Time-sharing
{{Cleanup|date=June 2008}}{{otheruses4|the computing term|the type of property ownership|Timeshare}}
Time-sharing refers to sharing a computing resource among many users by
multitasking. Because early
mainframes and
minicomputers were extremely expensive, it was rarely possible to allow a single user exclusive access to the machine for interactive use. But because computers in interactive use often spend much of their
time idly waiting for user input, it was suggested that multiple users could share a machine by allocating one user's idle time to service other users. Similarly, small slices of time spent waiting for disk, tape, or network input could be granted to other users.Throughout the late 1960s and the 1970s,
computer terminals were multiplexed onto large institutional
mainframe computers (
central computer systems), which in many implementations sequentially polled the terminals to see if there was any additional data or action requested by the computer user. Later technology in interconnections were
interrupt driven, and some of these used parallel data transfer technologies like, for example, the
IEEE 488 standard. Generally, computer terminals were utilized on college properties in much the same places as
desktop computers or
personal computers are found today. In the earliest days of personal computers, many were in fact used as particularly smart terminals for time-sharing systems.With the rise of microcomputing in the early 1980s, time-sharing faded into the background because the individual microprocessors were sufficiently inexpensive that a single person could have all the
CPU time dedicated solely to their needs, even when idle.The Internet has brought the general concept of time-sharing back into popularity. Expensive corporate server farms costing millions can host thousands of customers all sharing the same common resources. As with the early serial terminals, websites operate primarily in bursts of activity followed by periods of idle time. This bursting nature permits the service to be used by many website customers at once, and none of them notice any delays in communications until the servers start to get very busy.
The Time-sharing business
In the 1960s, several companies started providing time-sharing services as
service bureaus. Early systems used
Teletype K/ASR-33s or K/ASR-35s in
ASCII environments, and
IBM Selectric typewriter-based terminals in
EBCDIC environments. They would connect to the central computer by
dial-up Bell 103A modem or
acoustically coupled modems operating at 10-15 characters per second. Later terminals and modems supported 30-120 characters per second. The time-sharing system would provide a complete operating environment, including a variety of programming language processors, various software packages, file storage, bulk printing, and off-line storage. Users were charged rent for the terminal, a charge for hours of connect time, a charge for seconds of CPU time, and a charge for kilobyte-months of disk storage.Common systems used for time-sharing included the
SDS 940, the
PDP-10, and the
IBM 360. Companies providing this service included
GE's GEISCO,
IBM subsidiary The Service Bureau Corporation,
Tymshare (founded in 1966),
National CSS (founded in 1967 and bought by Dun & Bradstreet in 1979), Dial Data (bought by Tymshare in 1968), and
Bolt, Beranek, and Newman. By 1968, there were 32 such service bureaus serving the
NIH alone.
(1) The Auerbach Guide to Timesharing 1973 editionlists 125 different timesharing services using equipment from
Burroughs,
CDC,
DEC,
HP,
Honeywell,
IBM ,
RCA,
Univac and
XDS.
The Computer Utility
A great deal of thought was given in the
1970s to centralized computer resources being offered as computing utilities, the same as the electrical or telephone utilities.
Ted Nelson's original "
Xanadu" hypertext repository was envisioned as such a service. It became clear as the computer industry grew that no such consolidation of computing resources would occur as timesharing systems. Some argue that the move through client-server computing to centralized server farms and virtualization presents a market for computing utilities again.{{Fact|date=August 2008}}
History
The concept was first described publicly in early
1957 by
Bob Bemer as part of an article in
Automatic Control Magazine. The first project to implement a time-sharing system was initiated by
John McCarthy in late
1957, on a modified
IBM 704, and later an additionally modified
IBM 7090 computer. Although he left to work on
Project MAC and other projects, one of the results of the project, known as the
Compatible Time-Sharing System or
CTSS, was demonstrated in
November 1961. CTSS has a good claim to be the first time-sharing system and remained in use until
1973. The first commercially successful time-sharing system was the
Dartmouth Time-Sharing System (
DTSS) which was first implemented at
Dartmouth College in
1964 and subsequently formed the basis of
General Electric's
computer bureau services. DTSS influenced the design of other early timesharing systems developed by Hewlett Packard, Control Data Corporation, UNIVAC and others (in addition to introducing the
BASIC programming language).Significant early timesharing systems:
References
-
[Information Technology Corporate Histories Collection]
Computer Utilities
Time-sharing Systems
See also
Time-Sharing (Informatik)Tiempo compartido (informática)Temps partagé시분할 시스템Time-sharingIdőosztásTimesharing (informatica)タイムシェアリングシステムTidsdelingDzielenie czasu分時系統
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