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Witold Pilecki
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{Short description|Polish military officer (1901â1948)}}{{good article}}{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
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- Stefan Batory University, Faculty of Fine Arts (1922â1924){edih}
- Deputy Commander of the 41st Infantry Division (1939)
- Organizer of the Secret Polish Army (1939â1940)
- Organizer of the Union of Military Organizations (1940â1943)
- Commander of the {{ill|v=ib|Warszawianka Company|pl|Kompania NSZ âWarszawiankaâ{edih} (1944)}}| battles = {{Tree list}}
- PolishâSoviet War
- PolishâLithuanian War
- Żeligowski's Mutiny (1920)
- World War II
- September Campaign (1939)
- Warsaw Uprising (1944)
- Order of the White Eagle
- Order of Polonia Restituta
- Cross of Valour (2)
- Silver Cross of Merit{edih}
Biography
Early life
File:Drużyna harcerska z OrÅa n. OkÄ 1917 Witold Pilecki Witold Ferchmin.png|thumb|left|Pilecki (first right) as a scout, Oryol, RussiaRussiaWitold Pilecki was born on 13 May 1901 in the town of Olonets, Karelia, in the Russian Empire. He was a descendant of a Polish-speaking noble family (szlachta) of the Leliwa coat of arms. His ancestors had been deported to Russia from their home in Lithuania (former Nowogródek Voivodeship region, now in Belarus) for participating in the January 1863â64 Uprising, for which a major part of their estate was confiscated.WEB, Muzeum II Wojny Åwiatowej, 71 lat temu, 15 marca 1948 r. rotmistrz Witold Pilecki zostaÅ skazany na karÄ Åmierci, 71 years ago, on March 15, 1948, Captain Witold Pilecki was sentenced to death,weblink Poznaj Rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego, Museum of the Second World War, 27 October 2021, pl, WEB, 2020, Captain Witild Pilecki,weblink 8 July 2022, Biogramy Postaci Historycznych, Instytut PamiÄci Narodowej, pl, Witold was one of five children of forest inspector Julian Pilecki and Ludwika Osiecimska.In 1910, Witold moved with his mother and siblings to Vilnius, to attend a Polish school there, while his father remained in Olonets. In Vilnius, Pilecki attended a local school and joined the underground Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (ZwiÄ zek Harcerstwa Polskiego, ZHP).JOURNAL, Cuber-StrutyÅska, Ewa, 2017, Witold Pilecki: Confronting the legend of the "volunteer to Auschwitz",weblink Holocaust Studies and Materials, pl, en, 4, 281{{ndash, 301 |doi=10.32927/zzsim.720 |issn=1895-247X|doi-access=free }}WEB, Åwierczek, Lidia, Rotmistrz Witold Pilecki, Captain Witold Pilecki,weblink Biogramy IPN, Institute of National Remembrance, 4 February 2022, Polish, Following the outbreak of World War I, in 1916 Pilecki was sent by his mother to a school in the Russian city of Oryol, located safer in the East than Vilnius. There he attended a gymnasium (secondary school) and founded a local chapter of the ZHP.PolishâSoviet War
In 1918, following the outbreak of the Russian Revolution and the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, Pilecki returned to Vilnius, then outside the control of the Polish government, and joined the ZHP section of the Self-Defence of Lithuania and Belarus, a paramilitary formation under Major General WÅadysÅaw Wejtko. The militia disarmed the passing German troops and took up positions to defend the city from a looming attack by the Soviet Red Army. After Vilnius fell to Bolshevik forces on 5 January 1919, Pilecki and his unit resorted to partisan warfare behind Soviet lines. He and his comrades then retreated to BiaÅystok, where Pilecki enlisted as a szeregowy (private) in Poland's newly-established Army. He fought in the PolishâSoviet War of 1919â1920, serving under Captain Jerzy DÄ browski and being involved in the Vilna offensive. He fought in the Kiev offensive (1920) and as part of a cavalry unit defending the then-Polish city of Grodno. On 5 August 1920, Pilecki joined the {{Interlanguage link|211th Uhlan Regiment|pl|211 PuÅk UÅanów}} and fought in the crucial Battle of Warsaw and then in the RÅ«dninkai Forest. Pilecki later was involved in the PolishâLithuanian War as a member of the October 1920 Å»eligowski's Mutiny where Polish troops occupied Vilnius in a false-flag operation.Interwar years
By the conclusion of Polish-Soviet War in March 1921, Pilecki was promoted to the rank of plutonowy (corporal), becoming a non-commissioned officer.{{Rp|19}} Shortly afterward, Pilecki was transferred to the army reserves, completing courses required for a non-commissioned officer rank at the Cavalry Reserve Officers' Training School in GrudziÄ dz. He went on to complete his secondary education (matura) later that same year. He briefly enrolled with the Faculty of Fine Arts at Stefan Batory University but was forced to abandon his studies in 1924 due to both financial issues and the declining health of his father. In July 1925, Pilecki was assigned to the 26th Lancer Regiment with the rank of ChorÄ Å¼y (ensign). Pilecki would be promoted to podporucznik (second lieutenant, with seniority from 1923) the following year. Also in September 1926, Pilecki became the owner of his family's ancestral estate, Sukurcze, in the Lida District of the Nowogródek Voivodeship. In 1931, he married {{ill|Maria Pilecka|lt=Maria Ostrowska|pl|Maria Pilecka (1906â2002)}}. They had two children, born in Vilnius over the next two years: Andrzej and {{ill|Zofia OptuÅowicz|lt=Zofia|pl|Zofia OptuÅowicz}}. Pilecki actively supported the local farming community. He was also an amateur poet and painter. He organized the Krakus Military Horsemen Training program in 1932 and was appointed to command the 1st Lida Military Training Squadron, which in 1937 was placed under the Polish 19th Infantry Division. In 1938, Pilecki received the Silver Cross of Merit for his activities.JOURNAL, Paliwoda, Daniel, 2013, Captain Witold Pilecki,weblink Military Review, 93, 6, 88{{ndash, 96 |issn=0193-2985}}World War II
Polish September Campaign
With PolishâGerman tensions growing in mid-1939, Pilecki was mobilized as a cavalry platoon commander on 26 August 1939. He was assigned to the 19th Infantry Division under Major General Józef Kwaciszewski, part of the Army Prusy and his unit took part in heavy fighting against the advancing Germans during the invasion of Poland. The 19th Division was almost completely destroyed following a clash with the German forces on the night of 5/6 September at the Battle of Piotrków Trybunalski. Its remains were incorporated into the 41st Infantry Division, which was withdrawn to the southeast toward Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) and the Romanian bridgehead. In the 41st Division, Pilecki served as divisional second-in-command of its cavalry detachment, under Major Jan WÅodarkiewicz. He and his men destroyed seven German tanks, shot down one aircraft, and destroyed two more on the ground.BOOK, Wysocki, WiesÅaw Jan, WiesÅaw Wysocki, Rotmistrz Pilecki, Captain Pilecki, 1994, Gryf, 978-83852-0-942-3, none, pl, {{Rp|32}}BOOK, Beadle, Jeremy, Harrison, Ian, Jeremy Beadle, Firsts, Lasts and Only's: Military, 2007, Anova Books, 978-1-905798-06-3,weblink {{rp|179}} On 17 September, the Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland, which worsened the already desperate situation of the Polish forces. On 22 September, the 41st Division suffered a major defeat and capitulated. WÅodarkiewicz and Pilecki were among the many soldiers who did not follow the order of Commander-in-Chief General Edward ÅmigÅy-Rydz to retreat through Romania to France, instead opting to stay underground in Poland.Resistance
On 9 November 1939 in Warsaw, Major WÅodarkiewicz, Second Lieutenant Pilecki, Second Lieutenant Jerzy Maringe, Jerzy SkoczyÅski, and brothers Jan and StanisÅaw Dangel founded the Secret Polish Army (, TAP), one of the first underground organizations in Poland. WÅodarkiewicz became its leader, while Pilecki became TAP's organizational head as it expanded to cover Warsaw, Siedlce, Radom, Lublin, and other major cities in central Poland. As cover, Pilecki worked as manager of a cosmetics storehouse. From 25 November 1939 until May 1940, he was TAP's inspector and chief of staff. From August 1940, he headed its 1st branch (organization and mobilization).TAP was based on Christian ideological values. While Pilecki wanted to avert a religious mission so as not to alienate potential allies, WÅodarkiewicz blamed Poland's defeat on its failure to create a Catholic nation and wanted to remake the country by appealing to right-wing groups.BOOK, Fairweather, Jack, Jack Fairweather (writer), (The Volunteer (book), The Volunteer: The True Story of the Resistance Hero Who Infiltrated Auschwitz), 2019, W. H. Allen & Co., 978-0-7535-4516-4, none, {{rp|65}} In the spring of 1940, Pilecki saw that WÅodarkiewicz's views had become more anti-semitic{{rp|75}} and that he had put ultranationalist dogma into their newsletter, {{ill|Znak (publication)|lt=Znak|pl|Znak (pismo konspiracyjne}}; WÅodarkiewicz had also entered into talks about a merger with the far-right underground, including a group that had offered Nazi Germany a Polish puppet government.{{rp|78}} To stop him, Pilecki went to Colonel Stefan Rowecki, chief of a rival resistance group, the Union of Armed Struggle (ZwiÄ zek Walki Zbrojnej, ZWZ), which called for equal rights for Jews, gathered intelligence on German atrocities, and delivered it by courier to the Western Allies in an attempt to gain their involvement. The ZWZ had alerted the Polish Government-in-Exile that the Germans were inciting Polish hatred against the Jews, and that this might lead to the rise of a Polish Quisling.{{rp|78}}Pilecki called for TAP to submit to Rowecki's authority, but WÅodarkiewicz refused and issued a manifesto that the future Poland had to be Christian, based on national identity, and that those who opposed the idea should be "removed from our lands".{{rp|82}} Pilecki refused to swear the proposed oath.JOURNAL, Fleming, Michael, Michael Fleming (historian), 2019, The Volunteer: The True Story of the Resistance Hero Who Infiltrated Auschwitz: by Jack Fairweather (London: WH Allen, 2019), 505 pages, Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 13, 2, 289â294, 10.1080/23739770.2019.1673981, 210468082, In August, WÅodarkiewicz announced at a TAP meeting that they would, after all, join the mainstream underground with Rowecki â and that it has been proposed that Pilecki should infiltrate the Auschwitz concentration camp.{{rp|85}} Little was known about how the Germans ran the then-new camp, which was thought to be an internment camp or large prison rather than a death camp.{{rp|390}} WÅodarkiewicz said it was not an order but an invitation to volunteer, though Pilecki saw it as a punishment for refusing to back WÅodarkiewicz's ideology. Nevertheless he agreed, which years later led to him being described in many sources as having volunteered to infiltrate Auschwitz.{{rp|66}}{{rp|85}}Auschwitz
Pilecki was one of 2,000 men arrested on 19 September 1940. He used the identity documents of Tomasz SerafiÅski, who had been mistakenly assumed to be dead.BOOK, Lewis, Jon E., The Mammoth Book of True War Stories, 1999, Carroll & Graf Publishers, 978-0-7867-0629-7, registration,weblink none, {{rp|390}} Two backstories exist purporting to explain how Pilecki actually found himself in Auschwitz. In one version, he allowed himself to be captured by the occupying Germans in one of their Warsaw street round-ups, in order to infiltrate the camp. In the second version, he did that in the apartment of Eleonora Ostrowska, at ulica Wojska Polskiego (Polish Army Street) during a building search. Afterward, along with 1,705 other prisoners, between 21 and 22 September 1940, Pilecki reached Auschwitz where, under SerafiÅski's name, he was assigned prisoner number 4859. In autumn of 1941 he learnt that he had been promoted to porucznik (first lieutenant) by people "far away in the outside world in Warsaw".(File:Witold Pilecki KL Auschwitz.jpg|upright=1.75|thumb|Witold Pilecki as KL-Auschwitz prisoner, KL Number 4859, 1940|left)While in various slave labor kommandos and surviving pneumonia at Auschwitz, Pilecki organized an underground Military Organization Union (ZwiÄ zek Organizacji Wojskowej, ZOW).JOURNAL, 10.2307/1853043, Wyman, David S., 159644414, Review: Jozef Garlinski. Fighting Auschwitz: The Resistance Movement in the Concentration Camp, American Historical Review, 81, 5, 1976, American Historical Association, 0002-8762, 1168{{ndash, 1169 |jstor=1853043 |ref=none}} Its tasks were to improve the morale of the inmates, provide news from outside the camp, distribute extra food and clothing to its members, set up intelligence networks, and train detachments to take over the camp in the event of a relief attack. ZOW was organized as secret cells, each of five members. Over time, many smaller underground organizations at Auschwitz eventually merged with ZOW.BOOK, Foot, Michael Richard Daniell, M. R. D. Foot, Six Faces of Courage: Secret agents against Nazi tyranny, 2003, Leo Cooper, 978-0-413-39430-9, Witold Pilecki, {{rp|117{{ndash}}126}}As part of his duties, Pilecki secretly drew up reports and sent them to Home Army headquarters with the help of inmates that had been released or escapees. The first dispatch, delivered in October 1940, described the camp and the ongoing extermination of inmates via starvation and brutal punishments; it was used as the basis of a Home Army report on "The terror and lawlessness of the occupiers". Further dispatches of Pilecki's were likewise smuggled out by individuals who managed to escape from Auschwitz. The reports' purpose may have been to get the Home Army command's permission for ZOW to stage an uprising to liberate the camp; however, no such response came from the Home Army. In 1942, Pilecki's resistance movement was also using a home-made radio transmitter to broadcast details on the number of arrivals and deaths in the camp and the conditions of the inmates. The secret radio station was built over seven months using smuggled parts. It broadcast from the camp until the autumn of 1942, when it was dismantled by Pilecki's men after concerns that the Germans might discover its location because of "one of our fellows' big mouth".BOOK, Pilecki, Witold, Garlinski, Jarek, The Auschwitz Volunteer: Beyond Bravery, 2012, Aquila Polonica, 978-1-60772-009-6,weblink none, {{rp|460}} The information provided by Pilecki was a principal source of intelligence on Auschwitz for the Western Allies. Pilecki hoped that either the Allies would drop arms or troops into the camp, or that the Home Army would organize an assault on it from outside.{{rp|117{{ndash}}126}}The Camp Gestapo under SS-Untersturmführer Maximilian Grabner redoubled its efforts to ferret out ZOW members, killing many of them.BOOK, GarliÅski, Józef, Fighting Auschwitz: The Resistance Movement in the Concentration Camp, 1975, Julian Friedmann Publishers, 978-0-904014-09-9, Witold Pilecki, {{rp|191{{ndash}}197}} To avoid the worst outcome, Pilecki decided to break out of the camp with the hope of convincing Home Army leaders that a rescue attempt was a valid option. On the night of 26â27 April 1943 Pilecki was assigned to a night shift at a camp bakery outside the fence, and he and two comrades managed to force open a metal door, overpower a guard, cut the telephone line, and escape outside the camp perimeter. They left the SS guards in the woodshed, barricaded from outside. Before escaping they cut an alarm wire. They headed east, and after several hours crossed into the General Government, taking with them documents stolen from the Germans. The men fled on foot to the village of Alwernia where they were helped by a priest, and then on to Tyniec where locals assisted them. Later, they reached the Polish resistance safe house near Bochnia, owned, coincidentally, by commander Tomasz SerafiÅskiâthe very man whose identity Pilecki had adopted for his cover in Auschwitz.{{rp||pages=283â302}}{{rp|399}} At one point during the journey, German soldiers attempted to stop Pilecki, firing at him as he fled; several bullets passed through his clothing, while one wounded him without hitting either bones or vital organs.{{rp|297}}Outside Auschwitz
After several days as a fugitive, Pilecki made contact with units of the Home Army. In June 1943, in Nowy WiÅnicz, Pilecki drafted a report on the situation in Auschwitz. It was buried at the farm where he was staying and was only revealed after his death. In August 1943, back in Warsaw, Pilecki started preparing Witold's Report (Raport W), which focused on the Auschwitz underground. It covered three main topics: ZOW and its members; Pilecki's experiences; and to a lesser extent, the extermination of prisoners, including Jews. Pilecki's intent in writing it was to persuade the Home Army to liberate the camp's prisoners. However, the Home Army command judged such an attack would fail. Even if the initial attack were successful, the resistance lacked sufficient transport capabilities, supplies, and the shelter that would be required for the rescued inmates. The Soviet Red Army, despite being within attacking distance of the camp, showed no interest in a joint effort with the Home Army and the ZOW to free it.{{rp|1169}}Shortly after rejoining the resistance, Pilecki became a member of the Kedyw sabotage unit, using the pseudonym Roman Jezierski. He also joined a secret anti-communist organization, NIE. On 19 February 1944 he was promoted to cavalry captain (rotmistrz). Until becoming involved in the Warsaw Uprising, Pilecki continued coordinating ZOW and Home Army activities and providing ZOW with what limited support he could.In Auschwitz, Pilecki had met the author Igor Newerly, whose Jewish wife, Barbara, was hiding in Warsaw. The Newerlys had been working with Janusz Korczak to try to save Jewish lives. Pilecki gave Barbara Newerly money from the Polish resistance, which she passed on to several Jewish families whom she and her husband protected. He also gave her money to pay off her own szmalcownik, or blackmailer, who said he was Jewish and threatened to report her to the Gestapo.{{rp|534}} The blackmailer disappeared, with Jack Fairweather concluding that "it is likely that Witold arranged for his execution".{{rp|490}}Warsaw Uprising
When the Warsaw Uprising broke out on 1 August 1944, Pilecki volunteered for service with {{ill|Warszawianka Company|pl|Kompania NSZ âWarszawiankaâ}} of Kedyw's Chrobry II Battalion. Initially, he served as a common soldier in the northern city centre, without revealing his rank to his superiors. After many officers were killed in the early days of the uprising, Pilecki revealed his true identity and accepted command of the 1st "Warszawianka" Company deployed in Warsaw's ÅródmieÅcie (downtown) district. After the fall of the uprising, which ended on 2 October that year, he was captured and taken prisoner by the Germans. He was sent to Oflag VII-A, a prison-of-war camp for Polish officers located north of Murnau, Bavaria, where he remained until the prisoners were liberated on 29 April 1945.BOOK, Pollack, Juliusz,weblink JeÅcy polscy w hitlerowskiej niewoli, 1986, Wydawn. Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 978-83-11-07251-0, pl, Polish Prisoners of War in Nazi German Captivity, {{rp|213}}After the war
File:Pilecki photo 1947.jpg|thumb|Pilecki, Mokotów PrisonMokotów Prison(File:Proces Pileckiego 1948-2.jpg|thumb|Pilecki in court, 1948)In July 1945, Pilecki joined the military intelligence division of the Polish II Corps under Lieutenant General WÅadysÅaw Anders in Ancona, Italy. In October 1945, as relations between the government-in-exile and the Soviet-backed regime of BolesÅaw Bierut kept deteriorating, Pilecki was ordered by Anders and his intelligence chief, Lieutenant Colonel StanisÅaw Kijak, to return to Poland and report on the prevailing military and political situation under Soviet occupation. By December 1945 he had arrived in Warsaw and begun organizing an intelligence gathering network. As the NIE organization had been disbanded, Pilecki recruited former ZOW and TAP members and continued sending information to the government-in-exile.To maintain his cover identity, Pilecki lived under various assumed names and changed jobs frequently. He worked as a jewellery salesman, a bottle label painter, and as the night manager of a construction warehouse. However, in July 1946 he was informed that his identity had been uncovered by the Ministry of Public Security. Anders ordered him to leave Poland, but Pilecki was reluctant to comply because he had a wife and children in the country and the wife was unwilling to emigrate with the children, as well as due to a lack of a suitable replacement. In early 1947 his superiors rescinded the order.Arrested on 8 May 1947 by the communist authorities, Pilecki was tortured, but in order to protect other operatives, he did not reveal any sensitive information.JOURNAL, Åwierczek, Lidia, Sprawa Witolda Pileckiego, The Case of Witold Pilecki,weblink NiepodlegÅoÅÄ i PamiÄÄ, Polish, 4/1, (7) [1], 141â152, His case was supervised by Colonel Roman Romkowski. A show trial, chaired by Lieutenant Colonel {{ill|Jan Hryckowian|pl|Jan Hryckowian}}, took place on 3 March 1948. Pilecki was charged with illegal border crossing, use of forged documents, not enlisting with the military, carrying illegal arms, espionage for Anders, espionage for "foreign imperialism" (government-in-exile), and planning to assassinate several officials of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland. Pilecki denied the assassination charges, as well as espionage, although he admitted to passing information to the II Corps, of which he considered himself an officer and thus claimed that he was not breaking any laws. He pleaded guilty to the other charges. He was sentenced to death on 15 May with three of his comrades. Pleas for pardon from a number of Auschwitz survivors were ignored; one of their recipients was Polish prime minister Józef Cyrankiewicz, also an Auschwitz survivor. Cyrankiewicz, who had already testified at the trial, instead wrote that Pilecki must be treated harshly as an "enemy of the state". Subsequently, on 25 May 1948, Pilecki was executed by Piotr ÅmietaÅski with a shot to the back of the head at the Mokotów Prison in Warsaw.{{Rp|188, 244}}BOOK, Piekarski, Konstanty R., Escaping Hell: The Story of a Polish Underground Officer in Auschwitz and Buchenwald, 1990, Dundurn Press Ltd., 978-1-55002-071-7, {{rp|249}} Several of Pilecki's affiliates were also arrested and tried around the same time, with at least three executed as well; a number of others received death sentences that were changed to prison sentences.{{Rp|161â165}} Pilecki's burial place has never been found, though it is thought to be in Warsaw's PowÄ zki Cemetery.Legacy
(File:Witold pilecki pomnik park jordana krakow.jpg|thumb|Monument to Pilecki in Kraków)(File:2017 Pomnik Witolda Pileckiego w Warszawie.jpg|thumb|Monument to Witold Pilecki in Warsaw)Pilecki's life has been a subject of several monographs. The first in English was Józef GarliÅski's Fighting Auschwitz: The Resistance Movement in the Concentration Camp (1975), followed by M.R.D. Foot's Six Faces of Courage (1978). The first in Polish was the Rotmistrz Pilecki (1995) by WiesÅaw Jan Wysocki, followed by Ochotnik do Auschwitz. Witold Pilecki 1901â1948 (2000) by Adam Cyra. In 2010, Italian historian Marco Patricelli wrote a book about Witold Pilecki, Il volontario (2010), which received the Acqui Award of History that year.WEB, Stocka-Kalinowska, Ewa, 13 October 2010, WÅoch od rotmistrza Pileckiego, Witold Polecki's Italian Connection,weblink 4 March 2021, PolskieRadio.pl, WEB, 10 October 2020, Albo d'oro â Premio Acqui Storia â Acqui Terme,weblink 27 October 2021, Premio Acqui Storia â Acqui Terme â Portale del premio Acqui Storia Comune di Acqui Terme, it-IT, In 2012, Pilecki's Auschwitz diary was translated into English by GarliÅski and published under the title (The Auschwitz Volunteer: Beyond Bravery).JOURNAL, Reid, James E., 2013, The Auschwitz Volunteer,weblink The Sarmatian Review, English, XXXIII, 1, 1736â1737, 1059-5872, Poland's Chief Rabbi, Michael Schudrich, wrote in the foreword to a 2012 English translation of Pilecki's report: "When God created the human being, God had in mind that we should all be like Captain Witold Pilecki, of blessed memory."{{rp|xv{{ndash}}xvii}} Historian Norman Davies wrote in the introduction to the same translation: "If there was an Allied hero who deserved to be remembered and celebrated, this was a person with few peers."{{rp|xi{{ndash}}xiii}} More recently Pilecki was the subject of Adam J. Koch's 2018 book A Captainâs Portrait: Witold Pilecki â Martyr for TruthJOURNAL, Roszkowski, Wojciech, 2019, Adam J. Koch, A Captain's Portrait: Witold Pilecki â Martyr for Truth, Freedom Publishing Books, Bayswater Vic. 2018, Studia Polityczne, 47, 4, 158â159, 10.35757/STP.2019.47.4.09, free, and Jack Fairweather's 2019 book (The Volunteer (book)|The Volunteer: The True Story of the Resistance Hero Who Infiltrated Auschwitz), the latter a winner of the Costa Book Award.JOURNAL, Cyra, Adam, September 2020, Review. Jack Fairweather "The Volunteer: The True Story of Witold Pilecki's Secret Mission,weblink Memoria, 36, WEB, 28 January 2020, Costa prize: Jack Fairweather wins book of the year with The Volunteer,weblink 27 October 2021, the Guardian, en, From the 1990s, following the fall of communism in Poland and Pilecki's subsequent rehabilitation, he has been a subject of popular discourse. A number of institutions, monuments, and streets in Poland have been named after him. In 1995, he was awarded the Order of Polonia Restituta, and in 2006, the highest Polish decoration, the Order of the White Eagle. On 6 September 2013, the Minister of National Defence announced his promotion to colonel.WEB, 6 September 2013, MON awansowaÅ Witolda Pileckiego, Polish Ministry of Defence Promotes Witold Pilecki,weblink 10 October 2013, RMF FM/PAP, pl, In 2012, PowÄ zki Cemetery was partly excavated in an unsuccessful effort to find his remains.NEWS, Puhl, Jan, 9 August 2012, Poland Searches for Remains of World War II Hero Witold Pilecki, en, Der Spiegel,weblink 11 July 2022, 2195-1349, In 2016, The Pilecki Family House Museum (Dom Rodziny Pileckich) was established in Ostrów Mazowiecka; it opened officially in 2019, but its permanent exhibition is still being prepared, with public opening planned for May 2022.WEB, Muzeum Dom Rodziny Pileckich â Misja, Museum House of Pilecki Family âMission,weblink 7 March 2021, muzeumpileckich.pl, pl, WEB, 19 October 2020, Ostrów Mazowiecka: pierwsze w Polsce muzeum rotmistrza Pileckiego, Ostrów Mazowiecka: First Museum of Witold Pilecki in Poland,weblink 7 March 2021, Dziennik Gazeta Prawna, pl, The year 2017 saw the founding of the Pilecki Institute, a Polish government institution commemorating persons who helped Polish victims of war crimes and crimes against peace or humanity in the years 1917â1990.WEB, 1 February 2022, MiaÅa byÄ "bardzo, bardzo skromna dotacja". Instytut Pileckiego otrzymaÅ gigantycznÄ sumÄ od resortu GliÅskiego, It Was Supposed to Be a Small Subsidy: Pilecki Institute Receives Big Grant from GliÅski's Department,weblink 19 March 2022, Wprost, pl, WEB, Instytut Pileckiego âoko.press,weblink 19 March 2022, oko.press, The 2006 film {{ill|ÅmierÄ rotmistrza Pileckiego|pl|ÅmierÄ rotmistrza Pileckiego}} ("The Death of Cavalry Captain Pilecki"), directed by Ryszard Bugajski, presents Pilecki as an ethically flawless man facing unfounded accusations. The narrative structure is reminiscent of a saint's martyrology, with belief in God replaced by belief in Country.JOURNAL, Marczak, Mariola, Studia Religiologica, Persuasive and Communicative Potential of Hagiographic Narrative Structures in Screen Representations of the Polish Underground Soldiers Struggling for Independence after World War II., 2018, 51, 2, 115â128, 10.4467/20844077SR.18.008.9506,weblink free, In 2014 the Swedish band Sabaton recorded a song about him, "Inmate 4859" on the album, "Heroes".WEB, BraveWords, SABATON Release New Lyric Video For "Inmate 4859",weblink 2023-09-25, bravewords.com, en, WEB, Blabbermouth, 2014-04-21, SABATON Bassist PÃR SUNDSTRÃM Speaks To PittsburghMusicMagazine.com (Video),weblink 2023-09-25, BLABBERMOUTH.NET, en, A 2015 film, {{ill|Pilecki (film)|lt=Pilecki|pl|Pilecki (film)}}, by Marcin KwaÅny portrays Pilecki as an independence-movement saint. The sacralization is achieved by recounting verified historical facts, along with dramatized scenes. The film shows Pilecki performing deeds impossible for an ordinary man, while keeping faith with his country even under the direst torture.References
{{Reflist}}Further reading
- BOOK, Cyra, Adam, Adam Cyra, Ochotnik do Auschwitz â Witold Pilecki 1901â1948, 2000, ChrzeÅcijaÅskie Stowarzyszenie Rodzin OÅwiÄcimskich (Christian Association of Auschwitz Families), OÅwiÄcim, 978-83-912000-3-2, Volunteer for Auschwitz â Witold Pilecki 1901â1948, none,
- BOOK, Cyra, Adam, Wysocki, WiesÅaw Jan, Adam Cyra, Rotmistrz Witold Pilecki, 1997, Oficyna Wydawnicza Volumen, 978-83-86857-27-2, none, pl,
- Gawron, W. Ochotnik do OÅwiÄcimia [Volunteer for Auschwitz]. Calvarianum: Auschwitz Museum, 1992.
- Adam J. Koch. A Captain's Portrait Witold Pilecki â Martyr for Truth Freedom Publishing Books, Melbourne Australia, 2018 {{ISBN|978-0-64823-035-9}}
External links
- Pilecki's biography at the Warsaw Uprising Museum
- Witold Pilecki's report from Auschwitz in Polish {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203233703weblink |date=3 February 2010 }} {{in lang|pl}}
- Additional reports of Pilecki {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203233736weblink |date=3 February 2010 }} {{in lang|pl}}
- {{IMDb title|3273248|Operation Auschwitz}}
- A short film about Pilecki uploaded on 30 November 2021, BBC Reel
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- "Witold Pilecki" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 8:07pm EDT - Wed, Apr 24 2024
- "Witold Pilecki" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 8:07pm EDT - Wed, Apr 24 2024
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