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William of Sherwood
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William of Sherwood
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William of Sherwood or William Sherwood (Latin: Guillielmus de Shireswode; {{circa|lk=no|1200|1272}}), with numerous variant spellings,{{refn|group=n|Including William Shirwood, William of Shyreswood, and William of Shireswood.}} was a medieval English scholastic philosopher, logician, and teacher. Little is known of his life, but he is thought to have studied in Paris, was a master at Oxford in 1252, treasurer of Lincoln from 1254/1258 onwards, and a rector of Aylesbury.He was the author of two books which were an important influence on the development of scholastic logic: Introductiones in Logicam (Introduction to Logic), and Syncategoremata. These are the first known works to deal in a systematic way with what is now called supposition theory, known in William's time as the logica moderna.- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Life
William was probably born in Nottinghamshire, between 1200 and 1210. In common with many educated English men of that time, he may have studied at Oxford University or the University of Paris, or both. There are examples in his logical work which suggest he was a master at Paris. (For example, No man lectures at Paris unless he is a smart person and Whatever runs has feet, the Seine runs, ergo the Seine has feet). Further evidence that he lectured in Paris is that those logicians who were influenced by his work also worked there, including Peter of Spain ({{circa|lk=no|1245}}) and Lambert of Auxerre ({{circa|lk=no|1250}}). During the years 1235 and 1250, he was possibly a lecturer on logic at Paris.Lohr, Charles H., et al. âWilliam of Sherwood, âIntroductiones in Logicamâ Critical Text.â Traditio, vol. 39, 1983, pp. 219â99. JSTOR,weblink Retrieved 28 Nov. 2023.He is thought to have become treasurer of Lincoln Cathedral some time in the 1250s. The treasurer was one of the four principal officers of the English cathedrals whose duty was to keep the treasures of the church â the gold and silver vessels, ornaments, relics, jewels, and altar cloths. He would have had a personal residence in the Cathedral close, would have employed a deputy and a large staff, and therefore could be absent as long as he performed those duties that could not be delegated.BOOK, Edwards, K., The English Secular Cathedrals in the Middle Ages, Manchester, 1949, He probably died there in or before 1272.ODNB, E. J., Ashworth, Sherwood, William of (d. in or before 1272), 2004,weblink 2015-01-09, 10.1093/ref:odnb/25449, He is mentioned by Roger Bacon, who had also been a Master at Paris, as among "the more famous wise men of Christendom" one of whom named is Albertus Magnus, another of whom is master William of Sherwood, "the treasurer of the church of Lincoln in England, who is much wiser than Albert".BOOK, Bacon, Roger, Preface, Fr. Rogeri Bacon opera quædam hactenus inedita, Brewer, J.S., I, London, 1859, Kretzmann, Norman,The Introduction to Logic
William's main work is a small logic manual titled Introductiones in logicam. It survives in a single manuscript probably written in the late thirteenth century, headed Introductiones Magistri Guilli de Shyreswode in Logicam.Bibliothèque Nationale, Codex Lat. 16617, formerly Codex Sorbonnensis 1797 It did not appear fully in print until 1937, in Grabman's Latin edition, and was not translated into English until 1966, by Kretzmann. No other works that are definitely by him have ever been printed.The book consists of six chapters; five of these are expositions of Aristotle's main logical works, as follows:{| class=wikitable! Chapter !! Chapter title !! Corresponding work by Aristotle1 | Statements | De Interpretatione |
2 | The Predicables | Categories |
3 | Syllogism | Prior Analytics |
4 | Dialectical Reasoning | Topics |
5 | Properties of Terms | â |
6 | Sophistical Reasoning | Sophistical Refutations |
Legacy
Now, William is perhaps best known for a mnemonic poem to help students remember the names of the valid syllogistic forms:Works
- Introductiones in logicam (Introduction to Logic), edited by Martin Grabmann, Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1937
- William of Sherwood, Introductiones in logicam, Critical edition edited by Charles H. Lohr with P. Kunze and B. Mussler, Traditio 39, 1983: 219â99.
- William of Sherwood. Introductiones in logicam: Einfuhrung in die Logik, edited and translated in German by H. Brands and C. Kann Hamburg: Meiner, 1995 (this critical edition supersedes the two earlier editions).
- Syncategoremata (Treatise on Categorization Words), edited by R. O'Donnell, Medieval Studies, 3, 1941: 46â93.
- William of Sherwood. Syncategoremata, edited and translated in German by C. Kann and R. Kirchhoff. Hamburg: Meiner, 2012 (this critical edition supersedes the previous edition).
- Insolubilia (Insolubles), edited by Marie Louise Roure in 'La problématique des propositions insolubles du XIIIe siècle et du début du XIVe, suivie de l'édition des traités de William Shyreswood, Walter Burleigh et Thomas Bradwardine', Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen Age 37, 1970: 205â326.
English translations
- William of Sherwood's Introduction to Logic, translated (from the edition of Grabmann) by Norman Kretzmann, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1966.
- Treatise on Syncategorematic Words, translated by Norman Kretzmann, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.
Notes
{{Reflist|group=n}}References
{{reflist}}Further reading
- Brewer, J.S. Preface to his edition of Fr. Rogeri Bacon Opera quædam hactenus inedita, Vol. I, London, 1859, pp. IX-LXXXIV.
- Edwards, K., The English Secular Cathedrals in the Middle Ages, Manchester 1949.
- Kneale, William & Martha Kneale. Development of Logic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962)
- Kretzmann, Norman, Anthony Kenny & Jan Pinborg. Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). contains a good bibliography on p. 892.
- Raina Kirchhoff, Die Syncategoremata des Wilhelm von Sherwood: Kommentierung und historische Einordnung (Leiden, Brill, 2008).
External links
- SEP, william-sherwood, William of Sherwood, Uckelman, Sara L.,
- SEP, medieval-terms, Medieval Theories: Properties of Terms, Read, Stephen,
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