Makuch, Zen, Springer, 2001, 978-1-4020-0224-3, This coating is passivated by chromate salts.WEB,weblinkPubFulltext/RTO/MP/RTO-MP-025/MP-025-15.pdf, Advances to Protective Coatings and their Application to Ageing Aircraft, Smith, C.J.E., Higgs, M.S., Baldwin, K.R., 20 April 1999, RTO MP-25, 29 May 2011, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110517202722weblink">weblink 17 May 2011, A limitation of cadmium plating is hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength steels from the electroplating process. Therefore, steel parts heat-treated to tensile strength above 1300 MPa (200 ksi) should be coated by an alternative method (such as special low-embrittlement cadmium electroplating processes or physical vapor deposition).Titanium embrittlement from cadmium-plated tool residues resulted in banishment of those tools (and the implementation of routine tool testing to detect cadmium contamination) in the A-12/SR-71, U-2, and subsequent aircraft programs that use titanium.WEB,weblinkweblink dead, 9 October 2007, CIA – Breaking Through Technological Barriers – Finding The Right Metal (A-12 program), 1 October 2007, Nuclear fission Cadmium is used in the control rods of nuclear reactors, acting as a very effective neutron poison to control neutron flux in nuclear fission. When cadmium rods are inserted in the core of a nuclear reactor, cadmium absorbs neutrons, preventing them from creating additional fission events, thus controlling the amount of reactivity. The pressurized water reactor designed by Westinghouse Electric Company uses an alloy consisting of 80% silver, 15% indium, and 5% cadmium. Televisions QLED TVs have been starting to include cadmium in construction. Some companies have been looking to reduce the environmental impact of human exposure and pollution of the material in televisions during production.NEWS,weblink Are quantum dot TVs – and their toxic ingredients – actually better for the environment?, Maynard, Andrew, The Conversation, 2017-07-23, en, Anticancer drugs Complexes based on cadmium and other heavy metals have potential for the treatment of cancer, but their use is often limited due to toxic side effects.JOURNAL, Abyar, Selda, Khandar, Ali Akbar, Salehi, Roya, Abolfazl Hosseini-Yazdi, Seyed, Alizadeh, Effat, Mahkam, Mehrdad, Jamalpoor, Amer, White, Jonathan M., Shojaei, Motahhareh, Aizpurua-Olaizola, O., Masereeuw, Rosalinde, 3, December 2019, In vitro nephrotoxicity and anticancer potency of newly synthesized cadmium complexes, Scientific Reports, en, 9, 1, 14686, 10.1038/s41598-019-51109-9, 2045-2322, 6789105, 31604983, 2019NatSR...914686A, Compounds File:Tyne and Wear Metro train 4001 at Pelaw 01.jpg|thumb|Train painted with cadmium orange ]]Cadmium oxide was used in black and white television phosphors and in the blue and green phosphors of color television cathode ray tubes.JOURNAL, Environmental Science & Technology, 36, 1, 69–75, 2002, 10.1021/es010517q, Recycling of Scrap Cathode Ray Tubes, Ching-Hwa, Lee, 11811492, Hsi, C. S., 2002EnST...36...69L, Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is used as a photoconductive surface coating for photocopier drums.BOOK,weblink Electronic materials: from silicon to organics, L. S., Miller, J. B., Mullin, Springer, 1991, 978-0-306-43655-0, 273, Crystalline Cadmium Sulfide, (File:Cadmium sulfide.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|Cadmium sulfide)Various cadmium salts are used in paint pigments, with CdS as a yellow pigment being the most common. Cadmium selenide is a red pigment, commonly called cadmium red. To painters who work with the pigment, cadmium provides the most brilliant and durable yellows, oranges, and reds â€“ so much so that during production, these colors are significantly toned down before they are ground with oils and binders or blended into watercolors, gouaches, acrylics, and other paint and pigment formulations. Because these pigments are potentially toxic, users should use a barrier cream on the hands to prevent absorption through the skinBOOK, Cadmium Pigments,weblink 121–123, 978-3-527-30363-2, Wiley-VCH, 2005, Industrial inorganic pigments, Gunter, Buxbaum, Gerhard, Pfaff, {{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} even though the amount of cadmium absorbed into the body through the skin is reported to be less than 1%.In PVC, cadmium was used as heat, light, and weathering stabilizers.BOOK,weblink 149, Thomas C., Jennings, 978-1-56990-379-7, Hanser Verlag, 2005, PVC handbook, Cadmium Environmental Concerns, Currently, cadmium stabilizers have been completely replaced with barium-zinc, calcium-zinc and organo-tin stabilizers. Cadmium is used in many kinds of solder and bearing alloys, because it has a low coefficient of friction and fatigue resistance. It is also found in some of the lowest-melting alloys, such as Wood's metal.BOOK, George Stuart, Brady, George S., Brady, Henry R., Clauser, John A., Vaccari, 978-0-07-136076-0,weblink Materials handbook: an encyclopedia for managers, technical professionals, purchasing and production managers, technicians, and supervisors, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002, 425, Semiconductors Cadmium is an element in some semiconductor materials. Cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, and cadmium telluride are used in some photodetectors and solar cells. HgCdTe detectors are sensitive to mid-infrared light and used in some motion detectors. Laboratory uses File:HeCd laser.jpg|thumb|Violet light from a helium cadmium metal vapor laser. The highly monochromatic color arises from the 441.563 nm transition line of cadmium.]]Helium–cadmium lasers are a common source of blue or ultraviolet laser light. Lasers at wavelengths of 325, 354 and 442 nm are made using this gain medium; some models can switch between these wavelengths. They are notably used in fluorescence microscopy as well as various laboratory uses requiring laser light at these wavelengths.WEB,weblink Helium–Cadmium Lasers, Olympus, 14 May 2011, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110715000100weblink">weblink 15 July 2011, BOOK,weblink Helium–cadmium Laser, Lasers: Principles, Types and Applications, 978-81-224-1492-9, Nambiar, K.R, 2006, New Age International, Cadmium selenide quantum dots emit bright luminescence under UV excitation (He–Cd laser, for example). The color of this luminescence can be green, yellow or red depending on the particle size. Colloidal solutions of those particles are used for imaging of biological tissues and solutions with a fluorescence microscope.NEWS,weblink NASA, Cadmium Selenium Testing for Microbial Contaminants, 10 June 2003, 20 November 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110725023512weblink">weblink 25 July 2011, dead, In molecular biology, cadmium is used to block voltage-dependent calcium channels from fluxing calcium ions, as well as in hypoxia research to stimulate proteasome-dependent degradation of Hif-1α.JOURNAL, European Journal of Biochemistry, 267, 13, 4198–4204, 2000, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01453.x, Cadmium blocks hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1-mediated response to hypoxia by stimulating the proteasome-dependent degradation of HIF-1alpha, Chun Y. S., Park J. W., 10866824, Choi, E., Kim, G. T., Choi, H., Kim, C. H., Lee, M. J., Kim, M. S., Park, J. W., free, Cadmium-selective sensors based on the fluorophore BODIPY have been developed for imaging and sensing of cadmium in cells.BOOK, Taki, Masayasu, Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality, Imaging and Sensing of Cadmium in Cells, Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, Roland K. O. Sigel, Metal Ions in Life Sciences, 11, 2013, Springer, 99–115

pmid=23430772, 978-94-007-5178-1, One powerful method for monitoring cadmium in aqueous environments involves electrochemistry. By employing a self-assembled monolayer one can obtain a cadmium selective electrode with a ppt-level sensitivity.JOURNAL, Noyhouzer, Tomer, Mandler, Daniel, 2011-01-17, Determination of low levels of cadmium ions by the under potential deposition on a self-assembled monolayer on gold electrode, Analytica Chimica Acta, 684, 1–2, 1–7, 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.021, 21167979, 2011AcAC..684....1N, Biological role Cadmium has no known function in higher organisms and is considered toxic.Hogan, C. Michael (2010). Heavy metal. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. E. Monosson and C. Cleveland (eds.). Washington DC. Cadmium is considered an environmental pollutant hazardous to living organisms.JOURNAL, 3, Xu L, Zhang F, Tang M, Wang Y, Dong J, Ying J, Chen Y, Hu B, Li C, Liu L, Melatonin confers cadmium tolerance by modulating critical heavy metal chelators and transporters in radish plants, Journal of Pineal Research, 69, 1, e12659, August 2020, 32323337, 10.1111/jpi.12659, A cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in some marine diatoms,JOURNAL, A cadmium enzyme from a marine diatom, 3, Todd W., Lane, Nature, 435, 42, 42, 2005, 15875011,weblink 10.1038/435042a, Saito, Mak A., George, Graham N., Pickering, Ingrid J., Prince, Roger C., Morel

bibcode = 2005Natur.435...42L, 52819760, free, which live in environments with low zinc concentrations.JOURNAL, A biological function for cadmium in marine diatoms, Todd W., Lane, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97, 9, 4627–4631, 2000, 10.1073/pnas.090091397, 10781068, Morel, F. M.

bibcode = 2000PNAS...97.4627L, free, Cadmium is preferentially absorbed in the kidneys of humans. Up to about 30 mg of cadmium is commonly inhaled throughout human childhood and adolescence.JOURNAL, Perry, HM Jr., Thind, G. S., Perry, E. F., 1976, 775217, The biology of cadmium, 60, 4, 759–69, The Medical Clinics of North America, 10.1016/S0025-7125(16)31859-4, Cadmium is under research for its potential toxicity to increase the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis.JOURNAL, 2014, Luevano, J, A Review of Molecular Events of Cadmium-Induced Carcinogenesis, Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 33, 3, 183–194, Damodaran, C, 25272057, 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2014011075, 4183964, JOURNAL, 23991990, 2013, Rahim, F, Breast cancer frequency and exposure to cadmium: A meta-analysis and systematic review, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14, 7, 4283–7, Jalali, A, Tangestani, R,weblinkweblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010weblink">weblink 2022-10-10, live, 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.7.4283, free, JOURNAL, 3858820, 2013, Tellez-Plaza, M, Cadmium Exposure and Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review, Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 15, 10, 10.1007/s11883–013–0356–2, Jones, M. R., Dominguez-Lucas, A, Guallar, E, Navas-Acien, A, 10.1007/s11883-013-0356-2, 23955722, JOURNAL, 23877535, 2013, James, K. A., Environmental cadmium exposure and osteoporosis: A review, International Journal of Public Health, 58, 5, 737–45, Meliker, J. R., 10.1007/s00038-013-0488-8, 11265947, Environmental impact The biogeochemistry of cadmium and its release to the environment is under research.BOOK, Cullen, Jay T., Maldonado, Maria T., Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality, Biogeochemistry of Cadmium and Its Release to the Environment, Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, Roland K. O. Sigel, Metal Ions in Life Sciences, 11, 2013, Springer, 31–62

pmid=23430769, 978-94-007-5178-1, BOOK, Crea, Francesco, Foti, Claudia, Milea, Demetrio, Sammartano, Silvio, Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality, Speciation of Cadmium in the Environment, Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, Roland K. O. Sigel, Metal Ions in Life Sciences, 11, 2013, Springer, 63–83

pmid=23430770, 978-94-007-5178-1, Safety {{Chembox|container_only = yes|Section7={{Chembox Hazards| ExternalSDS =| GHSPictograms = {{GHS06}} {{GHS08}} {{GHS09}}| GHSSignalWord = Danger

H301

H341

H361fd

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P201

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P273|P304 + P340 + P310}}

PUBLISHER=SIGMA-ALDRICH

ACCESS-DATE=2021-12-22, | NFPA-H = 4| NFPA-F = 0| NFPA-R = 0| NFPA-S = | NFPA_ref = }} }}Individuals and organizations have been reviewing cadmium's bioinorganic aspects for its toxicity.BOOK, Maret, Wolfgang, Moulis, Jean-Marc, Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality, The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Cadmium in the Context of Its Toxicity, Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, Roland K. O. Sigel, Metal Ions in Life Sciences, 11, 2013, Springer, 1–30

pmid=23430768, 978-94-007-5178-1, The most dangerous form of occupational exposure to cadmium is inhalation of fine dust and fumes, or ingestion of highly soluble cadmium compounds. Inhalation of cadmium fumes can result initially in metal fume fever, but may progress to chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and death.BOOK,weblink Principles and Methods of Toxicology, Andrew Wallace, Hayes, CRC Press, Philadelphia, 2007, 858–861, 978-0-8493-3778-9, Cadmium is also an environmental hazard. Human exposure is primarily from fossil fuel combustion, phosphate fertilizers, natural sources, iron and steel production, cement production and related activities, nonferrous metals production, and municipal solid waste incineration. Other sources of cadmium include bread, root crops, and vegetables.Mann, Denise (23 April 2012) weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120426102047weblink">Can Heavy Metal in Foods, Cosmetics Spur Breast Cancer Spread? HealthDayBy via YahooFile:Jinzu River.jpg|right|thumb|Jinzū RiverJinzū RiverThere have been a few instances of general population poisoning as the result of long-term exposure to cadmium in contaminated food and water. Research into an estrogen mimicry that may induce breast cancer is ongoing, {{as of|2012|lc=yes}}. In the decades leading up to World War II, mining operations contaminated the Jinzū River in Japan with cadmium and traces of other toxic metals. As a consequence, cadmium accumulated in the rice crops along the riverbanks downstream of the mines. Some members of the local agricultural communities consumed the contaminated rice and developed itai-itai disease and renal abnormalities, including proteinuria and glucosuria.JOURNAL, Environmental cadmium exposure, adverse effects, and preventative measures in Japan, Koji, Nogawa, Biometals, 2004, 17, 5, 581–587, 10.1023/B:BIOM.0000045742.81440.9c, 15688869, Kobayashi, E., Okubo, Y., Suwazono, Y., 8053594, The victims of this poisoning were almost exclusively post-menopausal women with low iron and low body stores of other minerals. Similar general population cadmium exposures in other parts of the world have not resulted in the same health problems because the populations maintained sufficient iron and other mineral levels. Thus, although cadmium is a major factor in the itai-itai disease in Japan, most researchers have concluded that it was one of several factors.Cadmium is one of six substances banned by the European Union's Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive, which regulates hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment, but allows for certain exemptions and exclusions from the scope of the law.WEB, European Commission Decision of 12 October 2006 amending, for the purposes of adapting to technical progress, the Annex to Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards exemptions for applications of lead and cadmium (notified under document number C(2006) 4790), 14 October 2006, Journal of the European Union,weblink The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified cadmium and cadmium compounds as carcinogenic to humans.BOOK, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,weblink Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry, 1993, 92-832-1258-4, Geneva, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Secretariat of the World Health Organization, 29943893, Although occupational exposure to cadmium is linked to lung and prostate cancer, there is still uncertainty about the carcinogenicity of cadmium in low environmental exposure. Recent data from epidemiological studies suggest that intake of cadmium through diet is associated with a higher risk of endometrial, breast, and prostate cancer as well as with osteoporosis in humans.JOURNAL , 22850555, 3425979, 2012, Julin, B., Dietary cadmium exposure and prostate cancer incidence: A population-based prospective cohort study, British Journal of Cancer, 107, 5, 895–900, Wolk, A., Johansson, J. E., Andersson, S. O., Andrén, O., Akesson, A., 10.1038/bjc.2012.311 , JOURNAL , 22465267, 2012, Engström, A., Associations between dietary cadmium exposure and bone mineral density and risk of osteoporosis and fractures among women, Bone, 50, 6, 1372–8, Michaëlsson, K., Vahter, M., Julin, B., Wolk, A., Åkesson, A., 10.1016/j.bone.2012.03.018 , JOURNAL , 22422990, 2012, Julin, B., Dietary cadmium exposure and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: A population-based prospective cohort study, Cancer Research, 72, 6, 1459–66, Wolk, A., Bergkvist, L., Bottai, M., Akesson, A., 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0735, free , JOURNAL , 18676869, 2008, Akesson, A., Long-term dietary cadmium intake and postmenopausal endometrial cancer incidence: A population-based prospective cohort study, Cancer Research, 68, 15, 6435–41, Julin, B., Wolk, A., 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0329, free , A recent study has demonstrated that endometrial tissue is characterized by higher levels of cadmium in current and former smoking females.JOURNAL, 24834829, 2014, Rzymski, P., Metal status in human endometrium: Relation to cigarette smoking and histological lesions, Environmental Research, 132, 328–33, Rzymski, P., Tomczyk, K., Niedzielski, P., Jakubowski, K., Poniedziałek, B., Opala, T., 10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.025, 2014ER....132..328R, Cadmium exposure is associated with a large number of illnesses including kidney disease, early atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases.Cadmium Exposure can Induce Early Atherosclerotic Changes {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315135304weblink |date=15 March 2012 }}, Medinews Direct, 7 September 2009 Although studies show a significant correlation between cadmium exposure and occurrence of disease in human populations, a molecular mechanism has not yet been identified. One hypothesis holds that cadmium is an endocrine disruptor and some experimental studies have shown that it can interact with different hormonal signaling pathways. For example, cadmium can bind to the estrogen receptor alpha,JOURNAL , 21829690, 3149063, 2011, Fechner, P., Biosensors paving the way to understanding the interaction between cadmium and the estrogen receptor alpha, PLOS ONE, 6, 8, e23048, Damdimopoulou, P., Gauglitz, G., 10.1371/journal.pone.0023048

doi-access = free, JOURNAL , 10770491, 2000, Stoica, A., Activation of estrogen receptor-alpha by the heavy metal cadmium, Molecular Endocrinology, 14, 4, 545–53, Katzenellenbogen, B. S., Martin, M. B., 10.1210/mend.14.4.0441, free , and affect signal transduction along the estrogen and MAPK signaling pathways at low doses.JOURNAL , 20525538, 2957917, 2010, Ali, I., Estrogen-like effects of cadmium in vivo do not appear to be mediated via the classical estrogen receptor transcriptional pathway, Environmental Health Perspectives, 118, 10, 1389–94, Penttinen-Damdimopoulou, P. E., Mäkelä, S. I., Berglund, M., Stenius, U., Akesson, A., HÃ¥kansson, H., Halldin, K., 10.1289/ehp.1001967 , JOURNAL , 22314386, 2012, Ali, I., Cadmium-induced effects on cellular signaling pathways in the liver of transgenic estrogen reporter mice, Toxicological Sciences, 127, 1, 66–75, Damdimopoulou, P., Stenius, U., Adamsson, A., Mäkelä, S. I., Ã…kesson, A., Berglund, M., HÃ¥kansson, H., Halldin, K., 10.1093/toxsci/kfs077, free , JOURNAL , 12858169, 2003, Johnson, M. D., Cadmium mimics the in vivo effects of estrogen in the uterus and mammary gland, Nature Medicine, 9, 8, 1081–4, Kenney, N., Stoica, A., Hilakivi-Clarke, L., Singh, B., Chepko, G., Clarke, R., Sholler, P. F., Lirio, A. A., Foss, C., Reiter, R., Trock, B., Paik, S., Martin, M. B., 10.1038/nm902, 39484160 , The tobacco plant absorbs and accumulates heavy metals such as cadmium from the surrounding soil into its leaves. Following tobacco smoke inhalation, these are readily absorbed into the body of users.JOURNAL, 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.027, 22284492, Preconcentration and determination of copper in tobacco leaves samples by using a minicolumn of sisal fiber (Agave sisalana) loaded with Alizarin fluorine blue by FAAS, Talanta, 89, 1, 276–279, 2012, Dias, Fábio de S., Bonsucesso, Josemário S., Oliveira, Lucas C., Dos Santos, Walter N.L., free, Tobacco smoking is the most important single source of cadmium exposure in the general population. An estimated 10% of the cadmium content of a cigarette is inhaled through smoking. Absorption of cadmium through the lungs is more effective than through the gut. As much as 50% of the cadmium inhaled in cigarette smoke may be absorbed.JOURNAL, 10.1146/annurev.pu.04.050183.002055, free, Annual Review of Public Health, 4, 6860444, 367–73, 1983, Cadmium, L., Friberg, On average, cadmium concentrations in the blood of smokers is 4 to 5 times greater than non-smokers and in the kidney, 2–3 times greater than in non-smokers. Despite the high cadmium content in cigarette smoke, there seems to be little exposure to cadmium from passive smoking.JOURNAL, Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 24, 11–51, 1998, Health effects of cadmium exposure – a review of the literature and a risk estimate, L., Jarup, 9569444, In a non-smoking population, food is the greatest source of exposure. High quantities of cadmium can be found in crustaceans, mollusks, offal, frog legs, cocoa solids, bitter and semi-bitter chocolate, seaweed, fungi and algae products. However, grains, vegetables, and starchy roots and tubers are consumed in much greater quantity in the U.S., and are the source of the greatest dietary exposure there.WEB,weblink Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population – European Food Safety Authority, www.efsa.europa.eu, 2012-01-18, Most plants bio-accumulate metal toxins such as cadmium and when composted to form organic fertilizers, yield a product that often can contain high amounts (e.g., over 0.5 mg) of metal toxins for every kilogram of fertilizer. Fertilizers made from animal dung (e.g., cow dung) or urban waste can contain similar amounts of cadmium. The cadmium added to the soil from fertilizers (rock phosphates or organic fertilizers) become bio-available and toxic only if the soil pH is low (i.e., acidic soils). In the European Union, an analysis of almost 22,000 topsoil samples with LUCAS survey concluded that 5.5% of samples have concentrations higher than 1 mg kg-1.JOURNAL, Ballabio, Cristiano, Jones, Arwyn, Panagos, Panos, 2024-02-01, Cadmium in topsoils of the European Union – An analysis based on LUCAS topsoil database, Science of the Total Environment, en, 912, 168710, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168710, free, 38008327, 2024ScTEn.912p8710B, Zinc, copper, calcium, and iron ions, and selenium with vitamin C are used to treat cadmium intoxication, though it is not easily reversed.WEB,weblink ARL : Cadmium Toxicity, www.arltma.com, 7 July 2016, 9 September 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190909101141weblink">weblink dead, Regulations Because of the adverse effects of cadmium on the environment and human health, the supply and use of cadmium is restricted in Europe under the REACH Regulation.EUR-Lex. Eur-lex.europa.eu (18 April 2011). Retrieved on 5 June 2011.The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain specifies that 2.5 μg/kg body weight is a tolerable weekly intake for humans. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives has declared 7 μg/kg body weight to be the provisional tolerable weekly intake level.WEB,weblink JECFA Evaluations-CADMIUM-, www.inchem.org, The state of California requires a food label to carry a warning about potential exposure to cadmium on products such as cocoa powder.such as seen on the organic cocoa powder marketed by Better Body Foods, for example The European Commission has put in place the EU regulation (2019/1009) on fertilizing products (EU, 2019), adopted in June 2019 and fully applicable as of July 2022, sets a Cd limit value in phosphate fertilizers to 60 mg kg-1 of P2O5.The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the permissible exposure limit (PEL) for cadmium at a time-weighted average (TWA) of 0.005 ppm. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has not set a recommended exposure limit (REL) and has designated cadmium as a known human carcinogen. The IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) level for cadmium is 9 mg/m3.{{PGCH|0087}}{| class="wikitable"!Lethal dose{{IDLH|7440439|Cadmium compounds (as Cd)}}!Organism!Route!Time

In addition to mercury, the presence of cadmium in some batteries has led to the requirement of proper disposal (or recycling) of batteries.

Product recalls

In May 2006, a sale of the seats from Arsenal F.C.'s old stadium, Highbury in London, England was cancelled when the seats were discovered to contain trace amounts of cadmium.NEWS, Toxic fears hit Highbury auction, BBC Sport, 29 November 2010, 10 May 2006,weblink Reports of high levels of cadmium use in children's jewelry in 2010 led to a US Consumer Product Safety Commission investigation.NEWS, U.S. to Develop Safety Standards for Toxic Metals, Business Week, 12 January 2010, 12 January 2010,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100123234520weblink">weblink dead, 23 January 2010, The U.S. CPSC issued specific recall notices for cadmium content in jewelry sold by Claire'sNEWS, Claire's Recalls Children's Metal Charm Bracelets Due to High Levels of Cadmium, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 June 2010, 10 May 2010,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100531181434weblink">weblink 31 May 2010, and Wal-MartNEWS, FAF Inc. Recalls Children's Necklaces Sold Exclusively at Walmart Stores Due to High Levels of Cadmium, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 June 2010, 29 January 2010,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100527202913weblink">weblink 27 May 2010, stores.In June 2010, McDonald's voluntarily recalled more than 12 million promotional Shrek Forever After 3D Collectible Drinking Glasses because of the cadmium levels in paint pigments on the glassware.NEWS, McDonald's Recalls 12 Million 'Shrek' Glasses, The New York Times, 5 June 2010, 4 June 2010,weblink William, Neuman, The glasses were manufactured by Arc International, of Millville, New Jersey, USA.NEWS, McDonald's Recalls Movie Themed Drinking Glasses Due to Potential Cadmium Risk, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 June 2010, 4 June 2010,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100607024105weblink">weblink 7 June 2010,

See also

• Red List building materials
• Toxic heavy metal

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

• BOOK, Hartwig, Andrea, Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality, Cadmium and Cancer, Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, Roland K. O. Sigel, Metal Ions in Life Sciences, 11, 2013, Springer, 491–507pmid=23430782, 978-94-007-5178-1

,

External links

{{Wiktionary|cadmium}}{{Commons}}{{Wikisource1911Enc|Cadmium}}

• Cadmium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
• ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Cadmium Toxicity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health â€“ Cadmium Page
• NLM Hazardous Substances Databank â€“ Cadmium, Elemental

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