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{{Short description|Oil obtained from seeds of soya plant}}{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}

factoids

| MedlinePlus = | licence_CA = | licence_EU = | DailyMedID = Soybean_oil| licence_US = | pregnancy_AU = B3 DATE=30 JUNE 2020 ACCESS-DATE=16 JULY 2020, | pregnancy_US = C| pregnancy_US_comment = | pregnancy_category= | dependency_liability = | addiction_liability = | routes_of_administration = Intravenous (IV)| class = | ATCvet = | ATC_prefix = none| ATC_suffix = | ATC_supplemental =| bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = | metabolites = | onset = | elimination_half-life = | duration_of_action = | excretion =| CAS_number_Ref = | CAS_number = 8001-22-7| CAS_supplemental = | PubChem = | IUPHAR_ligand = | DrugBank_Ref = | DrugBank = DB09422| ChemSpiderID_Ref = | ChemSpiderID = | UNII_Ref = | UNII = 241ATL177A| KEGG_Ref = | KEGG = | ChEBI_Ref = | ChEBI = | ChEMBL_Ref = | ChEMBL = | NIAID_ChemDB = | PDB_ligand = | synonyms =| IUPAC_name = | chemical_formula = H= Al= Au= Bi= Ca= Co= Fe= I= Li= Mn= Na= P= S= Se= Tc= charge= | molecular_weight = | SMILES = | StdInChI = | StdInChI_comment = | StdInChIKey = | density = | density_notes = | melting_point = | melting_high = | melting_notes = | boiling_point = | boiling_notes = | solubility = | sol_units = | specific_rotation = }}Soybean oil (British English: soyabean oil) is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean (Glycine max). It is one of the most widely consumed cooking oils and the second most consumed vegetable oil.WEB,weblink Global vegetable oil consumption, 2019/20, As a drying oil, processed soybean oil is also used as a base for printing inks (soy ink) and oil paints.

History

Soybeans were cultivated in China by the late Shang dynasty, around 1000 BCE.BOOK, Hui-lin, Li, The Domestication of Plants in China: Ecogeographical Considerations, David N., Keightley, The Origins of Chinese Civilization, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983, 29–38, 0-520-04229-8, Shijing, the Book of Odes, contains several poems mentioning soybeans.JOURNAL, On the domestication of the soybean, T., Hymowitz, Economic Botany, 24, 408–421, 1970, 4, 10.1007/BF02860745, 26735964,

Production

{| class="wikitable gauche" style="margin-right:2em;" cellpadding="5"!!Country !! Production, 2019(tonnes)|1 15,998,400|2 11,290,000|3 11,263,345|4 8,081,200|5 1,438,200|6 874,503|7 704,200|8 741,173|9 653,400|10 635,200Source : FAOSTAT(File:Soybean Oil, Meal and Beans (10059732523).jpg|thumb|Soybean oil, meal and beans)To produce soybean oil, the soybeans are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, heated to between 60 and 88 Â°C (140–190 Â°F), rolled into flakes, and solvent-extracted with hexanes. The oil is then refined, blended for different applications, and sometimes hydrogenated. Soybean oils, both liquid and partially hydrogenated are sold as "vegetable oil", or are ingredients in a wide variety of processed foods. Most of the remaining residue (soybean meal) is used as animal feed.In the 2002–2003 growing season, 30.6 million tons (MT) of soybean oil were produced worldwide, constituting about half of worldwide edible vegetable oil production, and thirty percent of all fats and oils produced, including animal fats and oils derived from tropical plants.United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics 2004 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302092600weblink |date=2013-03-02 }}. Table 3-51.In 2018–2019, world production was at 57.4 MT with the leading producers including China (16.6 MT), US (10.9 MT), Argentina (8.4 MT), Brazil (8.2 MT), and EU (3.2 MT).WEB, World Soy Oil Production,weblink The Soybean Processors Association of India, 2019-01-04,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190104081829weblink">weblink 2019-01-04, live,

Composition

Soybean oil contains only trace amounts of fatty carboxylic acids (about 0.3% by mass in the crude oil, 0.03% in the refined oil).JOURNAL, Rukunudin IH, A Modified Method for Determining Free Fatty Acidsfrom Small Soybean Oil Sample Sizes, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 1998, 75, 5, 563–568, 10.1007/s11746-998-0066-z, 33242242, Instead it contains esters. In the following content, the expressions "fatty acids" and "acid" below refer to esters rather than carboxylic acids. Per 100 g, soybean oil has 16 g of saturated fat, 23 g of monounsaturated fat, and 58 g of polyunsaturated fat.BOOK, Poth U, Drying Oils and Related Products, 10.1002/14356007.a09_055, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2001, 3527306730, WEB,weblink Oil, soybean, salad or cooking Nutrition Facts & Calories, www.nutritiondata.com, 2012-11-22,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100330022524weblink">weblink 2010-03-30, live, The major unsaturated fatty acids in soybean oil triglycerides are the polyunsaturates alpha-linolenic acid (C-18:3), 7-10%, and linoleic acid (C-18:2), 51%; and the monounsaturate oleic acid (C-18:1), 23%.JOURNAL, Ivanov DS, Lević JD, Sredanović SA, Fatty acid composition of various soybean products, Journal of the Institute for Food Technology in Novi Sad, 2010, 37, 2, 65–70,weblink 21 June 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131004230458weblink">weblink 4 October 2013, live, It also contains the saturated fatty acids stearic acid (C-18:0), 4%, and palmitic acid (C-16:0), 10%.The high-proportion of oxidation-prone polyunsaturated fatty acid is undesirable for some uses, such as cooking oils. Three companies, Monsanto Company, DuPont/Bunge, and Asoyia in 2004 introduced low linolenic Roundup Ready soybeans. Hydrogenation may be used to reduce the unsaturation in linolenic acid. The resulting oil is called hydrogenated soybean oil. If the hydrogenation is only partially complete, the oil may contain small amounts of trans fat.Trans-fat is also commonly introduced during conventional oil deodorization, with a 2005 review detecting 0.4 to 2.1% trans content in deodorized oil.JOURNAL, Azizian H, Kramer JK, A rapid method for the quantification of fatty acids in fats and oils with emphasis on trans fatty acids using Fourier Transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR), Lipids, 40, 8, 855–867, August 2005, 16296405, 10.1007/s11745-005-1448-3, 4062268, WEB, Chapter 5 : Processing and refining edible oils,weblink 2021-07-04, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, BOOK,weblink Soybeans : chemistry, production, processing, and utilization, 2008, AOCS Press, Johnson LA, White PJ, Galloway R, Pamela J. White, 978-0-12-804352-3, Urbana, IL, 491265615,

Applications

Food

Soybean oil is mostly used for frying and baking. It is also used as a condiment for salads.

Drying oils

Soybean oil is one of many drying oils, which means that it will slowly harden (due to free-radical based polymerization) upon exposure to air, forming a flexible, transparent, and waterproof solid. Because of this property, it is used in some printing ink and oil paint formulations. However, other oils (such as linseed oil) may be superior{{how?|date=April 2023}} for some drying oil applications{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}.

Medical uses

{{anchor|Medical_uses}}Soybean oil is indicated for parenteral nutrition as a source of calories and essential fatty acids.WEB, Nutrilipid I.V. fat emulsion- soybean oil injection, solution, DailyMed, 23 June 2020,weblink 16 July 2020, WEB, Intralipid- i.v. fat emulsion emulsion, DailyMed, 9 January 2019,weblink 16 July 2020,

Fixative for insect repellents

While soybean oil has no direct insect repellent activity, it is used as a fixative to extend the short duration of action of essential oils such as geranium oil in several commercial products.JOURNAL, Barnard DR, Xue RD, Laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochierotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae), Journal of Medical Entomology, 41, 4, 726–730, July 2004, 15311467, 10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.726, free,weblink 2018-12-29, 2021-03-08,weblink dead, JOURNAL, Fradin MS, Day JF, Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites, The New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 1, 13–18, July 2002, 12097535, 10.1056/NEJMoa011699, free,

Trading

(File:World Production Of Main Vegetable Oils By Main Producers (2020).svg|thumb|Soybean oil is one of the most commonly produced vegetable oils)Soybean oil is traded at the Chicago Board of Trade in contracts of 60,000 pounds at a time. Prices are listed in cents and thousandths of a cent per pound, with a minimum fluctuation of 5/1000 cents.WEB, CONSECUTIVE SOYBEAN OIL CSO – CONTRACT SPECS,weblink CME Group, 25 December 2020, It has been traded there since 1951.BOOK, Shurtleff W, Aoyagi A, William Shurtleff, Akiko Aoyagi, History of Soybean Crushing: Soy Oil and Soybean Meal (980–2016):: Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook, 2016, Soyinfo Center, 978-1-928914-89-1, 1850,weblink en, Below are the CQG contract specifications for Bean Oil:{| class="wikitable"weblink 2022-04-14, PortaraCQG, en-US, !Bean Oil (BOA) !|Exchange: |CBOT |Sector: |Grain |Tick Size: |0.01 |Tick Value: |6 USD |BPV: |600 |Denomination: |USD |Decimal Place: |2

References

{{reflist}}

External links

• WEB,weblink U.S. National Library of Medicine, Drug Information Portal, Soybean oil,

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