GetWiki

{{Short description|Type of bowling}}{{Redirect|Tenpin|the brand of bowling centres in the United Kingdom|Tenpin Ltd}}{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}

factoids

Ten-pin bowling is a type of bowling in which a bowler rolls a bowling ball down a wood or synthetic lane toward ten pins positioned evenly in four rows in an equilateral triangle. The objective is to knock down all ten pins on the first roll of the ball (a strike), or failing that, on the second roll (a spare). People approach modern ten-pin bowling as either a demanding precision sport or as a simple recreational pastime.WEB, Carrubba, Rich, Is Bowling A Sport Or A Game?,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink November 12, 2020, April 5, 2013, live, An approximately {{convert|15|ft|m|0|adj=on}} long approach area used by the bowler to impart speed and apply rotation to the ball ends in a foul line. The {{convert|41.5|in|cm|adj=mid|-wide}}, {{convert|60|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} lane is bordered along its length by gutters (channels) that collect errant balls. The lane's long and narrow shape limits straight-line ball paths to angles that are smaller than optimum angles for achieving strikes; accordingly, bowlers impart side rotation to hook (curve) the ball into the pins to increase the likelihood of striking.Oil is applied to approximately the first two-thirds of the lane's length to allow a "skid" area for the ball before it encounters friction and hooks. The oil is applied in different lengths and layout patterns, especially in professional and tournament play, to add complexity and regulate challenge in the sport. Especially when coupled with technological developments in ball design since the early 1990s, easier oil patterns common for league bowling enable many league bowlers to achieve scores rivaling those of professional bowlers who must bowl on more difficult patterns—a development that has caused substantial controversy.Ten-pin bowling arose in the early 1800s as an alternative to nine-pin bowling, with truly standardized regulations not being agreed on until nearly the end of that century. After the development of automated mechanical pinsetters, the sport enjoyed a "golden age" in the mid twentieth century. Following substantial declines since the 1980s in both professional tournament television ratings and amateur league participation, bowling centers have increasingly expanded to become diverse entertainment centers.Ten-pin bowling is often simply referred to as bowling. Ten-pin, or less commonly big-ball, is prepended in the English-speaking world to distinguish it from other bowling types such as bowls, candlepin, duckpin and five-pin.

Facilities and equipment

Lanes

{{See also | Bowling ball#Effect of lane characteristics on ball motion }}File:20181228 Bowling lane WITH measurements.png|thumb | right | 350px | True scale diagram: In ten-pin bowling lanes, the nearest pin is 60 feet from the foul line—more than 17 times the lane's 41.5-inch width. The optical illusion of foreshorteningforeshorteningTen-pin bowling lanes are {{convert|60|ft|m|2}} from the foul line to the center of the head pin (1-pin), with guide arrows (aiming targets) about {{convert|15|ft|m|2}} from the foul line. The lane is {{convert|41.5|in|m|2}} wide and has 39 wooden boards, or is made of a synthetic material with the 39 "boards" simulated using marking lines. The approach has two sets of dots, respectively {{convert|12|ft|m|2}} and {{convert|15|ft|m|2}} behind the foul line, to help with foot placement.{{multiple image direction=horizontal header={{gray|Oil patterns, with greater oil concentrations represented by darker blues(Horizontal scale is compressed.)}}| image1 = 20190112 Typical house shot oil pattern on bowling lane.png| width1 = Freeman 2018 |loc=Chapter 15 ("Lane play")}}| image2 = 20190112 Sport pattern - oil pattern on bowling lane.png| width2 = Freeman 2018 |loc=Chapter 15 ("Lane play")}}}}Modern bowling lanes have oil patterns designed not only to shield the lanes from damage from bowling ball impacts, but to provide bowlers with different levels of challenge in achieving strikes. As illustrated, a typical house pattern (or THS, typical house shot) has drier outside portions that give bowling balls more friction to hook (curve) into the pocket, but heavier oil concentrations surrounding the centerline so that balls slide directly toward the pocket with less hooking.{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 15 ("Lane play") }} In the more challenging sport patterns used in tournaments and professional-level matches, a "flat" oil pattern—one with oil distributed more evenly from side to side—provides little assistance in guiding the ball toward the pocket, and is less forgiving with regard to off-target shots.{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 15 ("Lane play") }} The ratio of centerline oil concentration to side oil concentration (the oil ratio) can exceed 10-to-1 for THSs but is restricted to 3-to-1 or less for sport shots.{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 15 ("Lane play") }}Lane oils, also called lane conditioners, are composed of about 98% mineral oil that, with numerous additives, are designed to minimize breakdown and carry-down that would change ball reaction after repeated ball rolls. Lane oils are characterized by different levels of viscosity, with oils of higher viscosity (thicker consistency) being more durable but causing balls to slow and hook earlier than lower-viscosity oils.WEB, Carrubba, Rich, Bowling Lane Oil Facts,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151115185453weblink">weblink November 15, 2015, 2012, live,

Balls

{{See also | Bowling ball#Effect of coverstock, core and layout on ball motion }}File:20181229 2 4 6 degree angle of entry for bowling ball.png|thumb | right | 350px | True scale diagram: A straight path, even one starting from the extreme outside corner of the lane, results in an angle of entry of at most 1.45°. Larger entry angles (shown in diagram) are achievable when hookinghookingRubber balls (introduced in 1905) were eventually supplanted by polyester ("plastic") balls (1959) and polyurethane ("urethane") balls (1980s).WEB, Carrubba, Rich, Bowling Ball Evolution,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink September 17, 2018, June 2012, live, Coverstocks (surfaces) of bowling balls then evolved to increase the hook-enhancing friction between ball and lane: reactive resin balls arrived in the early 1990s, and particle-enhanced resin balls in the late 1990s. Meanwhile, the increasingly sophisticated technology of internal cores (also called weight blocks) has increased balls' dynamic imbalance, which, in conjunction with the coverstocks' increased friction, enhances hook (curving) potential to achieve the higher entry angles that have enabled dramatic increases in strike percentage and game scores.{{sfn |Stremmel |Ridenour |Stervenz |2008 }}Hook potential has increased so much that dry lane conditions or spare shooting scenarios sometimes compel use of plastic or urethane balls, to purposely avoid the larger hook provided by reactive technology.WEB, Siefers, Nick (USBC research engineer), Understanding the relationship between core and cover stock,weblink BowlingDigital.com (Courtesy of USBC Equipment Specification and Certification),weblink September 20, 2018, April 23, 2007, live, The United States Bowling Congress (USBC) regulates ball parameters including maximum diameter ({{convert|8.595|in|cm|2}}), maximum circumference ({{convert|27|in|m|2}}), and maximum weight (16 pounds (7.26 kg)).

Ball motion

{{See also | Bowling ball#Ball motion }}(File:20190113 bowling ball path - skid hook roll.png|thumb|350px | Simplified representation of the skid, hook, and roll phases of bowling ball motion.WEB, Bowling Ball Reaction Keys,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161110035756weblink">weblink November 10, 2016, July 28, 2016, live, Technological advances since the early 1990s in ball design have allowed dramatically increased hook potential and strike frequency, without requiring additional skill on the part of bowlers.{{sfn |Stremmel |Ridenour |Stervenz |2008 }} (Horizontal scale is compressed.))Because pin spacing is much larger than ball size, it is impossible for the ball to contact all pins. Therefore, a tactical shot is required, which would result in a chain reaction of pins hitting other pins (called pin scatter). In what is considered an ideal strike shot, the ball contacts only the 1, 3, 5 and 9 pins (right-handed deliveries).{{sfn |Benner |Mours |Ridenour | 2009}}Most new players roll the ball straight, while more experienced bowlers may roll a hook that involves making the ball start out straight but then curve toward a target, to increase the likelihood of striking: USBC research{{sfn |Benner |Mours |Ridenour | 2009}} has shown that shots most likely to strike enter the pocket at an angle of entry that is achievable only with a hook.{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 8 ("Why Does My Ball Hook?") }}A complex interaction of a variety of factors influences ball motion and its effect on scoring results.WEB, Carrubba, Rich, The Simple Keys Of Bowling Ball Motion,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink July 23, 2021, February 5, 2013, live, WEB, Your Bowling Ball Motion,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink February 9, 2017, December 29, 2016, live, WEB, Variables You Encounter When Bowling,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161012204113weblink">weblink October 12, 2016, April 18, 2016, live, Such factors may be categorized as:

• The bowler's delivery (see Effect of delivery characteristics on ball motion) Characteristics of the ball's delivery that affect ball motion include the ball's speed going down the lane, its rotational speed (rev rate), the angle of the ball's axis of rotation in horizontal and vertical planes (axis rotation and axis tilt, respectively), and how far beyond the foul line that the ball first contacts the lane (loft).{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 13 ("Create a Bowler's Tool Kit") }}
• Bowling ball design (see Effect of coverstock, core and layout on ball motion). A 2005-2008 USBC Ball Motion Study found that the ball design factors that most contributed to ball motion were the microscopic spikes and pores on the ball's surface (present in balls with reactive resin coverstock), the respective coefficients of friction between ball and lane in the oiled and dry parts of the lane, and the ball's oil absorption rate, followed in dominance by certain characteristics of the ball's core (mainly radius of gyration and total differential).{{sfn |Stremmel |Ridenour |Stervenz |2008 }} Friction-related factors may be categorized as chemical friction (degree of "stickiness" designed by manufacturers into the resin coverstock) and physical friction (which can be modified by sanding or polishing, or by including additives that physically increase lubrication).{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 8 ("Why Does My Ball Hook?") }}{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 9 ("Track Flare, or Much Ado About Nothing?") }}{{sfn |Stremmel |Ridenour | Stervenz |2008 }} "Weak" (pin down) versus "strong" (pin up) layouts of the finger and thumb holes with respect to core orientation affect skid lengths and hook angularity.WEB, How Should My Bowling Ball Be Drilled?,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink July 11, 2015, January 2015, live, WEB, Hickland, Ronald, What is the difference between Pin up and Pin down Drilling on a Bowling Ball?,weblink CTDbowling.com (news section), April 11, 2017,
• Lane conditions (see Effect of lane characteristics on ball motion). Lane conditions that affect ball motion include lane transition (including breakdown and carry-down),{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 14 ("Applying Your Tools") }} the oil absorption characteristics of previously thrown balls and the paths they followed,{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 14 ("Applying Your Tools") }}{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 16 ("Advanced Considerations") }} wood versus synthetic composition of the lane (more generally: soft vs. hard lanes),{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 14 ("Applying Your Tools") }} imperfections in lane surface (topography),{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 14 ("Applying Your Tools") }} and oil viscosity (thick or thin consistency; innate viscosity being affected by temperature and humidity).{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 14 ("Applying Your Tools") }}

Pins and pin carry

Ridenour Freeman 2018 |loc=Chapter 10 ("The Pocket Isn't the Pocket... and It's Nowhere Near Where You Think It Is")}}| image2 = 2009 USBC tenpin bowling pin carry study - probability of strike.svg | width2 = Benner Ridenour | 2009}}}}{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | total_width =200| image3 = 20181230 Bowling ball at board 17.5 with pins.png| width3 = Freeman 2018 |loc=Chapter 8 ("Why Does My Ball Hook?") }}}}Bowling pins (with a maximum thickness of {{convert|4.766|in|cm|0}} at the waist) are "spotted" (placed) in four rows, forming an equilateral triangle with four pins on a side to form a tetractys. Neighboring pins are centered {{convert|12|in|cm|0}} apart, leaving a space of {{convert|7.234|in|cm|0}} between pins that can be bridged by a bowling ball of regulation diameter ({{convert|8.5|in|cm|0}}).WEB, United States Bowling Congress (USBC), USBC Equipment Specifications and Certifications Manual,weblink bowl.com,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130619074452weblink">weblink June 19, 2013, February 2012, live, Pin carry essentially determines the probability of achieving a strike assuming the ball impacts in or near the pocket—varies with several factors.{{sfn |Benner |Mours |Ridenour | 2009}} Even before a 2008 USBC pin carry study, it was known that entry angle and ball weight increase strike percentages.{{sfn |Benner |Mours |Ridenour | 2009}} The 2008 study concluded that an impact with the ball centered at "board 17.5" causes pin scatter that maximizes likelihood of striking.{{sfn |Benner |Mours |Ridenour | 2009}}{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 8 ("Why Does My Ball Hook?") }} The material of the pin deck and "kickback" (side) plates was also found to materially affect pin carry.{{sfn |Benner |Mours |Ridenour | 2009}}

Ball delivery

Delivery style categories

{{See also|Bowling form | Bowling ball#Effect of delivery characteristics on ball motion }}Three widely recognized categories are stroker, cranker and tweener.WEB, Wallace, Rich,weblink Understanding Bowling Styles, kingpin-bowling.com, January 6, 2011, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130521155110weblink">weblink May 21, 2013,

• Strokers—using the most "classic" bowling form—tend to keep the shoulders square to the foul line and develop only a moderately high backswing, achieving modest ball rotation ("rev") rates and ball speeds, which thus limit hook potential and kinetic energy delivered to the pins. Strokers rely on accuracy and repeatability, and benefit from the high entry angles that reactive resin balls enable.
• Crankers tend to open (rotate) the shoulders and use strong wrist and arm action in concert with a high backswing, achieving higher rev rates and ball speeds, thus maximizing hook potential and kinetic energy. Crankers rely on speed and power, but may leave splits rarely left by strokers.
• Tweeners (derived from "in-between") have styles that fall between those of strokers and crankers; the term is considered by some to include power strokers who combine the high rev rates of crankers with the smooth delivery of strokers.

Alternative deliveries

{{multiple image | align=right | direction=horizontal | total_width =425| image1 = bowling ball release.jpgConventional delivery. Finger position at release can induce Glossary of bowling#Axis rotation>side rotation causing the ball to hook (curve).| image2 = 20190818 Zach Wilkins two-handed bowling - screenshot before release.png| caption2 = Two-handed delivery: Both hands retain contact with the ball until just before the release.Though it is often incorrectly called a two-handed release, the actual release involves a single dominant hand for most bowlers.}}{{multiple image | align=right | direction=horizontal | total_width =425| image3 = ClaraJulianaGuerrero.jpg| caption3 = Delivery styles often involve a long follow-through and widely extended balance arm and leg. (shown: Clara Guerrero)| image4 = 20190818 Zach Wilkins two-handed bowling.webmVideo: The two-handed delivery, first widely popularized by Jason Belmonte, increases potential Glossary of bowling#Rev rate>rev rate and hook. (shown: Zach Wilkins)}}

• So-called two-handed bowling, first popularized late in the 2000s by Australian Jason Belmonte, involves not inserting the thumb into any thumbhole, with the opposite hand supporting and guiding the ball throughout almost the entire forward swing.NEWS, Thompson, Adam, Young Australian Puts a New Spin on Bowling: He Throws Two-Handed,weblink The Wall Street Journal, February 5, 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150331011101weblink">weblink March 31, 2015, live, This delivery style, involving more athletic ability, is increasingly popular with younger bowlers and technically still involves a one-handed release.WEB, One Handed Bowling Swing,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink February 14, 2021, December 7, 2016, live, It allows the inserted fingers to generate higher revolution rates and thus attain greater hook potential than with a thumb-in-hole approach.{{sfn |Freeman |Hatfield |2018 |loc=Chapter 5 ("You Say You Want a Revolution") }} In contrast, in what is literally a two-handed delivery and release, children or physically challenged players use both hands to deliver the ball forward from between the legs or from the chest.WEB, Thompson, Ted, Two-handed delivery,weblink Kegel.net, Kegel, LLC,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190121121743weblink">weblink January 21, 2019, March 20, 2010, live,
• No-thumb bowling involves only a single hand during the forward swing, without the thumb inserted. The ball is often balanced on the wrist and forearm of the delivery hand for this technique.WEB, Seymour, Dustin, 2-Handed Bowling: Is It A Fad Or The Future?,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110731043941weblink">weblink July 31, 2011, 2011, live, A successful professional who uses the one-handed no-thumb delivery is Tom Daugherty.WEB,weblink Xtra Slow Motion - Tom Daugherty's Bowling Release, youtube.com, 2022-08-04,

(File:Bowling-UFO-release.jpg|right|thumb|The "UFO" or "helicopter" release: the thumb faces the body, while the middle and ring fingers face the pins.)

• The spinner style, which is mainly popular in parts of Asia, has a "helicopter" or "UFO" release that involves rotating the wrist to impart a high (vertical) axis of rotation that causes the bowling ball to spin like a top while traveling straight down the lane. Usually involving a lighter (10-12 pound) ball, the spinner style takes advantage of the ball deflection from the head pin to then "walk down" the other visible pins and cause domino effects diagonally through the pins.WEB, The Game » Styles,weblink TenPinBowling.org,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070614205728weblink">weblink June 14, 2007, 2004, dead,
• In the backup (or reverse hook) release, the wrist rotates clockwise (for right hand releases) or counter-clockwise (for left hand releases), causing the ball to hook in a direction opposite to that of conventional releases.WEB, Mullen, Michelle, Determining Stance Distance & Position,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity education section),weblink February 1, 2019, September 9, 2018, live, Excerpt from Bowling Fundamentals - Second Edition.

Grips

A conventional grip, used on non-customized house balls and some custom-drilled balls, involves insertion of fingers to the second knuckle. A fingertip grip, involving insertion of fingers only to the first knuckle, enables greater revolution rates and resultant hook potential. A thumbless grip, often used by so-called "two-handed" bowlers, maximizes ball rotational speed ("rev rate").NEWS, Vernoy, Lee, Looking for a bowling ball? Here's the guy to see,weblink Great Falls Tribune, December 3, 2017,weblink January 31, 2019, live,

Pins and scoring

Pins

The USBC indicated that, effective August 1, 2023, it is certifying string pinsetters and string pin bowling as an independent category of equipment and competition separate from conventional free-fall pinsetters. USBC lab data indicated strike percentage on string pin bowling is 7.1% lower, causing the USBC to plan additional testing to determine whether a scoring conversion should be created between the categories.WEB, Schroeder, Dave, USBC Certifies String Pin Bowling as Independent Competition Effective August 1, 2023,weblink Bowl.com, United States Bowling Congress (USBC),weblink May 1, 2023, April 27, 2023, live, String pinsetters are less expensive and easier to maintain, motivating bowling centers to phase them in.NEWS, Johnson, John, New 'String Pin' Technology May Change Bowling,weblink Newser, January 22, 2023,weblink April 28, 2023, live,

Traditional scoring

{{multiple image direction=horizontal | total_width = 450thumb| width1 = Strike (bowling)>strike:Frame one: 10 + (3 + 6) = 19Frame two: 3 + 6 = 9 → Total = 28| image2 = Bowlspare.png| width2 = Spare (bowling)>spare:Frame one: (7 + 3) + 4 = 14Frame two: 4 + 2 = 6 → Total = 20}}(File:20191106 Bowling - scratch and handicap scoring.png|thumb|Though the second bowler's scratch score 183 is higher than the first bowler's scratch score 181, the first bowler's higher handicap (58 vs. 53) causes his total 239 to exceed the second bowler's total 236.)In traditional scoring,WEB, Chapter 2: General Playing Rules / Rule 2 – The Game,weblink United States Bowling Congress (USBC),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190320155527weblink">weblink March 20, 2019, 2018, live, WEB, Carrubba, Rich, Keep Your Bowling Score,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink May 1, 2015, December 8, 2012, live, one point is scored for each pin that is knocked over, and when fewer than all ten pins are knocked down in two rolls in a frame (an open frame), the frame is scored with the total number of pins knocked down. However, when all ten pins are knocked down with either the first or second rolls of a frame (a mark), bonus pins are awarded as follows:

• Strike: When all ten pins are knocked down on the first roll (marked "X" on the scorescreen), the frame receives ten pins plus a bonus of pinfall on the next two rolls (not necessarily the next two frames). A strike in the tenth (final) frame receives two extra rolls for bonus pins.
• Spare: When a second roll of a frame is needed to knock down all ten pins (marked "/" on the scorescreen), the frame receives ten pins plus a bonus of pinfall in the next roll (not necessarily the next frame). A spare in the first two rolls in the tenth (final) frame receives a third roll for bonus pins.

The maximum score is 300, achieved by getting twelve strikes in a row within the same game (known as a perfect game).

World Bowling scoring

The World Bowling scoring system—described as "current frame scoring"WEB, Mackay, Duncan, New scoring system introduced for World Bowling Tour finals to try to help sport's Olympic ambitions,weblink InsideTheGames.biz,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161118210621weblink">weblink November 18, 2016, February 20, 2016, live, —awards pins as follows: The maximum score is 300, achieved with ten consecutive strikes (as opposed to twelve in traditional scoring), but with no bonus pins received in the tenth frame.WEB, Weber to go to World Scoring,weblink Weber Cup,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160913115813weblink">weblink September 13, 2016, July 29, 2016, live, World Bowling scoring is thought to make bowling easier to follow than with traditional scoring, increase television viewership, and help bowling to become an Olympic sport.WEB, Mackay, Duncan, World Bowling Tour final winner backs new scoring system if it helps Olympic campaign,weblink InsideTheGames.biz,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160913120452weblink">weblink September 13, 2016, February 21, 2016, live,

Variant of World Bowling scoring

Another variant of scoring, a 12-frame system introduced at the November 2014 World Bowling Tour (WBT) finals, resembles golf's match play scoring in counting the greater number of frames won rather than measuring accumulated pinfall score. A frame may be won immediately by a higher pincount on the first roll of the frame, and a match may be won when one player is ahead by more frames than remain of the possible 12 frames. This variant reduces match length and scoring complexity for two-player matches.WEB, New Scoring System for Competitive Bowling to be Unveiled During World Bowling Tour Finals at WSOB VI,weblink World Bowling,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141107145509weblink">weblink November 7, 2014, October 2014, live,

History

{{For|a more comprehensive history of other forms of bowling that pre-date ten-pin bowling|Bowling#History}}

Early history

{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | total_width =450| image1 = 18200610 Ball and Ten Pin Alley - Indiana Centinel (Vincennes).png| alt1 = | width1 = WORK=INDIANA CENTINEL & PUBLIC ADVERTISER LOCATION=VINCENNES, INDIANA, U.S. Click for image)) The owner "has erected, for the amusement of those who favor him with their custom, a Ball and Ten Pin Alley".| image2 = 18290622 Promoting Observance of the Sabbath - image of bowling alleys - Georgia Journal.pngCHRISTIAN EXAMINER / ADDRESS OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING THE OBSERVANCE OF THE SABBATH WORK=GEORGIA JOURNAL LOCATION=MILLEDGEVILLE, GEORGIA, U.S., 6, —reflecting the often negative image bowling had.}}{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | total_width =450| image3 = 18380310 Evasions of Law - Logansport Telegraph.pngBaltimore statute prohibiting nine-pin bowling.EVASIONS OF LAW WORK=LOGANSPORT TELEGRAPH LOCATION=LOGANSPORT, INDIANA, U.S., 1, | image4 = 18390629 Nine or ten pin bowling alley - Logansport Telegraph.pngWORK=LOGANSPORT TELEGRAPH LOCATION=LOGANSPORT, INDIANA, U.S., 3, Be aware: website URL as of June 11, 2019, incorrectly includes reference to "jun-29-1829" (incorrect year), but this error may be corrected after upload date, rendering link obsolete.}}Modern ten-pin bowling derives mainly from the German Kegelspiel, or kegeling, which used nine pins set in a diamond formation.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Bowling, St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, 2002, Woloson, Wendy, Gale Group,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20041214112113weblink">weblink dead, December 14, 2004, March 31, 2006, The enjoyment of kegeling by German peasants contrasted with (lawn) bowls that was reserved for the upper classes, consistent with bowling's enduring reputation as a common man's sport.A (:File:1810 Ransome & Son - painting - outdoor ten pin bowling.jpg|circa 1810 painting) of Ipswich, England, shows a man bowling outdoors with a triangular formation of ten pins.MAGAZINE, Pluckhahn, Bruce, December 1988, Bowling Games People Play, Bowlers Journal International, Bowlers Journal, 121, Chicago, Illinois, National Bowlers Journal Inc., ((:File:1810 Ransome & Son - painting - outdoor ten pin bowling.jpg|link to image of painting)) An outdoor version of ten-pin bowling was (:File:18280426 Auction of Chequers Public House with Bowling Green, Ten-pin and Skittle grounds - Ipswich Journal.jpg|advertised), also in Ipswich, at least as early as 1828.NEWS, Bury Saint Edmunds / Free Public House,weblink The Ipswich Journal, 4701, April 26, 1828, 3, ((:File:18280426 Auction of Chequers Public House with Bowling Green, Ten-pin and Skittle grounds - Ipswich Journal.jpg|Click for image)) (auction notice describing "a garden ... wherein is a small Bowling Green, Ten-pin and Skettle Grounds")An 1841 Connecticut law banned ninepin bowling because of its perceived association with gambling and crime, and people were said to circumvent the prohibition by adding a tenth pin.NEWS, Shepherd, Jeremy, Final frame looms for longstanding North Van bowling alley,weblink North Shore News, March 30, 2018,weblink July 7, 2018, live, Other locations (e.g., 1838, re Baltimore and 1842, Charles Dickens re New YorkNEWS, Nazaryan, Alexander, Charles Dickens at 200: When the great chronicler of London visited New York,weblink New York Daily News, February 7, 2012,weblink June 17, 2019, live, Quoting Dickens' American Notes for General Circulation. See also, footnote re The new York Herald of November 8, 1842.NEWS, Dickens, Charles, American Notes for General Circulation / Additional Extracts / New York,weblink The New York Herald, November 8, 1842, 1, ... ten pins being a game of mingled chance and skill, invented when the legislature passed an act forbidding nine pins., Dickens did not specify which legislature.) also recount that strategy. Even earlier, an 1834 Washington, D.C. ordinance had limited the time (before 8 p.m. and not on Sundays) and place (more than 100 yards from inhabited houses) of "nine pin and ten pins" or "any game in the likeness or imitation thereof ... played with any number of pins whatsoever".NEWS, AN ACT to restrict the playing at the game of Nine Pins.,weblink Daily National Intelligencer, August 7, 1834, Washington, D.C., U.S., 3, ((:commons:File:18340807 Ordinance restricting nine and ten pin bowling - Daily National Intelligencer (Washington).png|Click for image)) U.S. newspapers referred to "ten pin alleys" at least as early as 1820(also later in the 1820sNEWS, Miscellaneous / From the Western Spy,weblink The Maryland Republican and Political and Agricultural Museum, May 26, 1821, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S., 4, ((:commons:File:18210526 Keeper of the ten-pin alley - The Maryland Republican and Political Agricultural Museum.png|Click for image)) Reference to "... keeper of the ten-pin alley".and in the 1830sNEWS, White House Retreat (advertisement),weblink Daily National Intelligencer, April 2, 1830, Washington, D.C., U.S., 4, ((:commons:File:18300402 White House Retreat ten pin alley - Daily National Intelligencer.png|Click for image)) ● A slightly earlier, though less clearly legible, version of the same ad ran the previous month: NEWS, White House Retreat (advertisement),weblink Daily National Intelligencer, March 24, 1830, Washington, D.C., U.S., 3, ● Advertises a property having "a first rate ten pin alley".NEWS, York Sulphur Springs,weblink Daily National Intelligencer, June 21, 1831, Washington, D.C., U.S., 3, ((:commons:File:18310621_York_Sulphur_Springs_ten-pin_alley_-_Daily_National_Intelligencer.png|Click for image)) Advertises a property with a "commodious and well-adjusted ten-pin alley".NEWS, For Rent,weblink The Globe, June 28, 1832, Washington, D.C., U.S., 3, ((:commons:File:18320628_For_rent_-_ten-pin_alley_attached_-_The_Globe_(Washington).png|Click for image)) Offering for rent, a "Public House" with "a good Ten Pin Alley attached".NEWS, The Philadelphia Chronicle publishes the following pleasant notice,weblink The Boston Morning Post, May 18, 1833, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S., 2, ((:commons:File:18330518 PAGE Ten pin alley - Philadelphia - The Boston Morning Post.png|Click for image)) Reference to a "ten pin alley" in an inn in the Philadelphia area.NEWS, Sheriff's Sale,weblink Daily Savannah Republican, May 3, 1834, Savannah, Georgia, U.S., 5, ((:commons:File:18340503 Sheriff's sale of Ten Pin Alley - Daily Savannah Republican.png|Click for image)) Sheriff's sale of "Ten Pin Alley and Balls".NEWS, Valuable Real Estate for Sale,weblink Daily National Intelligencer, September 24, 1836, Washington, D.C., U.S., 3, ((:commons:File:18360924 Berkeley Springs Ten Pin Alley - National Intelligencer (Washington).png|Click for image)) Sale of "Coffee House" having "Ten Pin Alley".NEWS, The Globe Hotel - By Geo. Kensett,weblink The Globe, March 18, 1837, Washington, D.C., U.S., 3, ((:commons:File:18370318 Billiard Room and Ten Pin Alley attached to hotel - The Globe (Washington).png|Click for image)) Ad for hotel four blocks from White House touts "Billiard Room and Ten Pin Alley attached to the premises".).In the mid-1800s, various alternatives to free-standing pins received U.S. patents to solve perceived problems in pinsetting and ball return, aiming to avoid the need for human pinsetters to perform these functions. One scheme (1851) involved pins with spherical bases that when hit by a ball merely fell over, in place, to be rotated back to a vertical position.PATENT, U.S., Patent 8,027, Game Board (Apparatus For Setting Up Ten-Pins), April 8, 1851, Sloan, Thomas J.,weblink A second arrangement (1853) involved resetting the pins via cords descending from respective pin bottoms to weights beneath the pin deck.PATENT, U.S., Patent 9,916, Game Board (Setting Up Ten-Pins And Returning Balls), August 9, 1853, Eichell, George W.,weblink Another design (1869) involved suspending the pins with overhead cords.PATENT, U.S., Patent 92,467, Bowling Alley (Improvement in Bowling-Alleys), July 13, 1869, Pierce/Peirce, Amos T.,weblink {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | total_width =250| image1 = 1895 Bowling lockers.jpgWEBSITE=GUTENBERG.ORG ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20180701141541/HTTP://WWW.GUTENBERG.ORG/FILES/57337/57337-H/57337-H.HTM DATE=1895, live, Project Gutenberg release date: June 16, 2018.}}{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | total_width =450| image2 = Bowling alley at the Pleasant Beach Hotel, Bainbridge Island, ca 1898 (HESTER 61).jpeg| caption2 = Bowling alley at the Pleasant Beach Hotel, Bainbridge Island, Washington (c. 1898)| image3 = Bowling alley 1908.jpg| caption3 = Human pinsetters (Pittsburgh, c. 1908) preceded automated mechanical pinsetters.}}In 1884, the Brunswick Corporation became the first American bowling ball manufacturer, and by 1905NEWS, Pollack Wins Tourney With a Mineralite,weblink Oregon Journal, November 7, 1905, 12, ((:File:19051107 Pollack Wins Tourney With a Mineralite - (Portland) Oregon Daily Journal.jpg|copy of article)) Other sources are apparently wrong in citing 1914. introduced the Mineralite (hard rubber) ball that was considered so revolutionary over wooden balls that it was displayed at the Century of Progress Exposition in 1934. In 1886, Joe Thum—who would become known as the "father of bowling"—began opening bowling alleys and over decades strove to elevate the sport's image to compete with upper-class diversions such as theaters and opera houses.In 1875, delegates from New York City and Brooklyn bowling clubs formed the National Bowling Association (NBA) to standardize rules, but disagreements prevailed.WEB, History of bowling,weblink bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress),weblink October 30, 2016, live, In 1887 Albert G. Spalding wrote Standard Rules for Bowling in the United States, and in the mid-1890s the United Bowling Clubs (UBC) was organized with 120 members. The American Bowling Congress (ABC) was established in 1895, followed by the Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC) in the 1910s, such organizations promoting standardized rules and striving to improve the sport's image.From 1920 to 1929, the number of ABC-sanctioned alleys grew from 450 to about 2,000, with Prohibition leading to the growth of family-appropriate "dry" alleys. The 1933 repeal of Prohibition allowed breweries to sponsor teams and bowlers, adding to bowling's reputation as a working-class sport. Though at the turn of the twentieth century most bowling alleys were small establishments, post-Prohibition bowling lanes shifted from side entertainment at fancy Victorian venues or seedier saloons to independent establishments that embraced the Art Deco style and fit the era's perceived "need for speed".

1940s to early 1960s

(File:2,208,605 Bowling pin setting apparatus - patent.png|thumb|Actual text from one of Gottfried Schmidt's patents, this one from an application filed in 1936 and describing how his "bowling pin setting apparatus" can pick up and replace pins even if they were off their proper spotsWEB, Schmidt, Gottfried J., Bowling Pin Setting Apparatus,weblink patentimages.storage.googleapis.com, United States Patent and Trademark Office,weblink January 28, 2019, July 23, 1940, live, )Gottfried Schmidt invented the first mechanical pinsetter in his garage in 1936, one implementation of which was publicly exhibited in 1946 before AMF placed a production model into service in 1952.The 1940s through the 1970s became known as the "golden age of bowling", with ABC membership growing from 700,000 (1940), to 1.1 million (1947), to 2.3 million (1958), to 4.5 million (1963), Women's International Bowling Congress membership growing from 82,000 (1940) to 866,000 (1958), American Junior Bowling Congress membership growing from 8,000 (1940) to 175,000 (1958), and sanctioned individual lanes growing from 44,500 (1947) to 159,000 (1963).Bowling's growth was fueled by the deployment of automatic mechanical pinsetters by AMF (1952) and Brunswick (1955), television broadcasts (said to be "ubiquitous" in the 1950s), modernization and stylization of establishments with amenities to attract broader clientele, and formation of bowling leagues. Though President Truman had installed a bowling alley in the White House in 1947, a report of the American Society of Planning Officials in 1958 characterized bowling alleys as the "poor man's country club".NEWS,weblink Is bowling in its final frames — or on a roll?, Witsil, Frank, Detroit Free Press, May 9, 2015,weblink January 26, 2019, live, ABC bylaws had included a "white-males-only" clause since its inception in the 1890s, but numerous lobbying efforts and legal actions after World War II by civil rights and labor organizations led to a reversal of this policy in 1950.WEB, Afro-Americans in New York Life and History: The integration of the American Bowling Congress: the Buffalo experience, July 2005, Rigali, James. H., Walter, John C., Afro-American Historical Association of the Niagara Frontier,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060615073400weblink">weblink dead, June 15, 2006, March 31, 2006, Sports agent Eddie Elias founded the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) in 1958 with 33 members, and the first PBA tournaments began in 1959.WEB, The Game >> History, 2004, TenpinBowling.org,weblink March 31, 2006,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060415013813weblink">weblink April 15, 2006, dead, The Pro Bowlers Tour TV program aired from 1962 through 1997.In the 1930s and 1940s, professional bowling was dominated by "beer leagues" with many of the best bowlers sponsored by beer companies, but by 1965 the PBA tour was televised nationally on ABC Sports with sponsors such as Coca-Cola and Ford.In parallel with professional bowling was "action bowling" or "pot bowling"—bowling matches based on monetary bets—historically associated with the New York underworld from the 1940s to the 1970s.

Late 1960s to 1980

File:The Ronettes and Murray the K.jpg|thumb | right | The Ronettes and New York disc jockey Murray the KMurray the KThe first ten-pin lanes in Europe had been installed in Sweden in 1909, but attempts to popularize the sport in Europe were unsuccessful over the next several decades, though hundreds of lanes were installed on U.S. military bases in the U.K. during World War II.WEB, Pluckhahn, J. Bruce, Bowling,weblink Encyclopaedia Britannica,weblink September 19, 2018, live, Various countries developed the sport to some extent, and the Fédération Internationale des Quilleurs (FIQ; now World Bowling) was formed in 1952 to coordinate international amateur competition.A firmer establishment of the sport began in the U.K. in 1960 in London (Stamford Hill) in January 1960,WEB, Bowling History 101: The First British Bowling Alley,weblink Tenpin,weblink November 8, 2016, 2014, dead, and the British Tenpin Bowling Association (BTBA) was formed the following year. The first British made tenpin was by H Massil and sons who received the permit no.1 from the BTBA.WEB, BTBA Bowling Pin – Who was William Ivor Massil? – Talk Tenpin,weblink February 2, 2022, wp.talktenpin.net, Various other countries, including Australia, Mexico and Japan, adopted the trend over the ensuing decade. After initial faddish growth in the U.K., however, the sport did not thrive as it did in the U.S., and by the 1970s many British bowling alleys were converted to serve competing pastimes, such as bingo.NEWS, Ruddy, Austin J, Bowled over by Leicester's Top Rank entertainment: The classic era of Leicester's nightlife, 1960-1980,weblink Leicestershire Live, August 1, 2017,weblink January 17, 2019, live, The "Lane Master" automatic lane cleaning and conditioning machine was first deployed in the 1960s.In the 1960s and early 1970s, top bowling professionals made twice as much money as NFL football stars, received million-dollar endorsement contracts, and were treated as international celebrities. The $100,000 Firestone Tournament of Champions launched in 1965, in a decade that saw ABC membership peak at almost 4.6 million male bowlers.WEB, Bowling through the Decades: The 1960s,weblink PBS (Independent Lens),weblink October 20, 2017, 2007, dead, The number of sanctioned bowling alleys peaked at about 12,000 in the mid-1960s, mostly in blue-collar urban areas,WEB, Buzzle Staff, Bowling Was The Sport of Kings Back Then and Now of Working Men,weblink buzzle.com (link to SportsAspire.com),weblink January 29, 2019, July 22, 2017, live, and Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC) membership peaked at 4.2 million members in 1979.WEB, Bowling Through The Decades: The 1970s,weblink PBS (Independent Lens),weblink March 9, 2007, 2007, live, In the late 1960s, the participation sport of bowling found itself competing with spectator sports and outdoor recreational activities. The number of certified bowling centers was to eventually decline from its 1960s high of 12,000 to 6,542 in 1998 and 3,976 in 2013. The decline was noted acutely in waning league participation over the intervening decades.BOOK, Putnam, Robert D., Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital, 223–234, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, 10.1007/978-1-349-62397-6_12, 978-1-349-62399-0, 154350113, Expanded from an article in Journal of Democracy, January 1995, pp. 65-78.

1980 to 2000

(File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-Z0318-030, Berlin, Sport- und Erholungszentrum, Bowlingbahn.jpg|thumb|A bowling alley in Berlin (1981) with early electronic displays)Tournament prize funds in the 1980s included the PBA National Championship ($135,000, its largest) and the Firestone Tournament of Champions ($150,000), and PBA membership approached 2,500.WEB, Bowling Through The Decades: The 1980s,weblink PBS (Independent Lens),weblink March 9, 2007, 2007, live, Ten-pin bowling became an exhibition sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics (Seoul), has been a medal sport since its debut at the 1991 Pan American Games (Havana),WEB, Bowling Through The Decades: The 1990s,weblink PBS (Independent Lens),weblink March 9, 2007, 2007, dead, and was included in the 1998 Commonwealth Games (Kuala Lumpur).WEB, 1998 - Kuala Lumpur,weblink InsideTheGames.biz,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170614031546weblink">weblink June 14, 2017, live, Outside elite and professional bowling, participation in leagues—traditionally the more profitable end of the business—declined from a 1980 peak (8 million), compelling alleys to further diversify into entertainment amenities. As busier, two-earner households became more common in the 1980s to make league participation more difficult, the number of spectator sports and competing leisure time opportunities (jogging, tennis, skiing) grew.WEB, McIntosh, Phyllis, Bowling / Entertainment for All Ages,weblink eric.ed.gov, U.S. Department of Education,weblink May 4, 2021, 2011, live, While league bowling decreased by 40 percent between 1980 and 1993, the total number of bowlers actually increased by 10 percent during that period, with nearly 80 million Americans going bowling at least once during 1993. In 1995, the National Bowling Stadium (Reno, Nevada) was constructed at a cost of $47.5 million, but the PBA Pro Bowlers Tour TV program was canceled in 1997 after a 35-year run.NEWS, Ahrens, Frank, It's the End of the Lane for ABC's Bowling Broadcast,weblink The Washington Post, June 21, 1997, In 1991, equipment manufacturer DBA Products released "The Lane Walker"—the first computer-driven lane cleaning and oiling machine, programmable to clean up to 50 lanes.The early 1990s brought the development of reactive resin ("reactive") balls with chemically "tacky" surfaces that enhance traction to dramatically enhance hook and substantially increase the likelihood of striking, raising average scores even for less experienced bowlers.In 1998, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association (SGMA) president attributed an increase in popularity to bowling alley remodeling, technological innovations in balls and lanes, computerized scoring, and promotion by bowling organizations.WEB, American Demographics: Bowling throws a strike, July 1998, Krakowka, Lisa, Media Central, Inc.,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20040926050703weblink">weblink dead, September 26, 2004, April 2, 2006, The SGMA is now (2019) The Sports & Fitness Industry Association (SFIA).

2000 to present

(File:North Korea Bowling Alley.jpg|thumb|Example of a modern bowling alley (2010)){{multiple image| align = right| direction = horizontal| total_width =475}}From 1998 to 2013, the number of American bowling centers fell by one quarter. Similarly, in the two decades following 1997, the number of USBC-certified lanes—also indicative of business viability—declined by one-third. This business decline is often attributed to waning league participation: USBC membership—indicative of league participation that was the main source of revenue—declined by two-thirds in those two decades, and the portion of alley revenue attributable to leagues is estimated to have dropped from 70% to 40%. Political scientist Robert D. Putnam's book Bowling Alone (2000) asserts, with some controversy, that the retreat from league bowling epitomizes a broader societal decline in social, civic and community engagement in the U.S.As an indication of the decline, AMF Bowling, the largest operator of bowling centers in the world at the time, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001, and again in 2012.NEWS, AMF Bowling files for bankruptcy again,weblink Reuters, Stempel, Jonathan, November 13, 2012, May 29, 2019,weblink May 29, 2019, live, By 2013, AMF Bowling had merged with New York-based Bowlmor (no relation to the defunct, 1940s-founded Bowl-Mor firm that invented the automatic pinsetter for candlepin bowling), the company becoming known as Bowlmor AMF.WEB, AMF Bowling Worldwide and Bowlmor Complete Merger,weblink pehub.com, Dorbian, Iris, July 1, 2013, May 29, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140210103134weblink">weblink February 10, 2014, live, In 2000, three former tech industry executives bought a debt-laden PBA—which saw its 36-year television contract with ABC Sports end in 1997—and turned it from a non-profit league into a for-profit organization, and invested heavily in marketing.NEWS, CNNfn, High-tech execs spare PBA,weblink CNN, March 22, 2000,weblink April 3, 2019, live, The January 2005 merger of four U.S. bowling organizations to form the USBC formed a "central brand" aiming to grow the sport. Beginning late in the decade of the 2000s, the two-handed approach became popularized, first by Australian Jason Belmonte, with some hoping that the controversial delivery style would boost popularity of the sport. In January 2013, the eight-team PBA League began competition,WEB, The League,weblink Professional Bowlers Association,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130123122355weblink">weblink January 23, 2013, January 2013, dead, the strategy being that basing teams in specific geographic localities would generate viewer enthusiasm and corporate sponsorship in the same manner as teams in other professional sports.NEWS, Cimino, Peter, PBA League Is Must-See TV: PDW, Duke, Barnes, Belmonte and Others Tell You Why,weblink Bleacher Report, January 23, 2013,weblink April 12, 2019, live, Still, continuing the reversal of bowling's peak popularity in the 1960s, in the 2012–2013 season the average yearly winnings of the ten highest-earning PBA competitors was less than US$155,000, and the average for the remaining 250 competitors was $6,500—all much less than a rookie NFL football player's minimum base salary of $375,000.(File:Cosmicbowling2.jpg|thumb|To attract a broader range of patrons, many bowling centers offer "cosmic bowling" (shown) and host other special events.)Estimates of the number of total (league and non-league) bowlers in the U.S. have varied, from 82 million (1997, International Bowling Museum) to 51.6 million (2007, research firm White Hutchinson) to 71 million (2009, USBC),WEB, Press Room / Bowlers,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110104070752weblink">weblink dead, January 4, 2011, United States Bowling Congress (USBC), 2010, Link is to a January 2011 archive of USBC website describing 2009 numbers. the USBC stating in 2019 that bowling is still the #1 participation sport in the U.S.WEB, Bowlers,weblink bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress "Press Room"),weblink January 29, 2019, January 2019, live, More broadly, the International Bowling Museum stated in 2016 that bowling is played by 95 million people in more than 90 countries.WEB, History of Bowling,weblink BowlingMuseum.com (International Bowling Museum & Hall of Fame),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160608090410weblink">weblink June 8, 2016, 2016, live, In an era of continual decline in league participation, bowling centers promoted "party bowling" and black-light-and-disco-ball "cosmic bowling" and experienced a shift from blue-collar participants to open-play (non-league) family-oriented clientele in combined bowling and entertainment centers,WEB, What's happening to bowling?,weblink White Hutchinson,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090420150041weblink">weblink April 20, 2009, 2007, live, some offering laser tag, indoor playgrounds, go-karting, climbing walls, arcade games, skating rinks, gourmet restaurants, and nightclub-style bowling lounges. School sport programs expanded, the USBC stating that more than 5,000 high schools offered bowling as a competitive sport, with 50,000 student bowlers participating in 2009–2010. In 2011, the Bowling Proprietor's Association of America stated that more than 60% of U.S. bowlers were underage 34, that 46% were girls and women, and that children participated in bowling at a higher rate than any other population group.In contrast to the U.S., the 2000s and 2010s brought a bowling renaissance in the U.K., achieved by accommodating sophisticated modern tastes by providing (for example) retro style bowling alleys outfitted with 1950s Americana, "boutique bowling", "VIP lanes", and cameras for instant replays, and by rejuvenating bowling "alleys" into diverse-entertainment bowling "centres".NEWS, Maley, Jacqueline, Tenpin bowling is reborn as the new cool,weblink The Guardian, March 19, 2006,weblink January 30, 2019, live, NEWS, Walker, Rob, Tenpin alleys boom as Britain is bowled over by retro vibes of 1950s America,weblink The Guardian, July 22, 2017,weblink January 2, 2019, live, The population of ten-pin bowling centres grew from a low of barely 50 (in the 1980s) to over 200 (2006), with almost a third of Britons going bowling in 2016 and league participation growing over 20% over two years (2015-2017).Though ten-pin bowling was a demonstration sport in the 1988 Summer Olympics (Seoul) and has been included in the Pan American Games since 1991,NEWS, Young, Leslie, 10 Pan Am Games sports you won't see at the Olympics,weblink Global News, Canada, April 1, 2015,weblink September 15, 2018, live, after making the short list for inclusion in the 2020 Summer Olympics (Tokyo), it was cut.NEWS, Dougherty, Pete, To grow, bowling needs Olympics,weblink Times Union (Albany, NY), December 3, 2018,weblink December 4, 2018, live, One commentator noted that the sport's limited geographic popularity (the U.S., Australia and a few European and South American countries), and aging demographic of those who follow the sport, make it difficult to convince an Olympic Committee that wants to appeal to youth.{{anchor|Governing organizations}}

Bowling organizations

}}

International

World Bowling (WB) was formed in 2014 from component organizations of the Fédération Internationale des Quilleurs (FIQ, International Federation of Bowlers), which in 1952 developed from the International Bowling Association (IBA) which began operations in 1926. Since 1979 the International Olympic Committee has recognized the FIQ, and later, WB, as the sport's world governing body. WB establishes rules for the uniform practice of bowling throughout the world, and promotes bowling as an Olympic sport.WEB, World Bowling / About,weblink WorldBowling.org,weblink January 11, 2019, 2019, live, The World Tenpin Bowling Association "membership discipline" (component organization) of WB serves the amateur sport of ten-pin bowling worldwide, adopting uniform playing rules and equipment specifications.WEB, WTBA Rules / 2015-06-01 / Introduction / Background,weblink WorldBowling.org,weblink March 18, 2019, 7, June 1, 2015, live,

United Kingdom

The British Tenpin Bowling Association (BTBA, formed in 1961) is the official governing body recognized by World Bowling as the official sanctioning body in England, and as such "is responsible for the protection, integrity and development of the sport". Its stated vision is "to ensure that all people, irrespective of their age, disability, ethnic origin, marital status, sexual orientation or social status have a genuine and equal opportunity to participate in the sport at all levels and in all roles".WEB, About,weblink btba.org.uk, May 12, 2017, British Tenpin Bowling Association, March 14, 2019,weblink March 14, 2019, live, The National Association of Youth Bowling Clubs (NAYBC) is a BTBA subcommittee serving youth bowlers and youth bowling clubs.WEB, Frequently Asked Questions / + What is the NAYBC?,weblink naybc.btba.org.uk, National Association of Youth Bowling Clubs, March 17, 2019,weblink March 17, 2019, live, The British Universities Tenpin Bowling Association (BUTBA, formed in 2008) organizes bowling events for present and former university and college students.WEB, Home / Coming Events,weblink butba.co.uk/, British University Tenpin Bowling Association,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140904032022weblink">weblink September 4, 2014, live, The 2014 archive shows more explanatory detail.The Tenpin Bowling Proprietors Association (TBPA, formed in 1961 as an umbrella organization) is a trade association for the British ten-pin bowling industry.WEB, What is the TBPA?,weblink gotenpin.co.uk,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170919173511weblink">weblink September 19, 2017, 2019, live,

United States

(File:Poster of the first bowling competition, 1901.jpg|thumb|right|Poster for the first national bowling competition sanctioned by the American Bowling Congress. Highest per-game average scores: individual competition (216), doubles (200), five-man teams (181).NEWS, Bowlers' Tourney in Chicago / New York Teams First and Second in Two-Men Contest,weblink The New York Times, January 12, 1901, 9, — F. Brill (Chicago) scored highest in the individual competition (averaging 216/game); Voorhees and Starr (New York) scored highest in doubles (averaging 200/game), and the Standard Bowling Club of Chicago scored highest among five-man teams (averaging 181/game). A protest was filed against the highest-scoring doubles team, alleging use of a ball that was a quarter-inch larger in circumference than permitted.NEWS, Protest New York Bowlers / Chicagoan Objects to Awarding Championship to Starr and Voorhies,weblink The New York Times, January 12, 1901, 9, )The United States Bowling Congress (USBC) was formed as the governing body for the U.S. on January 1, 2005, by the merger of:

• the American Bowling Congress (ABC, an originally male-only organization founded in 1895),
• the Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC, 1916),
• the Young American Bowling Alliance (YABA, 1982), which itself was formed from combining the American Junior Bowling Congress (AJBC, 1946), Youth Bowling Association (YBA, 1963–64), and ABC/WIBC Collegiate division (mid-1970s),WEB, Home / Youth / About Us / History,weblink United States Bowling Congress, June 7, 2019,weblink June 7, 2019, live, and
• (Team) USA Bowling (1989).

As the national governing body for bowling, its stated mission is to provide services, resources and the standards for the sport,WEB, About USBC,weblink Bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress), March 13, 2019,weblink October 1, 2018, live, its stated goals including growing the sport and promoting values of "credibility, dedication, excellence, heritage, inclusiveness, integrity, philanthropy and sportsmanship".WEB, USBC, ABC, WIBC and Team USA Bowling,weblink Bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress), March 13, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170311002354weblink">weblink March 11, 2017, live,

Museums

The International Bowling Museum and Hall of Fame is located on the International Bowling Campus in Arlington, Texas, U.S.WEB, About / Overview,weblink BowlingMuseum.com (International Bowling Museum and Hall of Fame), March 13, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180621100843weblink">weblink June 21, 2018, live,

Tournaments

File:20190407 Bowling tournament chart.png|thumb | right | Conceptual diagram of a large bowling tournament. Entrants not eliminated in qualifying rounds go on to compete in match play, which determines seeding (initial ranking) for the final matches.WEB, Level 4 § 3. How do these tournaments work?,weblink BowlingSeriously.com,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170715062618weblink">weblink July 15, 2017, 2015, live, Publication date is estimated based on March 2015 date of earliest archive.]]World Bowling oversees quadrennial World Championship tournaments, and international championships for various sectors, including for women, seniors, youth and junior bowlers.WEB, World Championships,weblink WorldBowling.org,weblink March 24, 2019, live, The QubicaAMF Bowling World Cup (begun in 1965) is recognized as bowling's largest event in terms of number of countries competing, according to the USBC in 2018.WEB, Cannizzaro, Matt, Opening Ceremony Kicks Off 2018 QubicaAMF World Cup In Las Vegas,weblink bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC),weblink November 6, 2018, November 5, 2018, live, The Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) Tour has held anywhere from 15 to 25 events annually in recent years, mainly at U.S. locations.WEB, 2019 Go Bowling! PBA Tour Schedule,weblink pba.com, Professional Bowlers Association, March 26, 2019,weblink March 22, 2019, live, The PBA Tour includes "major" championship events:the U.S. Open, the USBC Masters, the PBA Tournament of Champions, the PBA World Championship, and the PBA Players Championship.WEB, Fox PBA 2019 TV Schedule,weblink Professional Bowlers Association, March 26, 2019,weblink March 26, 2019, 2019, live, Major events are in red text. Dozens more PBA tournaments are held in various U.S. geographical segments as part of the PBA Regional Tour.The United States Bowling Congress (USBC) has various tournaments for the PBA tour, PWBA, youth and seniors, including the USBC Masters and U.S. Open (both major tournaments on the PBA tour), and USBC Queens and U.S. Women's Open (both major tournaments on the PWBA tour), plus the USBC Team USA Trials/U.S. National Amateur Bowling Championships.WEB, Championship Tournaments / Tournament Information,weblink bowl.com, United States Bowling Congress (USBC), March 26, 2019,weblink February 16, 2019, live, Additionally, the USBC has regional tournamentsWEB, 2019 USA Bowling Regional Tournament Schedule,weblink Bowl.com, United States Bowling Congress (USBC), March 26, 2019,weblink December 27, 2018, live, and certifies local tournaments.WEB, Tournaments,weblink Bowl.com, United States Bowling Congress (USBC),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120513205414weblink">weblink May 13, 2012, 1, August 1, 2010, live, ● WEB, Introduction to Tournament Bowling,weblink Bowl.com, United States Bowling Congress (USBC), March 27, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161203025251weblink">weblink December 3, 2016, The European Tenpin Bowling Federation (ETBF) owns the European Bowling Tour (organized in 2000),WEB, European Bowling Tour: A Historical Review,weblink etbf.eu, European Tenpin Bowling Federation, March 25, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190325042826weblink">weblink March 25, 2019, live, including its final tournament, the European Bowling Tour Masters (first edition: 2008).WEB, European Bowling Tour Masters: A Historical Review,weblink etbf.eu, European Tenpin Bowling Federation, March 25, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190325174402weblink">weblink March 25, 2019, live, The Commonwealth Tenpin Bowling Federation (CTBF), made up of World Bowling member federations within the Commonwealth of Nations, owns the Commonwealth Tenpin Bowling Championships, which has held tournaments at irregular intervals since 2002.WEB, Commonwealth Championships: A Historical Review,weblink etbf.eu, European Tenpin Bowling Federation, March 26, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190326150845weblink">weblink March 26, 2019, live, The Weber Cup is an annual, three-day US vs. Europe tournament, named after Dick Weber,WEB, Weber Cup / About,weblink WeberCup.com, March 25, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190221184533weblink">weblink February 21, 2019, live, that began in 2000 and has been held almost exclusively in the U.K.WEB, Weber Cup / History,weblink WeberCup.com, March 25, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190221211921weblink">weblink February 21, 2019, live, In the decade of the 2000s, the World Ranking Masters, owned by World Bowling, ranked standings in the Pan American Bowling Confederation (PABCON), Asian Bowling Federation (ABF), and European Tenpin Bowling Federation (ETBF).WEB, World Ranking Masters: A Historical Review,weblink etbf.eu, European Tenpin Bowling Federation,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190325035249weblink">weblink March 25, 2019, March 25, 2019, live, Though ten-pin bowling has not progressed beyond a demonstration sport at the Olympic Games, international games modeled after the Olympics (awarding medals) do include the sport, including the World Games (governed by the International World Games Association), the Asian Games (governed by the Olympic Council of Asia, OCA)WEB, Bowling / List of Events,weblink ocasia.org, Olympic Council of Asia, March 27, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190327161211weblink">weblink March 27, 2019, dead, and the Pan American Games (governed by the Pan American Sports Organization, PASO).WEB, Team USA Home / 2019 Pan American Games,weblink bowl.com, United States Bowling Congress (USBC), March 27, 2019,weblink September 19, 2018, live, The Maccabiah Games (governed by the Israeli Bowling Federation, IBF, with events played according to WTBA-ETBF rules) host ten-pin tournaments as medal events.WEB, Ten-Pin Bowling Regulations,weblink maccabiah.com, Maccabi World Union,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170926063335weblink">weblink September 26, 2017, July 28, 2016, live,

Leagues

{{Further|Bowling league}}{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400| image1 = 1997- Bowling centers, league members, and lanes - raw numbers.svg| caption1 = USBC membership has declined, indicating waning league participation in the U.S.Data: Wayback Machine archives of USBC's bowl.com website. Links provided on Wikimedia's image page (weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20230510043235weblink">archive thereof)| image2 = 1997- Bowling centers, league members, and lanes - normalized.svg| caption2 = Same data, normalized to 1997 values to show relative change in lanes, centers and membership}}{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400| image3 = 1997- Lanes per bowling center.svg| caption3 = The average number of lanes per bowling center has trended upward slightly during this time period.| image4 = 1985- Bowling center employees (U.S.).pngWEBSITE=BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS (BLS.GOV) ARCHIVE-DATE=OCTOBER 28, 2019 weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191028210249weblink">Related BLS graphs presented by Bloomberg's Justin Fox. which some attribute to their diversification into more broad-based entertainment centers.FOX TITLE=HOW BOWLING ALLEYS MADE A COMEBACK PUBLISHER=BLOOMBERG ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20191027160727/HTTPS://WWW.BLOOMBERG.COM/AMP/OPINION/ARTICLES/2019-10-26/BOWLING-ALONE-NOT-ANYMORE-HOW-BOWLING-ALLEYS-MADE-A-COMEBACK URL-STATUS=LIVE, }}Bowling leagues vary in format, including demographic specialization (male, female, mixed, senior, youth),number of bowlers per team (usually 3–5),number of games per series (usually 3),day and time of scheduled sessions,starting dates and duration of league seasons,scoring (scratch versus handicap), andsystems for bestowing awards and prizes.WEB, Bowling Leagues,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160106213233weblink">weblink January 6, 2016, August 3, 2012, live, Usually, each team is scheduled to oppose each of the other teams over the course of a season.WEB, Bowling League Schedule,weblink United States Bowling Congress (USBC),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151224092117weblink">weblink December 24, 2015, live, Sample schedules provided. Position rounds—in which the first place team opposes the second place team, third place opposes fourth place, and so on—are often inserted into the season schedule.WEB, Goodger, Jef, Position Round in Bowling,weblink ThoughtCo.com,weblink April 14, 2018, March 6, 2017, live, Customarily, team position standings are computed after each series, awarding a first number of points for each game won and a second number of points for achieving the higher team score for that series, the particular numbers being specified in each league's rules.WEB, Sample Adult League Rules,weblink United States Bowling Congress (USBC),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160528014735weblink">weblink May 28, 2016, Rule 16 (sample rule), live, Further, in leagues having "match point" scoring, individual bowlers on one team are matched against respective members of the opposing team, the winners receiving points that supplement their team's game and series points.NEWS, Small, Glenn, Match point scoring can make league night more lively bowling,weblink The Baltimore Sun,weblink March 20, 2019, August 15, 1993, live, The number of league bowlers in the U.S. peaked at 8 million in 1980, declining to approximately 1 million by the early 2020s.

Notable professional achievements

Titles and scores

• First perfect game on live national television: Jack Biondolillo (1967, Firestone Tournament of Champions)
• First female to bowl a perfect game on national television: Ritsuko Nakayama (1970, Japan){{YouTube|CLSZWvaNV5E|Video of Nakayama rolling a perfect game}}
• Most titles in a single PBA Tour season: Mark Roth (8 titles in 1978)WEB,weblink Hall of Fame / 35 / Mark Roth, Professional Bowlers Association,weblink April 11, 2019, live,
• Most titles in a single PWBA Tour season: Carolyn Dorin-Ballard (7 titles in 2001)WEB,weblink Women's Pro History, 11thframe.com, June 13, 2023,
• First woman to win a PBA Tour event: Kelly Kulick (2010, PBA Tournament of Champions)NEWS, Associated Press, Breaking More Barriers, Woman Takes P.B.A. Title,weblink The New York Times, January 25, 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100128072311weblink">weblink January 28, 2010, live,
• Most PBA Tour titles (career): Walter Ray Williams Jr. (47 titles, reached in 2010)WEB, All-Time PBA Tour Titlists,weblink Professional Bowlers Association, March 26, 2019,weblink March 27, 2019, live,
• Most PWBA Tour titles (career): Lisa Wagner (32 titles, reached in 1999)WEB,weblink Lisa Wagner – USBC profile, bowl.com, June 13, 2023,
• First to earn 100 combined titles in PBA Tour, PBA50 Tour and regional competition: Walter Ray Williams Jr. (2016)
• Most PBA Tour major titles (career): Jason Belmonte (15, reached in 2023)WEB,weblink JASON BELMONTE WINS RECORD-SETTING FOURTH TOURNAMENT OF CHAMPIONS TITLE, Hughes, Nolan, pba.com, March 19, 2023,weblink March 20, 2023, live,
• Most PWBA Tour major titles (career): Liz Johnson (10, reached in 2017)WEB,weblink Liz Johnson wins 2017 U.S. Women's Open for 10th major title, pwba.com, August 6, 2017, June 13, 2023,
• Only winners of a career "Super Slam" (all five PBA majors): Mike Aulby (1996)WEB, Aulby Announces Retirement Plans,weblink PBA.com,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200305183132weblink">weblink March 5, 2020, October 22, 2003, live, and Jason Belmonte (2020)WEB,weblink Australia's Jason Belmonte Wins U.S. Open, Becomes Second Bowler to Complete PBA "Super Slam", Vint, Bill, pba.com, February 23, 2020,weblink February 24, 2020, live,

Earnings and contracts

• First (in any sport) to receive $1,000,000 endorsement contract: Don Carter (1964, with Ebonite International)WEB, Crockett, Zachary, The Rise and Fall of Professional Bowling,weblink Priceonomics,weblink March 16, 2018, March 21, 2014, live,
• First to earn more than US$100,000 in a single season: Earl Anthony (1975)WEB, Hall of Fame: Earl Anthony,weblink Professional Bowlers Association, March 28, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100205111655weblink">weblink February 5, 2010, dead,
• First female to earn more than US$100,000 in a single season:: Lisa Wagner (1988)WEB,weblink Lisa Wagner, Infoplease, June 13, 2023,
• First to earn US$1 million in career earnings: Earl Anthony (1982)WEB, PBA History,weblink Professional Bowlers Association,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190328191840weblink">weblink March 28, 2019, dead,
• First female to earn US$1 million in career earnings: Aleta Sill (1996)WEB,weblink Aleta Rzepecki-Sill – Bowling's First Lady Millionaire, National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame, Mullen, Michelle, June 12, 2008, June 13, 2023,
• First to earn US$2 million in career earnings: Walter Ray Williams Jr. (1997).
• Most earnings in a single PBA season: Kyle Troup ($496,900 in 2021)WEB,weblink Kyle Troup Wins KIA PBA Playoffs for Eighth Career Title, pba.com, May 16, 2021,weblink May 16, 2021, live,
• First to earn US$3 million in career earnings: Walter Ray Williams Jr. (2002–03)
• Highest first-place prize awarded in a single professional bowling tournament: $250,000 in the 2011 PBA Tournament of Champions (won by Mika Koivuniemi)WEB, Vint, Bill, 'Major Mika' Wins PBA Tournament of Champions, Record $250,000 First Prize, PBA, January 22, 2011,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110125131932weblink">weblink January 25, 2011, dead, and 2021 PBA Players Championship (won by Kyle Troup)WEB,weblink Kyle Troup Wins PBA Players CHampionship for First Career Major Title, Goodger, Jef, PBA.com, February 21, 2021,weblink March 10, 2021, live,

Youngest

• Youngest to win a standard PBA Tour title: Norm Duke (1983, at age 18 years, 345 days)WEB, Norm Duke,weblink Professional Bowlers Association, March 28, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100526094545weblink">weblink May 26, 2010, live,
• Youngest to earn cash in a PBA Tour event: Kamron Doyle (age 14, 2012 U.S. Open)WEB, Thomas, Jason, Shafer Leads U.S. Open, But 14-Year-Old Kamron Doyle Becomes Youngest Casher in PBA Tour History,weblink Professional Bowlers Association,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190326042712weblink">weblink March 26, 2019, February 23, 2012, live,
• Youngest to win a PBA Tour major tournament: Anthony Simonsen (2016 USBC Masters at age 19 years, 39 days)WEB,weblink 19-Year-Old Simonsen Wins USBC Masters to Become Youngest to Win a Major Title, Cannizzaro, Matt, pba.com, February 14, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190708071929weblink">weblink July 8, 2019, live,
• Youngest to win a standard PWBA Tour event: Jillian Martin (2021 PWBA BowlTV Classic at age 17 years, 16 days)NEWS,weblink Stow's Jillian Martin, 17, becomes youngest woman to win pro bowling event, Akron Beacon Journal, August 11, 2021,weblink September 3, 2021, live,
• Youngest to win a PWBA Tour major event: Wendy Macpherson (1986 U.S. Women's Open at age 18 years, 69 days)WEB,weblink Southern Nevada Sports Hall of Fame - Wendy Macpherson, snshf.com, Southern Nevada Sports Hall of Fame,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160617073723weblink">weblink June 17, 2016, live,

Oldest

• Oldest to win a standard PBA Tour title: John Handegard (1995, at age 57 years, 139 days)WEB, John Handegard,weblink Professional Bowlers Association, March 28, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160807184208weblink">weblink August 7, 2016, live,
• Oldest to win a PBA Tour major tournament (that was classified as a major when it took place): Pete Weber (2013 Barbasol Tournament of Champions at age 50 years, 222 days) (NOTE: Ernie Schlegel won the 1996 USBC Masters at age 53 before it was considered a PBA event; he was retroactively credited with a major due to a 2008 rule change.)WEB,weblink Anthony Simonsen Wins Second USBC Masters Title At 2022 Event, Smith, Aaron, PBA.com, April 4, 2022,weblink April 4, 2022, live,

Perfect (300) game history

(File:Bowling trophy 300 game winner 20181106 064933 01.jpg|thumb|right | A USBC "300 game" gold ring)Ernest Fosberg (East Rockford, Ill.) bowled the first recognized 300 in 1902, before awards were given out. In 1908, A.C. Jellison and Homer Sanders (both of St. Louis) each bowled 300 games in the same season, the ABC awarding the gold medal for the highest score of the year to Jellison after a three-game tie-breaker match, without regard to the chronological order of their accomplishments.WEB, Bowling Trivia 1,weblink BowlingBall.com ("Info" section),weblink September 21, 2005, 2004, live, On January 7, 2006, Elliot John Crosby became the youngest British bowler to bowl a BTBA-sanctioned 300 game at the age of 12 years, 2 months and 10 days, breaking the 1994 record of Rhys Parfitt (age 13 years, 4 months).WEB, Elliot Crosby becomes the youngest player in the UK to shoot 300,weblink BowlingDigital.com,weblink December 30, 2010, January 15, 2006, live, On November 17, 2013, Hannah Diem (Seminole, Florida) became the youngest American bowler to bowl a USBC-certified 300 game at the age of 9 years, 6 months and 19 days, breaking the 2006 record of Chaz Dennis (age 10) and the 2006 female record of Brandie Reamy (age 12).WEB, Cannizzaro, Matt, Florida Bowler Becomes Youngest to Bowl 300 Game,weblink bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC),weblink January 27, 2019, November 20, 2013, live, Jeremy Sonnenfeld (Sioux Falls, South Dakota) rolled the first certified 900 series in 1997.WEB, Bowling Trivia 2,weblink BowlingBall.com ("Info" section),weblink January 27, 2019, 2004, live, A well-publicized court-contested 900 series by Glenn Allison in 1982, considered by many to be the first-ever 900 series, was denied certification due to non-conforming lane conditions.WEB, Bigham, Terry, USBC Concludes Re-evaluation of Glenn Allison 900 Series,weblink bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC),weblink December 10, 2014, November 22, 2014, live,

"Score inflation" controversy

(File:1969- Number of sanctioned perfect games in ten-pin bowling, per sanctioned bowler.svg |thumb|The number of sanctioned perfect (300) games per league bowler has increased substantially since the 1990s. Freeman and Hatfield posit that the increase in perfect games is due to factors such as the introduction of reactive resin coverstocks, asymmetric ball cores, synthetic lane surfaces, and precision lane oiling machines.)The 905 perfect games that were rolled during the 1968–69 season increased 38-fold to 34,470 in the 1998–99 season. Likewise, the number of perfect-game league bowlers increased from about one of 3150 (1900–1980) to about one of 27 (2007), a greater-than-hundredfold increase that many thought threatened to jeopardize the integrity of the sport.{{sfn |Stremmel |Ridenour |Stervenz |2008 }} Though median averages for male league bowlers remained at about 168 from the 1980s through the mid-2010s, the number of top average scores over 190 soared, suggesting that more skilled bowlers are making use of technological advancements.WEB, Get Off Of The Bowling Fence,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink April 29, 2015, August 2014, live, The USBC Technical Director wrote that the "USBC is concerned that technology has overtaken player skill in determining success in the sport of bowling," announcing in 2007 the completion of a ball motion study undertaken "to strike a better balance between player skill and technology".WEB, USBC Equipment Specifications and Certification section, Research complete on USBC Bowling Ball Motion Study,weblink bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101207110243weblink">weblink December 7, 2010, December 17, 2007, live, File:20221008 Bowling lane oiling machine.webm |thumb | Automatic lane oiling machines can be programmed to lay down oil patterns of different levels of difficulty. "Typical house shots" enable higher scores than the more challenging "sport shots".]]Separately, a USBC pin carry study completed in about 2008 found that dramatically increased entry angles improve pin carry{{sfn |Benner |Mours |Ridenour | 2009}} to result in higher scores—regardless of whether the bowlers supplied additional effort or improved their skill.{{sfn |Stremmel |Ridenour |Stervenz |2008 }} Among the factors allowing higher scores were technological advances in coverstock and core design{{sfn |Stremmel |Ridenour |Stervenz |2008 }} combined with improved lane surfaces and accommodative oil patterns.WEB, United States Bowling Congress (USBC), Bowling Technology Study: An Examination and Discussion on Technology's Impact in the Sport of Bowling,weblink bowl.com,weblink December 31, 2018, February 2018, live, Specifically, the reactive resin balls and particle balls that came out in the 1990s increased frictional engagement with the lane to provide greater hook potential that made high entry angles easier to achieve. Moreover, changes in lane surface technology, as well as the introduction of voids into pins to make them lighter and more top-heavy, helped to raise average scores as early as the 1970s. Expanded choices in oil viscosity and electronically controlled lane oiling machines permitted alley owners to customize house oil patterns to optimize the advantages of the new ball technologies.WEB, Carrubba, Rich, Are Today's Bowling Scores Too High?,weblink BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120610133401weblink">weblink June 10, 2012, 2012, live, Technological progress allowed some 1990s league scores to surpass those of professionals in the 1950s.Responding to such concerns, the USBC initiated "sport bowling" leagues and tournaments that provide "sport", "challenge" and "PBA Experience" oil patterns that are more challenging than the accommodative patterns of typical house shots. Still, the USBC has encountered enduring issues concerning how to maintain "average integrity" (fair handicapping) across leagues using oil patterns of differing difficulty.WEB, Bigham, Terry, USBC to reclassify more than 700 leagues as Sport or Challenge leagues based on research,weblink bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC),weblink January 31, 2019, January 15, 2018, live, As a result of various USBC studies, including a bowling technology studyWEB, United States Bowling Congress (USBC), Bowling Technology Study: An Examination and Discussion on Technology's Impact in the Sport of Bowling,weblink bowl.com,weblink December 31, 2018, February 2018, live, published in February 2018, the USBC Equipment and Specifications Committee established new specifications focusing mainly on balls. The overall result of the new specifications was said to slightly limit hook potential, more specifically eliminating balance holes (as of the 2020–21 season) and setting a new specification for oil absorption. The USBC stated that the new specifications will slow oil pattern transition, cause bowlers to move less, and keep the same scoring pace with lower oil volume.WEB, Bowling Technology Updates -- Frequently Asked Questions,weblink bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190708072034weblink">weblink July 8, 2019, 2018, live, Archive link provides for download of PDF file rather than viewing.

In media

Coverage of events

{{see also|:Category:Bowling television series}}Beginning in 1962, ABC's Pro Bowlers Tour was broadcast on Saturday afternoons to be viewed by millions, and—with various entertainment-oriented programs including Make That Spare, Celebrity Bowling and Bowling for Dollars—confirmed the sport's popularity. The Pro Bowlers Tour garnered excellent ratings in the 1960s and early 1970s, as a lead-in to ABC's Wide World of Sports. However, television ratings fell substantially, from 9.1 in the mid-1970s to 2.0 in 1997, the year in which Pro Bowlers Tour was canceled.The decline in bowling event coverage has been attributed to a variety of factors, including time demands burdening the schedules of two-income households, small purses (winnings) for professional tournaments, declining participation in league bowling, the perceived demographic of bowlers (old, or of low social class), waning popularity with the public, competing sports programming on cable television, lack of corporate sponsorship, lack of an inspiring bowling star (2004),MAGAZINE, Why the Media Hates Bowling, June 2, 2004, Clark, Tom, Bowlers Journal,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20050501154335weblink">weblink May 1, 2005, dead, and an aging audience for TV bowling.MAGAZINE, Callahan, Gerry, The Last Frame After 36 Years on ABC, Bowling and Announcer Chris Schenkel Got Tossed Into the Gutter,weblink Sports Illustrated,weblink April 8, 2019, June 30, 1997, live, (Page image viewed 2019-04-08). A 2006 PBA article describing the PBA bowlers in the documentary A League of Ordinary Gentlemen called bowling athletes "the Rodney Dangerfields of professional sports".The decline in coverage has also been attributed to the perception that bowling is less an athletic sport (not being in the Olympic Games) and more of a recreational pastime (such as for children's birthday parties). This perception is reinforced by the easy lane conditions provided to bowling leagues that enable seasoned league bowlers to achieve scores rivaling those of professionals who must bowl under more challenging lane conditions.NEWS, Bowling's three hurdles to gain respect, October 30, 2001, Clark, Tom, USA Today,weblinkweblink July 12, 2017, live, Former PBA Commissioner Mark Gerberich said that ABC paid the PBA $200,000 per broadcast in 1991, but by 1997 "we were paying 0,000 to stay on TV."MAGAZINE, Vint, Bill, Mark Gerberich, Three Former PBA Stars Enter PBA Hall of Fame, Bowlers Journal, February 16, 2017,weblinkweblink March 2, 2021, live, Said to be "near bankruptcy" in 2000, the PBA changed ownership to one that emphasized marketing with the goal of running the organization as a for-profit business. ESPN featured bowling from 2000 to 2018 on Sunday afternoons, with CBS Sports Network also airing a smaller number of bowling tournaments.In 2019, the PBA entered an agreement, expected to last four years, in which Fox Sports would sell advertising and sponsorships for the sport to establish the sport's presence on broadcast television, also providing cable, streaming, and social media programming.NEWS,weblink Professional Bowling Rolls to Fox Sports, Steinberg, Brian, March 20, 2018, Variety,weblink March 27, 2019, live, In September 2019, Bowlero Corporation purchased the PBA.NEWS, Barrabi, Thomas, Professional Bowlers Association sold as Bowlero aims for perfect game,weblink Fox Business, September 11, 2020,weblink November 25, 2020, live,

Portrayal on television

Particular television broadcasts include:

• 1950s: The Honeymooners (1952); Championship Bowling (1952).WEB, Bowling Through The Decades: The 1950s,weblink PBS (Independent Lens),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160410061542weblink">weblink April 10, 2016, 2007, live,
• 1960s: Make That Spare; premiere episode of The Flintstones (1960-1966); Jackpot Bowling (1959-1961).
• 1970s: Celebrity Bowling (beginning in 1971); All In the Family; Bowling for Dollars (through 1980); Laverne and Shirley (1976 debut); ESPN broadcasts five of six fall PBA Tour events in its debut year (1979).
• 1980s: The New Celebrity Bowling (beginning in 1987); Married With Children; Grim Reaper AIDS awareness campaign (1987)WEB,weblink This confronting advertising campaign ran for only three weeks in the 1980s, but it is seared on the nation's collective memory, 2023-06-05, 2020-05-25, Canberra Times,
• 1990s: The Simpsons; The Drew Carey Show (annual contest); Nubeluz ("Los Palitroques Gigantes", one of the Peruvian show's signature gamesweblink Bowling game featured on Nubeluz
• 2000s: According to Jim; Let's Bowl! (on Comedy Central: bowling to settle court disputes);WEB, Bowling Through The Decades: The 2000s,weblink PBS (Independent Lens),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160410050618weblink">weblink April 10, 2016, 2007, live, Malcolm in the Middle.WEB, St. James, Emily, The best TV episodes of the decade,weblink AV Club,weblink March 18, 2022, November 12, 2009, live,
• 2020s: How We Roll (2022)MAGAZINE, Easton, Anne, 'How We Roll' Hopes To Bowl Over Viewers With An Aspirational Story,weblink Forbes, March 30, 2022,weblink April 1, 2022, live,

In print

In J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Professor Albus Dumbledore is a fan of ten-pin bowling.J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Vancouver: Raincoast Books, 2004 paperback edition), p. 114.

Non-fiction films

Strikes and Spares (1934) was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Novelty Short.NEWS, Strikes and Spares (1934),weblinkweblink May 20, 2011, Movies & TV Dept., The New York Times, 2011, dead, weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190511022733weblink">Archive of full list at Oscars.org.Pin Gods (1996) presents the early challenges of three young bowlers breaking into professional bowling.NEWS, Fuchs, Cynthia, Reviews / Pin Gods,weblink PopMatters, May 3, 2010,weblink April 9, 2019, live, (Video)The PBS Independent Lens documentary A League of Ordinary Gentlemen (2006) chronicles the stories of four PBA Tour bowlers at different stages of their careers, following the purchase of the PBA and appointment of former Nike executive Steve Miller as Director.WEB, PBS to Air A League of Ordinary Gentlemen Next Week,weblink Professional Bowlers Association (PBA),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060506090154weblink">weblink May 6, 2006, April 19, 2006, dead, WEB, A League of Ordinary Gentlemen / The Film,weblink PBS,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060908055910weblink">weblink September 8, 2006, 2006, live,

Fiction films

{{further|:Category:Ten-pin bowling films}}In the animated short cartoon The Bowling Alley-Cat (1942), cat and mouse Tom and Jerry do battle inside a bowling center.NEWS, Mavis, Paul, Review: Tom and Jerry's Greatest Chases, Vol. 3,weblink DVD Talk, October 13, 2009,weblink December 6, 2017, live, In Dreamer (1979), Tim Matheson plays a man aspiring to be a professional bowler who faces a challenger played by Dick Weber.WEB, AFI Catalog of Feature Films / Dreamer (1979),weblink American Film Institute (AFI),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190403155816weblink">weblink April 3, 2019, 1970, live, In Greedy (1994), Michael J. Fox plays an "honest but luckless pro bowler with a bad wrist and a good woman."NEWS, Piantadosi, Roger, Greedy (review),weblink The Washington Post, March 4, 1994,weblink December 15, 2018, live, The Farrelly brothers' comedy Kingpin (1996) is a bowling comedy about which Randy Quaid said in an interview, "If we can't laugh at bowling, what can we laugh at?"In the Coen Brothers' The Big Lebowski (1998), "the Dude" (Jeff Bridges), a "slacker's slacker", hangs out with his buddies at a bowling alley,WEB, The Big Lebowski / 1998,weblink movie-locations.com, April 3, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190210105811weblink">weblink February 10, 2019, live, in which John Goodman's character pulls out a gun to threaten a competitor who stepped over the foul line and refused to accept the mandatory zero score for the shot.In the Disney Channel's Alley Cats Strike (2000), high school students engage in a bowling rivalry.NEWS, Blatt, Ben, The Longest Movie Plot Summary on Wikipedia,weblink Slate, June 26, 2014,weblink March 28, 2019, live,

Games

(File:18700906 Game board (bowling) - U.S. patent 107,030.png|thumb|right| The inventor of this 1870 patent claims to have "invented a new and useful adaptation of the old and favorite Game of Ten-Pins ... rendered available for parlor or indoor use".U.S. patent 107,030, "Game Board" or "Game-Box For Ten-Pins", issued September 6, 1870, to George Benedict Fowler of Brooklyn, New York. (weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20220720165241weblink">Archive (PDF)))What is believed to be the first bowling video game was released in the 1977, a built-in provided with the RCA Studio II console. A pseudo-3D game was released in 1982 for the Emerson Arcadia 2001 console, and a multi-player game was released by SNK in 1991, almost a decade before convincing 3D graphics arrived. Wii Sports, which was released in 2006, includes a bowling game for the 3D-motion-controlled console, and mobile-device bowling games have since become increasingly popular. Several organizations—including the PBA and entertainment franchises such as Animaniacs, The Simpsons, Monsters, Inc., and The Flintstones—have granted licenses to use their names for video games.WEB, Zwiezen, Zack, A History Of Bowling In Video Games,weblink Kotaku,weblink February 4, 2019, February 2, 2019, live,

See also

• Glossary of bowling
• List of ten-pin bowlers
• List of world bowling champions
• Bowls

Publications

• WEB, Benner, Donald, Mours, Nicole, Ridenour, Paul, Pin Carry Study: Bowl Expo 2009,weblink bowl.com,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101207110519weblink">weblink December 7, 2010, Slide show presentation, 2009, live, USBC, Equipment Specifications and Certifications Division.
• BOOK, Freeman, James, Hatfield, Ron, Bowling Beyond the Basics: What's Really Happening on the Lanes, and What You Can Do about It, July 15, 2018, BowlSmart, 978-1 73 241000 8,weblink
• WEB, Stremmel, Neil, Ridenour, Paul, Stervenz, Scott, Identifying the Critical Factors That Contribute to Bowling Ball Motion on a Bowling Lane,weblink United States Bowling Congress,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120603180429weblink">weblink June 3, 2012, 2008, live, Study began in 2005. Publication date is estimated based on article content.
• WEB, United States Bowling Congress (USBC), USBC Equipment Specifications and Certifications Manual,weblink bowl.com,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130619074452weblink">weblink June 19, 2013, February 2012, live,
• WEB, United States Bowling Congress (USBC), Bowling Technology Study: An Examination and Discussion on Technology's Impact in the Sport of Bowling,weblink bowl.com,weblink December 31, 2018, February 2018, live,
• WEB, United States Bowling Congress (USBC), Playing Rules 2021-2022,weblink bowl.com,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20211102130258weblink">weblink November 2, 2021, 2021, live,
• MAGAZINE, Vogel, A. F., Bowling,weblink Spalding's Athletic Library, 1, 3, American Sports Publishing Company, December 1892,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200327135438weblink">weblink March 27, 2020, New York, live,

References

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}{{Commons category|Bowling}}{{Commons category|Bowling balls}}{{Ten pin bowling}}{{Bowling}}{{Authority control}}