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{{short description|American artist and graphic designer}}{{Lead too short|date=January 2024}}

factoids

| birth_place = Ithaca, New York, U.S.| death_date = | death_place = Mount Holyoke College (Bachelor of Arts>BA) New York University (Master of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy>PhD)| known_for = Contemporary American design| occupation = Graphic designer| notable_works = GUI design language and product launch of the Macintosh

• {{marriage|Jay Tannenbaum||2011|reason=divorced{edih}

}}| children = 3kare.com}}}}Susan Kare ({{IPAc-en|k|ɛər}} "care"; born February 5, 1954) is an American artist and graphic designer, who contributed interface elements and typefaces for the first Apple Macintosh personal computer from 1983 to 1986.WEB, Design Biography, Susan Kare, Susan, Kare,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071222102629weblink">weblink May 8, 2020, 2007-12-22, She was employee #10 and Creative Director at NeXT, the company formed by Steve Jobs after he left Apple in 1985. She was a design consultant for Microsoft, IBM, Sony Pictures, Facebook, and Pinterest. {{asof|2023}} Kare was an employee of Niantic Labs.WEB , As a pioneer of pixel art and of the graphical computer interface, she has been celebrated as one of the most significant designers of modern technology.WEB, McLaughlin, Aimée, 2018-02-05, The most influential female designers of the last century,weblink 2023-02-19, Design Week, en-UK,

Early life and education

Kare was born in Ithaca, New York. Her father was a professor at the University of Pennsylvania and director of the Monell Chemical Senses Center, a research facility for the senses of taste and smell.WEB, Susan Kare, Regional Rail and the original Macintosh fonts, January 14, 2011, Technically,weblink Brian James, Kirk, May 8, 2020, Her mother taught her counted-thread embroideryMAGAZINE, Smithsonian Magazine, How Susan Kare Designed User-Friendly Icons for the First Macintosh, David, Kindy, October 9, 2019,weblink May 8, 2020, as she immersed herself in drawings, paintings, and crafts. Her brother was aerospace engineer Jordin Kare.WEB, Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, February 19, 2001, Interview with Susan Kare,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100311195002weblink">weblink March 11, 2010, August 13, 2007, Making the Macintosh: Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley, Stanford University, WEB,weblink The Monell Connection, Winter 2003, August 13, 2007, 2003, Monell Chemical Senses Center, 9, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080407124004weblink">weblink April 7, 2008,

Career

Early

Susan Kare's career has always focused on fine art. For several summers during high school she interned at the Franklin Institute for designer Harry Loucks, who introduced her to typography and graphic design while she did phototypesetting with "strips of type for labels in a dark room on a PhotoTypositor".WEB,weblink interview with graphic designer susan kare, October 21, 2014, designboom {{!, architecture & design magazine|access-date=March 16, 2019}}WEB, Susan Kare, September 17, 2018, Zachary, Crockett,weblinkweblink April 24, 2019, May 6, 2020, Because she did not attend an artist training school, she built her experience and portfolio by taking many pro-bono graphics jobs such as posters and brochure design in college, holiday cards, and invitations. After her Ph.D., she moved to San Francisco to work at the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (FAMSF),JOURNAL, Tobin, Janet, Summer 2001, Designer Susan Kare '75 Gives Pixels Personality,weblink Vista, Mount Holyoke College, 6, 1, April 20, 2018, January 22, 2016,weblink dead, as sculptorWEB, Susan Kare, Iconic Designer, May 4, 2018, Eric S., Hintz, Smithsonian Institution,weblink May 6, 2020, and occasional curator. She later reflected that her "ideal life would be to make art full-time but that sculpture was too solitary".

Apple

(File:Original Mac fonts.png|thumb|Mac typefaces designed {{circa|1983–84}} by Susan Kare)In 1982, Kare was welding a life-sized razorback hog sculpture commissioned by an Arkansas museum when she received a phone call from high school friend Andy Hertzfeld. In exchange for an Apple II computer, he solicited her to hand-draw a few icons and font elements to inspire the upcoming Macintosh computer.WEB, Susan Kare, the brains behind the Mac's famous icons and fonts, Yoni, Heisler, April 4, 2014, Engadget,weblink May 8, 2020, However, she had no experience in computer graphics and "didn't know the first thing about designing a typeface" or pixel art so she drew heavily upon her fine art experience in mosaics, needlepoint, and pointillism. He suggested that she get a {{US$|2.50}} grid notebook of the smallest graph paper she could find at the University Art store in Palo AltoWEB, The Sketchbook of Susan Kare, the Artist Who Gave Computing a Human Face, Steve, Silberman, November 22, 2011,weblinkweblink June 28, 2012, Plos Blogs, dead, May 9, 2020, and mock up several {{nowrap|32 × 32 pixel}} representations of his software commands and applications. This includes an icon of scissors for the "cut" command, a finger for "paste", and a paintbrush for MacPaint. Compelled to actually join the team for a fixed-length part-time job, she interviewed "totally green" but undaunted, bringing a variety of typography books from the Palo Alto public library to show her interest alongside her well-prepared notebook.WEB, Mac OS Icon sketchbook, MoMA, 2020, Susan, Kare,weblink May 6, 2020, She "aced" the interviewWEB,weblink Technology: Talk Time, August 15, 2007, Hamish Mackintosh, June 12, 2003, Guardian Unlimited, dead,weblink" title="archive.today/20120525194235weblink">weblink May 25, 2012, and was hired in January 1983 with Badge #3978.NEWS,weblink An Interview: The Macintosh Design Team, BYTE, February 1984, October 22, 2013, Lemmons, Phil, 58, interview, Her business cards read "HI Macintosh Artist".As a computer novice in the target market of the Macintosh, she easily grasped the Twiggy-based Macintosh prototype which "felt like a magical leap forward" for art design. She preferred it over the Apple II and was amazed and excited by the computer screen's design capability to undo, redo, and iterate an icon or letterform while seeing it simultaneously at enlarged and 100% target sizes. She immediately embraced Bill Atkinson's existing rudimentary graphics software tools and applications, to toggle pixels on and off and convert the resulting images to hexadecimal code for keyboard input. More advanced graphical tools were written for her by Hertzfeld, and she embellished the flagship application MacPaint's user interface while the programmers matured it to become her primary tool. She contributed to the Macintosh identity and devised ways to make the machine humanized, intuitively usable, relatable, and inviting.Her whimsical personality was essential to the infectiously budding culture and lore of the early Macintosh team, and infused into the product. She stunned the staff of accomplished pixel artists and engineers with her unexpectedly personable renditions of their portraits in the Mac's standard {{nowrap|32 × 32}} pixel monochrome resolution for icons.WEB, Steve Icon, February 1983, Folklore.org, Andy, Hertzfeld,weblink May 6, 2020, She and Steve Capps sewed a Jolly Roger pirate flag with a rainbow colored Apple logo eyepatch, as the christening brand of the new Macintosh headquarters at Brandley 3, embracing Steve Jobs's ethos "it's better to be a pirate than to join the Navy".WEB, Pirate Flag, August 1983, Andy, Hertzfeld, Folklore,weblink May 8, 2020, Working as the only graphic designer in a diverse and articulate team of programmers and with Hertzfeld as the primary requester, she spent hours or days at a time developing a rich selection of graphics for the consensus-driven feedback loop for each GUI element. Jobs personally approved each of her main desktop icons. Kare participated heavily in the prerelease marketing campaign for the Macintosh in 1983 by posing for magazine photo shoots, appearing in television advertisements, and demonstrating the Mac on television talk shows.In only one year, she designed the core visual design language of the original Macintosh which launched in January 1984. This includes original marketing material and many typefaces and icons, some of which became patented. As a whole platform of their own, these designs comprise the first visual language for the identity of the Macintosh and for Apple's pioneering of graphical user interface (GUI) computing.MAGAZINE,weblink Iconic Designer Susan Kare Explains How ⌘ Came to Be, Gonzalez, Robbie, WIRED, April 21, 2017, en-US, She refined Apple's existing iconography and desktop metaphors imported from the Macintosh's predecessor, the Lisa, such as the trash can, dog-eared paper icon, and I-beam cursor. She devised the practice of associating unique document icons with their creator applications. The team's GUI elements such as the Lasso, the Grabber, and the Paint Bucket became universal staples of computing. Her original cult classic icons include Clarus the Dogcow seen in the print dialog box, the Happy Mac icon of the smiling computer that welcomes users at system startup, and the Command key symbol on Apple keyboards. Aligned with Steve Jobs's passion for calligraphy, she designed the world's first proportionally spaced digital font family including Chicago and Geneva, and the monospaced Monaco. Chicago is her first font, made especially for systemwide use in menus and dialog; it has a bold vertical look initially named Elefont, in which Kare implemented Jobs's idea of variable spacing, where each character can have the unique pixel width that it needs, to differentiate the computer from a monospaced typewriter. Cairo is a set of icons in font form, for combining graphics directly into text, akin to "proto-emojis".She became a Creative Director in Apple Creative Services working for the department director, Tom Suiter, "at a time when it seemed as if the main Mac development was over".INTERVIEW, Adam Kallish, Tom, Suiter, A Question of Identity : An Interview with Tom Suiter,weblink May 6, 2020, Smithsonian Magazine summarizes her groundbreaking Macintosh work: "It was an intense time with untold pressure to perform on a new product launch that demanded countless hours of work, rework and work again to get everything right." Kare recalled the privilege of being directly taught by engineers how early software is assembled: "I loved working on that project—always felt so lucky for the opportunity to be a nontechnical person in a software group. I was awed by being able to collaborate with such creative, capable and dedicated engineers. My ‘work/life balance’ has improved since {{nowrap|then. : n )}}"

After Apple

In 1986, Kare followed Steve Jobs in leaving Apple to launch NeXT, Inc. as its Creative Director and 10th employee. She introduced Jobs to her design hero Paul Rand and hired him to design NeXT's logo and brand identity, admiring his table-pounding exactitude and confidence. She created and re-created slideshows to Jobs's exacting last-minute requirements.She realized that she wanted "to be back doing bitmaps" so she left NeXT to become an independent designer with a client base including graphical computing giants Microsoft, IBM, Sony Pictures, Motorola, General Magic, and Intel. Her projects for Microsoft include the card deck for Windows 3.0's solitaire game,NEWS,weblink dead,weblink October 2, 2016, In Conversation With Susan Kare: On Windows 3.0 Solitaire, Iconography, and Nostalgia - STORY, September 27, 2016, STORY, January 2, 2022, WEB,weblink The Designer Who Made the Mac Smile, Laurence Zuckerman, August 26, 1996, The New York Times,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070812002119weblink">weblink August 12, 2007, dead, August 15, 2007, which taught early computer users to use a mouse to drag and drop objects on a screen. In 1987, she designed a "baroque" wallpaper, numerous other icons, and design elements for Windows 3.0, using isometric 3D and 16 dithered colors. Many of her icons, such as those for Notepad and various Control Panels, remained essentially unchanged by Microsoft until Windows XP. For IBM, she produced pinstriped isometric bitmap icons and design elements for OS/2.WEB , For General Magic, she made Magic Cap's "impish" cartoon of dad's office desktop. She was a founding partner of Susan Kare LLP in 1989. For Eazel, she rejoined many from the former Macintosh team and contributed iconography to the Nautilus file manager which the company permanently donated to the public for free use.WEB,weblink Nautilus File Manager, www.gnome.org, April 20, 2018, In 2003, she became a member of the advisory board of Glam Media, now called Mode Media.weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141216183421weblink">"Susan Kare", Bloomberg Businessweek, December 16, 2014 In 2003, she was recommended by Nancy Pelosi as one of four appointments to the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee for designing coins for the United States Mint.WEB, New Member Joins Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee, August 1, 2003, Washington, DC, US Mint,weblink May 8, 2020, Between 2006 and 2010,WEB,weblink Susan Kare, American Institute of Graphic Arts, Zachary, Crockett, March 20, 2018, she produced hundreds of {{nowrap|64 × 64 pixels}} icons for the virtual gifts feature of Facebook.NEWS,weblink Buy a virtual cupcake for breast cancer, on Facebook, CNET, January 17, 2018, en, Initially, profits from gift sales were donated to the Susan G. Komen for the Cure foundation until Valentine's Day 2007.WEB,weblink BIG KISS ON IVORY | Susan Kare Prints, 2018-04-22, 2018-04-23,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180423034256weblink">weblink dead, One of the gift icons, titled "Big Kiss" is featured in some versions of Mac OS X as a user account picture.WEB,weblink Give gifts on Facebook!, Jared Morgenstern, February 7, 2007, August 15, 2007, In 2007, she designed the identity, icons, and website for Chumby Industries, Inc.,BOOK,weblink Graphic Design, Referenced: A Visual Guide to the Language, Applications, and History of Graphic Design, Bryony Gomez Palacio, Armin Vit, 187, 2011, Rockport Publishers, 9781592537426, as well as the interface for its Internet-enabled alarm clock.WEB,weblink Hands On chumby Wi-Fi Widget Beanbag (Cuddly in More Ways Than One), Gizmodo, Matt, Buchanan, February 21, 2008, Since 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080917043308weblink">search Susan Kare MoMAstore.org The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) store in New York City has carried stationery and notebooks featuring her designs.In 2015, MoMA acquired her notebooks of sketches for the original Macintosh user interface.WEB,weblink Susan Kare Archive at MOMA, i-programmer.info, David Conrad, March 8, 2015, In August 2012, she was called as an expert witness by Apple in the patent-infringement trial Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co..WEB,weblink unfit,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140909213255weblink">weblink September 9, 2014, Former Apple Designer Kare Testifies at Samsung Patent Trial, Joel Rosenblatt, August 7, 2012, Businessweek, Bloomberg LP, February 7, 2016, In 2015, Kare was hired by Pinterest as a product design leadNEWS,weblink Pinterest hires early Apple designer Susan Kare, The Verge, March 10, 2018, as her first corporate employment in three decades. Working with design manager Bob Baxley, the former design manager of the original Apple Online Store, she compared the diverse and design-driven corporate cultures of Pinterest and early 1980s Apple.WEB, Q&A: Susan Kare On Why Pinterest Feels Like Apple In The '80s, August 19, 2015, John, Brownlee, Fast Company,weblink May 8, 2020, In February 2021, Kare became Design Architect at Niantic Labs.WEB, Susan Kare's LinkedIn Profile,weblink LinkedIn, {{As of|2022}}, she concurrently heads a digital design practice in San Francisco and sells limited-edition, signed fine-art prints.WEB,weblink About – Susan Kare, kare.com, en-US, April 20, 2018,

Design philosophy

Kare's design principles are meaning, memorability, and clarity. She echoes the advice of Paul Rand, "Don't try to be original, just try to be good". She focuses on simplicity in creating visual metaphors for computer commands. Designing for the fullest range of users from novice to expert, she believes that the most meaningful icons are instantly easy to both understand and remember. She said "an icon is successful if you could tell someone what it is once and they don't forget it." She said "good icons should function somewhat like traffic signs{{mdash}}simple symbols with few extraneous details, which makes them more universal" and notes that there is no impetus to continuously modernize a stop sign.MAGAZINE, Armin, Vit, Pixel Perfect, How Magazine, February 2004, 76–81, Using the same philosophy through the pixel art era and beyond, she has placed a "premium on context and metaphor", hunting the streets of San Francisco for inspiration from "catchy symbols and shapes". When stuck on a design, she resourced inspiration from the books Kanji Pictograms for its table of the real-world origins of Japanese characters, and Symbol Sourcebook,BOOK, Symbol Sourcebook: an Authoritative Guide to International Graphic Symbols, Henry, Dreyfuss, 1984, New York, 1972, 9780471288725, 40650573, especially its reference for hobo graffiti.{{quotation|I like to think that good icons are instantly recognizable{{mdash}}even if someone's never seen it, you can ask them what it does, and they get it{{mdash}}or it's so easy to remember that if someone tells you what it is once, it's easy to remember when you look at it. I think that's a lot to ask of a symbol, that if you tested it everyone would all have the same one-word response as its function. But I think I had then, and still have, more of a common sense than a scientific approach to that kind of thing. It's solving the little puzzle of making an image fit a metaphor. It's fantastic when an icon becomes meaningful shorthand, when you can create a pothole-free environment for users. After all, who wouldn't rather see an icon of a light switched on instead of the words 'lights on'?"|source=Susan Kare}}Her primary objective with the Macintosh was to humanize it, make it seem less like a machine, and give it "a smile". She intended to bring "an artist's sensibility to a world that had been the exclusive domain of engineers and programmers" and "hoped to help counter the stereotypical image of computers as cold and intimidating". Her Macintosh icons were inspired by many sources such as art history, wacky gadgets, pirate lore, Japanese logograms, and forgotten hieroglyphics. On the Mac keyboard, her concept for the command symbol was taken from the Saint Hannes cross, which is a symbol for a place of cultural interest used by Scandinavians of the 1960s such as at Swedish campgrounds.WEB,weblink The Woman Behind Apple's First Icons, Priceonomics, 3 April 2014, en, March 16, 2019, MAGAZINE,weblink Iconic Designer Susan Kare Explains How ⌘ Came to Be, Gonzalez, Robbie, February 4, 2016, Wired, March 16, 2019, en-US, 1059-1028, She thrived in the problem-solving approach to severe technological constraints of the 1980s, drawing heavily upon her fine art experience in mosaics, needlepoint, and pointillism. Considering {{nowrap|32 × 32 pixels}} to be generous for icons, this improvised mastery of "a peculiar sort of minimal pointillism" made her an early pioneer of pixel art. For example, her original fonts are constrained to {{nowrap|9 × 7 pixels}} per character, yet she solved the problem of the typical jagged look of existing monospaced computer typefaces by using only horizontal, vertical, or 45-degree lines. Veteran designers at Apple had previously thought it impossible to convey personality and accuracy in a human portrait of only {{nowrap|32 × 32 pixels}} until Kare did it.Since the late 1980s, she uses Adobe Photoshop and Adobe IllustratorWEB,weblink I'm Susan Kare, Graphic Designer, and This Is How I Work, Orin, Andy, Lifehacker, 15 October 2014, en-US, March 16, 2019, using a grid-like template to simulate the constraints of the target device and user experience. She has said that she would still prefer {{nowrap|16 × 16 pixel}} monochrome pixel art.

Reception

The Smithsonian Institution called her design language "simple, elegant, and whimsical". In 2015, the Museum of Modern Art exhibited the first physical representation of her iconography, including her original Grid sketchbook, saying "If the Mac turned out to be such a revolutionary object––a pet instead of a home appliance, a spark for the imagination instead of a mere work tool––it is thanks to Susan's fonts and icons, which gave it voice, personality, style, and even a sense of humor. Cherry bomb, anyone?"MAGAZINE, The New Yorker,weblink The Woman Who Gave the Macintosh a Smile, April 19, 2018, Alexandra, Lange, May 6, 2020, They called her "a pioneering and influential computer iconographer [whose icon designs] communicate their function immediately and memorably, with wit and style." The American Institute of Graphic Arts characterized her style as a "whimsical charm and an independent streak" with an "artistic sleight of hand" and awarded her with its medal in April 2018.WEB, Dormehl, Luke, Mac icon designer Susan Kare honored with award, CultofMac.com, April 20, 2018,weblink April 21, 2018, In October 2019, Kare was awarded the National Design Award for Lifetime Achievement by Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum.WEB, NDA 20 YRS Q&A WITH SUSAN KARE, Hannah Maureen, Holden, September 17, 2019,weblink May 8, 2020, On International Women's Day of 2018, Medium acknowledged Kare as a technologist who helped shape the modern world alongside programmer Ada Lovelace, computer scientist Grace Hopper, and astronaut Mae Jemison.WEB, Celebrating Women in Tech: Susan Kare, Designer Of Apple's Most Iconic Icons, March 8, 2018, Appsee,weblink May 6, 2020, Medium, In 1997, I.D. magazine launched its I.D. Forty list of influential designers including Kare and Steve Jobs. In October 2001, she received the Chrysler Design Award.WEB, Women of Interest—Susan Kare, June 29, 2018, Barb, Godin,weblink The Voice, May 8, 2020,

Legacy

Susan Kare is considered a pioneer of pixel art and of the graphical user interface,WEB, Designers on acid: the tripping Californians who paved the way to our touchscreen world, May 11, 2017, Oliver, Wainwright,weblink The Guardian, May 6, 2020, having spent three decades of her career "at the apex of human-machine interaction".In co-creating the original Macintosh computer and documentation, she drove the visual language for Apple's pioneering graphical computing. Her most recognizable and enduring works at Apple include the world's first proportionally spaced digital font family of the Chicago, Geneva, and Monaco typefaces, and countless icons and interface components such as the Lasso, the Grabber, and the Paint Bucket. Chicago is the most prominent user-interface typeface seen in classic Mac OS interfaces from System 1 in 1984 to Mac OS 9 in 1999, and in the first four generations of the iPod interface. This cumulative work was key in making the Macintosh one of the most successful and foundational computing platforms of all time. Descendants of her groundbreaking 1980s work at Apple are universally seen throughout computing and in print.For decades, she seeded this visual language practice throughout the industry via industry giants such as Microsoft Windows, IBM OS/2, Facebook, and Pinterest.Her icon portfolio has been featured as physical prints in the National Museum of American History, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. Her work has a cult following, and large print versions of her digital portfolio are sold privately and at MoMA.

Personal life

She was married to Jay Tannenbaum. Their marriage was dissolved in 2011.WEB, Susan Kare vs Jay Tannenbaum,weblink Trellis Legal Intelligence, 28 March 2022, She has three sons with him.Susan Kare, Biography wallma.wordpress.com Her brother was aerospace engineer Jordin Kare.

See also

• List of Apple typefaces

References

{{reflist}}

Further reading

• NEWS,weblink Art That Clicks: Icon designer strives for simplicity, Michelle, Quinn, January 25, 1995, San Francisco Chronicle,
• NEWS,weblink Design Icon: The Mac Icons, Mark, Penfold, Computer Arts Magazine, September 30, 2005,

External links

• {{official website}}
• Fonts created by Kare {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515203444weblink |date=2008-05-15 }}

{{Original Macintosh Design Team}}{{Apple celeb}}{{NeXT Computer}}{{Authority control}}