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Sayyid
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{{short description|Nobility title in the Islamic world}}{{for|the given name|Sayyid (name)}}{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2020}}{{italic title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Etymology
A few Arabic language experts state that it has its roots in the word al-asad , meaning "lion", probably because of the qualities of valor and leadership.BOOK, Hitchcock, Richard,weblink Muslim Spain Reconsidered, 18 February 2014, Edinburgh University Press, 9780748678310, 28 April 2017,weblink 29 July 2017, live, {{rp|158}}BOOK, Corriente, Federico,weblink Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords: Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects, BRILL, 2008, 978-9004168589, 28 April 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141006153300weblink">weblink 6 October 2014, live, {{rp|265}} The word is derived from the verb sÄda, meaning to rule. The title seyyid/sayyid existed before Islam, however not in light of a specific descent, but as a meritocratic sign of respect.BOOK,weblink LisÄn Al-'Arab, 14 September 2022, Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic defines seyyid as a translation for master, chief, sovereign, or lord.BOOK, Wehr, Hans, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 1976, 440, It also denotes someone respected and of high status.In the Arab world, sayyid is the equivalent of the English word "liege lord" or "master" when referring to a descendant of Muhammad, as for example in Sayyid Ali Sultan.BOOK, Cleveland, William L.,weblink A History of the Modern Middle East, Bunton, Martin, 2 August 2016, Westview Press, 978-0-8133-4980-0, en, 25 August 2016,weblink 15 February 2017, live, People of India by Herbert RiselyOrigin of the title
The foundation of the title Sayyid is unclear. In fact the title Sayyid as a unified reference for descendants of Muhammad did not exist according to Monimoto until the Mongol conquests.Morimoto in Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies, introduction; This can be substantiated by historic records about Abdul Qadir Gilani and Bahauddin Naqshband, who did not refer to themselves with any title, despite their lineages to Muhammad. Sometimes the ruling community of a nation, took this title to portray themselves as respected and honored, though they are not actually the descendants of Muhammad. This gives reasons to think that this title is founded later on. Monimoto refers to Mominov, who describes that the emergence of a community leader during the Mongol era (Ilkhanate) gave rise to the prominence of the title Sayyid.Morimoto in Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies, introduction, p. 7 This leader is most probably the Sunni Shafiite scholar Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, who lived in this time, being known as a saint credited with the honorific titles "Amir-e-Kabir"(English: Grand Prince) and "Ali-e-Saani" (English: Second Ali).BOOK, Lawrence, Walter R., The valley of Kashmir, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 2005, 81-206-1630-8, 65200978, p. 292 Hamadani's religious legacy in Kashmir as well as his headquarter (Persian: Khanqah) the Khanqa-e-Mola became under the control of the Grand Sayyid Hazrat Ishaan. Hazrat Ishaan's descendants are buried in Hamadani's headquarter, on which occasion it is known as the Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab today.Tazkare Khwanadane Hazrat Eshan(genealogy of the family of Hazrat Eshan)(by author and investigator:Muhammad Yasin Qasvari Naqshbandi company:Edara Talimat Naqshbandiyya Lahore)p. 58BOOK,weblink Tarikh-i Hassan, Ghulam Hasan, Khuihami, P. N, Pushp, 4 August 1954, Research & Publ. Dpt., Jammu & Kashmir Gov., 69327348, Open WorldCat, Suraiya Gull in "Development of Sufi Kubraviya Order with Special Reference to Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani", p. 8However in Sunni Islam as practiced in the Ottoman and Mughal Empire, a person descending from Muhammad (either maternally or paternally) can only claim the title of Sayyid meritocratically by passing audits, whereupon exclusive rights, like paying lesser taxes, will be granted. These are mostly based on the claimant's demonstrated knowledge of the Quran and piousness (Arabic: Taqwa) under the assessment of a Naqib al-Ashraf, also known as a Mir in Persian-speaking countries.Tazkare Khanwade Hazrat Ishaan, p. 61, by Muhammad Yasin Qaswari Naqshbandi, published by Kooperatis Lahorin, Edare Talimat NaqshbandiyyaDamurdashi, ed. Muhammad, p. 43.Imber and Kiyotaki, p. 198. Notable examples of such a Naqib (plural: "Nuqaba") or Mirs (plural: "Miran"), were Hazrat Ishaan in the Mughal Empire and his descendant Sayyid Mir Fazlullah Agha in Royal Afghanistan.In Shia Islam, with the advent of the Safavids a male person with a non-Sayyid father and a Sayyida mother claims the title of Mirza.Statistics
Although reliable statistics are unavailable, conservative estimates put the number of Sayyids in the tens of millions.BOOK, Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies: The Living Links to the Prophet, 2012, Routledge, 978-0-415-51917-5, Morimoto, Kazuo, illustrated, 2, 11, Reliable statistics showing the number of the Prophetâs kinsfolk, spread all through the Muslim world and far beyond it, are not available. Even a conservative estimate, however, would suggest that the number of kinsfolk is in the tens of millions.,Traditions
Traditionally, Islam has had a rich history of the veneration of relics, especially of those attributed to Muhammad.Goldziher, I. and Boer, Tj. de, "At̲h̲ar", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. The most genuine prophetic relics are believed to be those housed in the Hirkai Serif Odasi (Chamber of the Holy Mantle) in Istanbul's Topkapı Palace.WEB,weblink Topkapi Web Page, 11 June 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130113151332weblink">weblink 13 January 2013, dead, WEB,weblink The 2002 Smithsonian Folklife Festival: Connecting Culture, Creating Trust, 11 June 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090924012148weblink">weblink 24 September 2009, live, WEB,weblink Islamic Picture Gallery - Home > Islamic Relics, 11 June 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150601201844weblink">weblink 1 June 2015, dead,Other indication of descent
In addition to the sayyid title, descendants of Muhammad through the Twelve Imams in Arabic, Persian and Urdu may obtain the following surnames:BOOK, Khanam, R.,weblink Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia, 2005, Global Vision Publishing House, 978-81-8220-062-3, en, {| class="wikitable"- 1. The user may transliterate the word letter for letter (e.g., "اÙزÙدÙ" becomes "a-l-z-ai-d-i").
- 2. The user may transcribe the pronunciation of the word (e.g., "اÙزÙدÙ" becomes "a-zz-ai-d-i"); in Arabic grammar, some consonants (n, r, s, sh, t and z) cancel the l (Ù) from the word "the" al (اÙ) (see sun and moon letters). When the user sees the prefixes an, ar, as, ash, at, az, etc... this means the word is the transcription of the pronunciation.
- An i, wi (Arabic), or i, vi (Persian) ending could perhaps be translated by the English suffixes -ite or -ian. The suffix transforms a personal name or place name into the name of a group of people connected by lineage or place of birth. Hence Ahmad al-Hassani could be translated as Ahmad, the descendant of Hassan, and Ahmad al-Manami as Ahmad from the city of Manama. For further explanation, see Arabic names.
Existence of descendants of Hasan al-Askari
File:Al-Askari Mosque.jpg|289px|thumb|Al-Askari shrine in Samarra, Iraq, before the 2006 bombing ]]The existence of any descendant of Hasan al Askari is disputed by many people. Some genealogies of Middle Eastern and Central Asian families (mostly from Persia), East Africa (mostly in Somaliland and Ethiopia), Khorasan, Samarqand, and Bukhara show that Hasan al-Askari had a second son called Sayyid Ali Akbar, which indicates that al-Askari had children and substantiates the existence of Muhammad al Mahdi. Whether in fact al-Askari did have children is still disputed, perhaps because of the political conflicts between the followers of the Imamah and the leadership of the Abbasids and Ghulat Shiites who do not believe in Hasan al-Askari's Imamahweblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515225923weblink |date=15 May 2020 }} Accreditation of Ancestry & Lineage Another group of historians studying the pedigrees of some Central Asian saints' shejere (genealogy trees) believe that the Twelfth Imam was not the only son of Hasan al-Askari, and that the Eleventh Imam had two sons: Sayyid Muhammad (i.e., the Shia Mahdi) and Sayyid Ali Akbar.WEB,weblink ÐХРалÑ-ÐÐÐТ, Ðмам ÐÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð¸ (да пÑÐ¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ ÐÐ»Ð»Ð°Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ пÑиÑеÑÑвие!) : ÐÑлам в ÐзеÑбайджане (iSLAM.Az), 14 April 2012, page 41 "اÙÙج٠اÙأشرÙ) اÙسÙد Ù Ø٠د Ù Ùد٠اب٠اÙسÙد Ù Ø٠د اصÙÙاÙ٠اÙÙ ÙسÙ٠اÙÙاظ٠٠"دÙائر اÙ٠عار٠Ù٠اÙأس٠اء اÙØسÙÙ) According to the earliest reports as from official family tree documents and records , Imam Hasan al-Askari fathered seven children and was survived by six. The names of his biological children were: Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi, Musa, Jaâfar, Ibrahim, Fatima, Ayesha, and âAli, sometimes referred to as Akbar, Asghar or Abdullah.File:Sultan Saodat Komplex Seit.JPG|thumb|Sultan Saodat Complex. Mausoleum of the descendants of Hasan al Askari ]]Sayyid âAli Akbar bin Imam Hasan al-Askari is Sultan Saadat (Sodot) who died in Termez. His burial place is located in the main mausoleum Sultan Saodat memorial complex in Termez."Dastur al Mulk" (Guide to Kings) (XVII Ñentury) by Khwaja Samandar Muhammad ibn Baqi al-Termizi, translator professor of history Jabbor Esonov, "Sharq", Tashkent 2001, page 22"Durdonahoi Nasr" book, "Adib", Dushanbe 1985, page 375"Sayyidlar Shajarasi", "Islamic university", Tashkent 2017, page 14WEB,weblink Sulton Sodot Amir Sayyid Ali Akbar, Shajara, 2 November 2023, 26 March 2023,weblink dead, «Buyuk Termiziylar» (ÐÑÑк ТеÑмизийлаÑ) book by Mirzo Kenjabek, "Uzbekistan National encyclopedias" 2017, page-267 According to other old genealogical sources Sayyid Ali was the second son of Sayyid Imam Muhammad al Askari who is considered the elder brother of imam Hasan al-AskariSheikh Qumi, Muntahi al-Amal, 1379, chapter-3, p-20Hossein Madani, book "Tuhfat al-Azhar", Al-Tarat al-Maktub, chapter-1, pp-9-10Kharz ad-din, book "Markat al-Maarif", 1371, chapter-2, pp-242Badawi, Saba al-Jazeera, book Saba al-Dujail Information and Guidance Centre, p-10Naqib al-Ashraf Ibn Abd al-Ahad Sherazi "Shajara-e-nasab", p-27-39, Islamic University, Association of Naqabats,2012These Central Asian notable sayyid families have historical genealogical manuscripts that are confirmed with seals by many Naqibs, Muftis, Imams, Kadi Kuzzats, Aâlams, Khans, and Emirs of those times. One descendant of Sayyid Ali Akbar was Saint Ishan (Eshon) Imlo of Bukhara. w:»ÐШÐÐ ÐÐÐÐ ÐУХÐÐ ÐÐ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109072047weblink |date=9 January 2017 }}. is called "saint of the last time" in Bukharaweblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630202814weblink |date=30 June 2020 }} ÐÑон Ðмло ÐÑÑ Ð¾Ñий ҳазÑаÑлаÑининг ÑажаÑаÑи ҳаÒида as it is believed that after him there were no more saints{{snd}}Asian Muslims generally revere him as the last of the saints. According to the source, Ishan Imlo died in 1162{{nbsp}}AH (1748â1749); his mausoleum (mazar) is in a cemetery in Bukhara. Notable descendants of Sayyid Ali Akbar are Sufi saints like Bahauddin Naqshbandweblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630183421weblink |date=30 June 2020 }} NAQSHBANDÄ°YA SHAJARASÄ° Ä°ZÄ°DANWEB,weblink Maqolalar, shajara.info, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170803171037weblink">weblink 3 August 2017, WEB,weblink Tasavvuf Ahli, shajara.info, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170803171152weblink">weblink 3 August 2017, descendant after eleven generations; Khwaja Khawand Mahmud known as Hazrat Ishaan, descendant after eighteen generations; the two brothers Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Mir Jan and Sayyid ul Sadaat Mir Sayyid Mahmud Agha, maternal descendants of Hasan al Askari; qadi w:;WEB,weblink Ishtixonning so'nggi qozisi Qozi Sayyid Bahodirxon -, Türkistan Seyyidler ve Åerifler derneÄi (Turkestan Sayyid and Sheriffs Association), dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160808085952weblink">weblink 8 August 2016,weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630184142weblink |date=30 June 2020 }} Qozi Sayyid Bahodirxon ibn Sayyid Ibrohimxoâja and Sufi saints Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin and Pir Baba.In her book Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India, Dr. Annemarie Schimmel writes:{{blockquote|Khwaja Mir Dard's family, like many nobles, from Bukhara; led their pedigree back to Baha'uddin Naqshband, after whom the Naqshbandi order is named, and who was a descendant, in the 11th generation of the 11th Shia imam al-Hasan al-Askari.Dr.Annemarie Schimmels book «Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India» BRILL, 1976, p.32}}Although Shiite historians generally reject the claim that Hasan al-Askari fathered children other than Muhammad al-Mahdi, Bab Mawlid Abi Muhammad al-Hasan writes, in the Shiite hadith book Usul al-Kafi:{{blockquote|When the caliph got news of Hasan 'Askari's illness, he instructed his agents to keep a constant watch over the house of the Imam...he sent some of these midwives to examine the slave girls of the Imam to determine if they were pregnant. If a woman was found pregnant she was detained and imprisoned....al-Kafi, by Muhammad Ya'qub Kulayni. Translated by Muhammad Sarwar. Chap. 124, Birth of Abi Muhammad al-Hasan ibn 'Ali, p.705Dr.Annemarie Schimmels book "Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India" BRILL, 1976, p.32WEB,weblink Gulzar Auliya: Hadhrat Khwaja Bahauddin Naqshband ZiaIslamic, Abu Hanifa Welfare and Education Trust / Abul Hasanaat Islamic Research Center, 22 September 2016, dead,weblink 22 October 2016, dmy-all, WEB,weblink Bloodline & Family Lineage, 24 April 2011, dead,weblink 2 February 2017, WEB,weblink Pokistondagi Sayyidlar Sulolasi, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170119051843weblink">weblink 19 January 2017, }}Middle East
Men belonging to the Sayyid families or tribes in the Arab world used to wear white or ivory coloured daggers like jambiyas, khanjars or shibriyas to demarcate their nobility amongst other Arab men, although this custom has been restricted due to the local laws of the variously divided Arab countries.Iraq
File:Tomb of Abdul Qadir Jilani, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani, regarded as the highest Sayyid with the title Ghause Azam ]]File:The Vision of Muhyi al-Din Ibn al-Jilani (CBL T 474, f.276a).jpg|thumb|Miniatur on the story of Sayyid Abdul Qadir Gilani ]]The Sayyid families in Iraq are so numerous that there are books written especially to list the families and connect their trees. Some of these families are: the Alyassiri, Al Aqeeqi, Al-Nasrullah, Al-Wahab, Al-Hashimi, Al-Barznji, Al-Quraishi, Al-Marashi, Al-Witry, Al-Obaidi, Al-Samarai, Al-Zaidi, Al-A'araji, Al-Baka, Al-Hasani, Al-Hussaini, Al-Shahristani, Al-Qazwini Al-Qadri, Tabatabaei, Al- Alawi, Al-Ghawalib (Al-Ghalibi), Al-Musawi, Al-Awadi (not to be confused with the Al-Awadhi Huwala family), Al-Gharawi, Al-Sabzewari, Al-Shubber, Al-Hayali, Al-Kamaludeen, Al-Asadi and many others.Reclaiming Iraq: The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430102412weblink |date=30 April 2016 }} By Abbas Kadhimweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200125105401weblink">اÙبغدادÙÙ٠أخبارÙÙ Ù٠جاÙسÙÙ By (:ar:إبراÙÙ٠عبد اÙغÙ٠اÙدرÙبÙ|إبراÙÙ٠عبد اÙغÙ٠اÙدرÙبÙ) - ٠طبعة اÙرابطة - Baghdad 1958 â ٠جÙس آ٠اÙÙتر٠(House of Al-Witry Council) - Page 78.weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191208013703weblink">اÙÙÙÙØ© اÙطبÙØ© اÙÙ ÙÙÙØ© اÙعراÙÙØ© Ù Ù Ø®Ùا٠سÙرة ذاتÙØ©Ø Ø¬ 1 (اÙطبعة اÙØ£ÙÙÙ). بÙرÙت: اÙ٠ؤسسة اÙعربÙØ© ÙÙدراسات ÙاÙÙشر. (Ùاش٠اÙÙتر٠- Hashim Al-Witry) Pages 180-181. {{ISBN|9953-441-51-0}}Iran
File:Qadr night in Imam Reza Shrine.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Imam Reza ]](File:Mollah imamzadeh tabriz.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Imamzadeh Sayyid Hamza bin Musa al Kazim)Sayyids (in Seyyed) are found in vast numbers in Iran. The Chief of "National Organization for Civil Registration" of Iran declared that more than 1 million of Iranians are Sayyid.Six million people of Iran's population are Sadaat (Sayyid) / Tehran and Mazandaran (provinces) are the record owner of Sadaats in the country {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012427weblink |date=2 February 2018 }} farsnews.ir1 February 2018 The majority of Sayyids migrated to Iran from Arab lands predominantly in the 15th to 17th centuries during the Safavid era. The Safavids transformed the religious landscape of Iran by imposing Twelver Shiism on the populace. Since most of the population embraced Sunni Islam, and an educated version of Shiism was scarce in Iran at the time, Ismail imported a new group of Shia Ulama who predominantly were Sayyids from traditional Shiite centers of the Arabic-speaking lands, such as Jabal Amel (of southern Lebanon), Syria, Bahrain, and southern Iraq in order to create a state clergy. The Safavids offered them land and money in return for loyalty.BOOK, Floor, Willem, Herzig, Edmund, Iran and the World in the Safavid Age, 2015, I.B.Tauris, 978-1-78076-990-5, 20,weblink In fact, at the start of the Safavid period Twelver Shi'ism was imported into Iran largely from Syria and Mount Lebanon (...), live,weblink 3 September 2017, The failure of political Islam, by Olivier Roy, Carol Volk, pg.170The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world, by Francis Robinson, pg.72The Middle East and Islamic world reader, by Marvin E. Gettleman, Stuart Schaar, pg.42The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern ... by Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, pg.360 These scholars taught Twelver Shiism, made it accessible to the population, and energetically encouraged conversion to Shiism.BOOK,weblink ShiÊ»ite Lebanon: Transnational Religion and the Making of National Identities, Roschanack, Shaery-Eisenlohr, 1 January 2008, Columbia University Press, Google Books, 12â13, 9780231144261, 15 November 2015,weblink 29 July 2017, live, During the reign of Shah Abbas the Great, the Safavids also imported to Iran more Arab Shias, predominantly Sayyids, built religious institutions for them, including many Madrasas (religious schools), and successfully persuaded them to participate in the government, which they had shunned in the past (following the Hidden imam doctrine).BOOK,weblink Science Under Islam: Rise, Decline and Revival, Sayyed M., Deen, 1 January 2007, Lulu.com, Google Books, 37, 9781847999429, {{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}Common Sayyid family surnames in Iran are Husseini, Mousavi, Kazemi, Razavi, Eshtehardian, Tabatabaei, Hashemi, Hassani, Jafari, Emami, Ahmadi, Zaidi, Imamzadeh, Sherazi, Kermani (kirmani), Shahidi, and Mahdavi.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}Bahrain
In Bahrain Sayyids are used to refer to great-grandchildren of Muhammed. Sayyids are found every where and in vast populations although number contradict. Sayyids started living in Bahrain since the beginning of the 8th century. The Bahrainis supported, Imam Ali in his wars in the Camel, Siffin and Nahrawan, and several Bahraini men emerged from the leaders of the Commander of the Faithful including the companion Zayd ibn Suhan al-Abdi who was killed in the Battle of the Camel when he was fighting alongside the Commander of Imam Ali. And the companion Sa'sa'a bin Sohan Al Abdi who was the ambassador of the Commander of the Faithful to Mu`awiyah, and he and Mu`awiyah have many stories that historians have transmitted to us. Historians have called them this title because they agreed on a Thursday that they would die for the sake of the Commander of the Faithful. The tomb of Zayd ibn Suhan is still visited in Bahrain and is called by Bahrainis as Prince Zaid, as well as the tomb of the great companion Sa'sa'a bin Sohan Al Abdi who is buried in Bahrain.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}Oman
{{for|the Omani title|Sayyid (Oman)}}In Oman, Sayyid is not used for descendants of Muhammad, but by members of the Al Said ruling royal family, who have no connection to Muhammad.WEB, Y-Oman - News,weblink Y-Oman.com, 23 December 2015, 19 August 2018,weblink 16 August 2018, live, The absolute ruler of the country retains the title Sultan with members of the royal family eligible for succession to the throne given the title Sheikh, these may also use the title Sayyid should they wish to, although as Sheikh supersedes this, it is not a widely used practice.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} Members of the extended family or members by marriage carry the title Sayyid or Sayyida for a female. Such titles in Oman are hereditary through paternal lineage or in some exceptional circumstances, such as an honorary title given by royal decree. Members of the Al Said family use the term Sayyid solely as a title and not as a means of indicating descent, as the Al Said royal family does not descend from Banu Hashim or from Imam Ali and instead descends from the Qahtanite Zahran tribe.WEB, بØ, زÙرا٠Øص٠اÙزÙÙا٠اÙØ´ÙÙر ÙÙ ÙرÙØ© اÙØÙ٠ا٠ب٠ÙØ·ÙØ© اÙباØØ© ٠عÙÙ٠ات اÙÙبÙÙØ© اÙأس٠اÙÙا٠٠ÙبÙÙØ© زÙرا٠اÙدÙÙØ© اÙسعÙدÙØ© Ø Ø³ÙØ·ÙØ© Ø¹Ù Ø§Ù Ø Ø§Ùإ٠ارات اÙعربÙØ©Ø ÙبÙاÙØ Ø§ÙØ£Ø±Ø¯Ù Ø Ø§Ùعرا٠اÙÙ ÙÙع اÙÙ ÙÙع اÙأصÙÙ: Ù ÙØ·ÙØ© اÙباØØ© اÙعرÙÙØ© عرب اÙدÙ٠اÙإسÙا٠Ùسبا٠Ù٠زÙرا٠ب٠Ùعب عبد اÙÙ٠ب٠اÙأزد اÙÙØطاÙÙØ© اشتÙرت, ÙبÙÙØ© زÙراÙ,weblink 2020-10-15, m.marefa.org, ar,Yemen
In Yemen the Sayyids are more generally known as sadah; they are also referred to as Hashemites. In terms of religious practice they are Sunni, Shia, and Sufi. Sayyid families in Yemen include the Rassids, the Qasimids, the Mutawakkilites, the Hamideddins, some Al-Zaidi of Ma'rib, Sana'a, and Sa'dah, the Ba 'Alawi sadah families in Hadhramaut, Mufadhal of Sana'a, Al-Shammam of Sa'dah, the Sufyan of Juban, and the Al-Jaylani of Juban.A Tribal Order: Politics And Law in the Mountains of Yemen {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617154108weblink |date=17 June 2016 }} By Shelagh WeirENCYCLOPEDIA,weblink sayyid â Arabic title, Encyclopædia Britannica, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120122181035weblink">weblink 22 January 2012, From Religious Leaders to Ordinary Citizens The Changing Role of "Sadah" in Yemen {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026110753weblink |date=26 October 2012 }} By Mohammed Al-AsadiSouth Asia
File:Six Sufi masters (retouched).jpg|thumb|Portrait of leading Sayyids who promoted Islam in The Indian subcontinent ]]File:Medieval image of Muinuddin Chishti.tif|thumb|Portrait of the Initiator of Islam in India, Sayyid Moinuddin Chishti ]]In South Asia, Sayyids are mostly credited for preaching and consolidating the religion of Islam. They are predominantly descendants of leading saints of Sunni faith that migrated from Persia to preach Islam of which the Persian Sayyid Moinuddin Chishti has set the cornerstone. Thus Moinuddin Chishti is regarded as Sultan-i-Hindustan in Islamic Theology.Mohammada in The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India, p. 170Wani in Islam in KashmirFourteenth to Sixteenth Century, p. 147 The following saints and their descendants are most well known:- Bulleh Shah
- Sayyid Haji Muhammad Noshah Ganj Baksh Qadiri
- Sayyid Abdul Latif Shah, known as Bari Imam Sarkar
- Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
- Sayyid Jalaluddin Surkh Posh Bukhari
- Sayyid Awn Qutb Shah Wali
- Sayyid Abdul Wahab Gilani, son of Sayyid Abdul Qadir Gilani
- Sayyid Musa Pak Shaheed (ancestor of Yusuf Raza Gillani) and Sayyid Habeeb Shah Gilani (Teacher of Sultan Bahoo)
- Sayyid Moinuddin Chishti
- Sayyid Imam Ali Shah Qalandar
- Lal Shahbaz Qalandar
- Sayyid Badiuddin Zinda Shah Madar
- Bahauddin Naqshband
- Hazrat Ishaan
- Moinuddin Hadi Naqshband
- Sayyid Mir Jan
- Sayyid Mahmud Agha
- Sayyid Mir Fazlullah Agha
- Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin
- Pir Baba
- Shaal Pir Baba
- Maudood Chishti
- Wali Kirani
- Khwaja Abdullah Chishti
- Ibrahim Yukpasi
- Shah Sayyid Nasruddin
- Sayyid Masud Al-Hussaini
- Syed Shah Sadaruddin Lakyari
North India
The earliest migration of Sayyids from Afghanistan to North India took place in 1032 when Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu (general and brother-in-law of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni) and his son Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud established their military headquarters at Satrikh ({{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} from Zaidpur) in the Barabanki district of Uttar Pradesh. They are considered to be the first Muslim settlers in North India. In 1033 Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud was killed at the battle of Bahraich, the location of his mazar. Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud had no children. His parental uncle Syed Maroofuddin Ghazi and his family lived in Tijara until 1857 before they migrated to Bhopal. Syed Ahmed Rizvi Kashmiri and Khan Bahadur Aga Syed Hussain were both Rizvi Sayyids through Aaqa Meer Sayyid Hussain Qomi Rizvi, whose sacred shrine is in the Zainageer Village of Sopore, Kashmir. Iraqi Sayyids or Iraqi biradri in Eastern Uttar Pradesh are descendants of Sayyid Masud Al Hussaini who was the direct descendant of Muhammad's grandson Hussain ibn Ali and came to India from Iraq during the reign of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 1330 A.D. He settled with his seven sons and forty champions in Ghazipur (U.P.) as some of them (i.e., Syed Abu Bakr in Nonahra, Ghazipur) converted to Sunni Islam in the reign of Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi around 1517. His Shia descendants are now known as Sayyids of Ghazipur.WEB,weblink Data, www.myheritage.com, 8 January 2020,weblink 28 January 2016, live,Uttar Pradesh
The ancestor of the BÄrha Sayyids, Sayyid Abu'l Farah Al Hussaini Al Wasti, left his original home in Wasit, Iraq, with his twelve sons at the end of the 13th century and migrated to India, where he obtained four villages in Sirhind-Fategarh. By the 16th century Abu'l Farah's descendants had taken over BÄrha villages in Muzaffarnagar.The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Supplement : Fascicules 1â2 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506195910weblink|date=6 May 2016}}, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Brill Archive, 1980Bihar
There are different families of syeds in Bihar who belong to direct descendent of Imam Hasan and Imam Hussain. Mostly there are Hussaini (Rizvi, Zaidi, Baqri) along with Hasani (Malik, Quadri or Geelani). Sadaat are settle in different part of bihar including shia and sunni sects. They are mostly migrated to bihar from Iraq and Iran.The Hasibs from the Sadaat e Rajhat clan are descended from Syed Yaqub Halabi also known as Syed Yaqub Baghdadi, a Hanafi Qazi from MadrassaAl Nizamiyya, originally from Halab (Aleppo) who travelled to India with Muhammad of Ghor after the Second Battle of Tarain. He was an eleventh generational descendent of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin through his son Abu Abdullah Al Asghar.Sharafuddin ManeriBOOK, Hanif, N.,weblink Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia, 2000, Sarup & Sons, 978-81-7625-087-0, en, belongs to Banu Hashim family of Imam Taj Faqih. In Bihar, Sayyids were landlords, judges, barristers, intellectuals, civil servant, clerics, teachers, businessmen and farmers. Sufi Saint and a worrior Malik Ibrahim Bayu who conquered Bihar during the time of tughlaq is one the most famous personality in bihar. Bihar's first prime minister Mohammad YunusNEWS, TNN, 14 May 2012, Bihar's first premier Yunus remembered, en, Times of India,weblink 2020-11-26, WEB, TNN, May 14, 2012, Bihar's first premier Yunus remembered {{!, Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihars-first-premier-yunus-remembered/articleshow/13128266.cms |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}} Nobel prize nominee and Padma shri winner Syed Hassan,WEB, Dr. Syed Hasan,weblink 2022-05-14, The Milli Gazette â Indian Muslims Leading News Source, en, Political Scientist Abu Bakr Ahmad HaleemWEB, Ahanger, Javid Ahmad, ABA Haleem: A Forgotten Muslim Political Scientist,weblink 2022-05-14, Greater Kashmir, 13 June 2018, en, was the Pro-Vice Chancellor of Aligarh University and Karachi University, The great Abdul Bari,WEB, The Freedom Fighter and Labour Leader Still Beloved in Jamshedpur,weblink 2022-05-14, The Wire, WEB, professor abdul bari,weblink 2022-05-14, Rekhta, en, WEB, Services, Hungama Digital, Tata Workers Union pays homage to Prof Abdul Bari,weblink 2022-05-14, www.tatasteel.com, en, Zaid Hamid Syed Zaid Zaman Hamid is a Pakistani far-right, Islamist political commentator and was included in 500 most influential muslims in world and Brigadier Malik Mokhtar Karim BOOK, Majid, Ayesha,weblink Surviving Father of Pakistan Army Aviation: Brigadier Mokhtar Karim, 2017-01-01, are few names from Malik Sadaat of bihar.Kerala
In Kerala, a number of Sayyid families (Qabila) are found. Most of them migrated from Arabian peninsula (Yemen's Hadharamout) and Central Asian region in the middle ages and settled under the patronage of Zamorins. Famous among are Jifris, Bukharis and Ba-Alawis.JOURNAL, Levesque, Julien, 2023-07-03, Anjuman, jami'at, and association: what Sayyid organizations tell us about associational forms among Muslim caste groups, Contemporary South Asia, en, 31, 3, 483â497, 10.1080/09584935.2023.2240719, 0958-4935, free, Sayyids occupy various postions as jurists (qazi), scholars (ulama') and leaders (umara'). The state leaders of Indian Union Muslim League and Samastha are mostly chosen from Panakkad Thangal Family. A religious educational institute named 'Sadath Academy' was established in Kerala exclusively for Sayyid students.WEB, Ma'din Academy - Makes Tomorrows,weblink 2023-12-03, Ma'din Academy, en-US,Genetic studies and controversy of self-proclaimed Indian Sayyids
File:Classical multidimensional scaling based on RST genetic distances showing the genetic affinities of the Syeds with their non IHL neighbours from India and Pakistan (both in bold characters) and with various other Arab populations.png|upright=1.35|thumb|Classical multidimensional scaling based on RST genetic distancegenetic distanceThe authors of the study, the Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian sub-continent are no less diverse than those non-Syeds from the same regions, suggested that Syed status showed evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin.Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110073004weblink |date=10 November 2012 }} Elise M. S. Belle & Saima Shah & Tudor Parfitt & Mark G. Thomas; Received: 11 March 2010 / Accepted: 28 May 2010 / Published online: 29 June 2010In Northern India, Uttar Pradesh & Bihar 0.2 per cent of the Sunni Muslim belong to haplogroup J1, which, given its absence in Indian non-Muslims is likely of exogenous Middle Eastern origin. There are 18 per cent belonging mainly to haplogroup J2 and another 11 per cent belong to haplogroup J1, which both represent Middle Eastern lineages, but may not hint exact descent from Muhammad. J1 is exclusively Near Eastern. The results for Sayyids showed minor but still detectable levels of gene flow primarily from Iran, rather than directly from the Arabian peninsula.WEB,weblink Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: Middle Eastern and Sub-Saharan lineages in Indian Muslim populations, 10 October 2009, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140407070404weblink">weblink 7 April 2014, The paper, "Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent", by Elise M. S. Belle, Saima Shah, Tudor Parfitt, and Mark G. Thomas showed that "self-identified Syeds had no less genetic diversity than those non-Syeds from the same regions, suggesting that there is no biological basis to the belief that self-identified Syeds in this part of the world share a recent common ancestry. However, self-identified men belonging to the IHL (Syeds, Hashemites, Quraysh and Ansari) show greater genetic affinity to Arab populationsâdespite the geographic distance, than other Indian populations.Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110073004weblink |date=10 November 2012 }}, Elise M. S. Belle & Saima Shah & Tudor Parfitt & Mark G. Thomas; Received: 11 March 2010 / Accepted: 28 May 2010 / Published online: 29 June 2010Southeast Asia
Most of the Alawi Sayyids who moved to Southeast Asia were descendants of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, especially of Ba 'Alawi sada, many of which were descendants of migrants from Hadhramaut. Even though they are only "alleged" descendants of Husayn, it is uncommon for the female Sayyids to be called Sayyidah; they are more commonly called Sharifah. Most of them live in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Moro Province in Philippines, Pattani and Cambodia. Many of the royal families of this region such as the previous royal families of the Philippines (Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Maguindanao, Confederation of Sultanates of Ranao), Country of Singapore (Sultanate of Singapore House of Bendahara), Country of Malaysia (Sultanates of Johor House of Temenggong, Sultanates of Pahang and Sultanates of Terengganu House of Bendahara, Kingdom of Perlis House of Jamalullail), Country of Indonesia (Sultanates of Siak, Sultanates of Pontianak, Sultanates of Gowa, some Javanese Sultanates), Country of Brunei (Sultanates of Brunei House of Bolkiah) are also Sayyids, especially of Ba'Alawi.âStrangersâ and âstranger-kingsâ: The sayyid in eighteenth-century maritime Southeast Asia {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227170907weblink |date=27 December 2013 }} By Jeyamalar Kathirithamby-WellsWEB,weblink Development of Islam in Southeast Asia by Alawi Sayyids, 22 September 2016, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141111125039weblink">weblink 11 November 2014, Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Society: The Living Links to the Prophet {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505155534weblink |date=5 May 2016 }} By Kazuo MorimotoSoutheast Asia (3 Volumes): A Historical Encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609192653weblink |date=9 June 2016 }} By Keat Gin OoiSome common surnames of these Sayyids are Al-Saqqaf (or As-Saqqaf, Assegaf, Assegaff, Al-Sagoff), Shihab (or Shahab), Al-idaroos (or Al-Aydrus, Al Aidrus, Alaydrus, House of Bendahara, House of Temenggong), Al-Habsyi (or Al-Habshi), Al-Kaff, Al-Aththos (or Al-Attas, Alattas, Alattos), Al-Haddad Alhaddad), Al-Jufri (or Al-Jifri), Al-Muhdhar, Al-Shaikh Abubakar, Al-Qadri, Al-Munawwar, Al-Akbar Al-Hasani (or Al Akbar Al Hasani, Al-Bolkiah, House of Bolkiah), Al-Jamalullail (or Al Jamalullail, Djamalullail, House of Jamalullail). "Imam Abdallah ibn Alawi al-Haddad". Notes on Islam. April 30, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014.Tesayyud
In the Ottoman Empire, tax breaks for "the People of the House" encouraged many people to buy certificates of descent or forge genealogies; the phenomenon of teseyyüd â falsely claiming noble ancestry â spread across ethnic, class, and religious boundaries. In the 17th century, an Ottoman bureaucrat estimated that there were 300,000 impostors. In 18th-century Anatolia, nearly all upper-class urban people claimed descent from Muhammad.JOURNAL, Canbakal, Hülya, The Ottoman State and Descendants of the Prophet in Anatolia and the Balkans (c. 1500â1700), Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 2009, 52, 3, 542â578, 10.1163/156852009X458241, 0022-4995, WEB, Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin,weblink 2021-07-18, ResearchGate, en,Royal Descendants of Muhammad
Descendants of Muhammad are present in many royal families today and are predominantly of Sunni faith.Afghan royal family
Within the Afghan Royal family Her Royal Highness Princess Sayyida Rahima Dakik (d.2006) daughter of General Sayyid Mir Muhammad Jan a member of Sayyid Hasan ibn Azimullah's powerful Sayyid ul Sadaat Clan that claims hereditary succession to Muhammad, married her father's Murid the UN ambassador and minister Prince Abdul Khaliq from the Telai cadet branch of the Muhammadzai Dynasty, making both their descendants (Mir Muhammad Jan Khel sub-cadet branch, called after Princess Rahima's saintly father) the only multilinieal cognatic Sayyids within the Afghan Royal family. They are known by the surname DakikChristopher Buyers in Chapter Telai IIIIranian Royal Family
File:IMG-20211031-WA0003.jpg|thumb|Prince Rahim Agha Khan son of Agha Khan IV ]]Qajar
Within the Qajar Dynasty, the Nizari-Ismaili Imam Agha Khan I married with the daughter of Fath Ali Shah Qajar, bestowing confirmed royalty upon their descendants. Until today Prince Karim Aga Khan and his descendants bear the title Prince, in virtue of his lineage to Fath Ali Shah Qajar."Table of Personal Salutes, 11 Gun Salutes". The India Office and Burma Office List for 1945: 43. 1945. Table of Personal Salutes, Salutes of 11 GunsWEB,weblink Who is Prince Karim al Husseini Aga Khan?, ABC News, 2022-03-02, 2022-03-02,weblink live, However many Sunni Historians deny the descent of the First Fatimid Caliph Ubaidullah al Mahdi-billah to Muhammad. They thus polemically call them Ubaydids instead of Fatimids.Siyar Aâlaam al-Nubalaâ (15/151)Tareekh al-Islam, events of 321-330 AH, p. 23Siyar Aâlaam al-Nubalaâ (15/213)al-Rawdatayn fi Akhbaar al-Dawlatayn (1/216)Pahlavi
File:Farah Diba 1959 Iran.jpg|thumb|Farah Diba Pahlavi, Empress of Pahlavi IranPahlavi IranWithin the Pahlavi Dynasty, the former Empress of Iran Farah Diba Pahlavi, also claims descent from Muhammad through her paternal grandfather Mehdi Diba.Gholam Reza Afkhami in, The Life and Times of the Shah, p. 44US Army Chaplaincy Services Support Agency in Military Chaplain´s Review 1980, p. 24GCC Royal families
File:Moe Al Thani at the summit of Mount Everest.jpg|thumb|Moe Al Thani from the House of Thani and Qasimi. The first descendant of Muhammad to climb up Mt. Everest.]]UAE
The Al Qasimi ruling family that rules over Sharjah and Ras al Khaimah trace their lineage back to Muhammad in the line of the 10th Imam Ali al Hadi.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140512213706weblink">weblink 2014-05-12, HH Sheikha Jawaher Bint Mohammed Bin Sultan Al Qassimi - Family, 12 May 2014, BOOK, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf Vol II, Lorimer, John, British Government, Bombay, 1915, 1547,Qatar
Within the Qatari ruling Family, descendants of Muhammad are present within the descendants of the Emir Sheikh Ali ibn Abdullah al Thani on the occasion of intermarriages with the Al Qasimi Dynasty. A UAE Princess from the al Qasimi ruling family, called Sheikha Sheikha bint Muhammad al Qasimi married with Muhammad bin Ali bin Abdullah Al Thani. Together they issued a son who is a Qatari-Sharjan Aviation Statesman called Sheikh Abdullah bin Mohamed. His son is the first descendant of Muhammad to climb Mt. Everest. Another UAE Princess called Sheikha Hind bint Faisal Al Qasimi married Sheikh Abdullah bin Saud al Thani, issuing only one son.Christoper Buyers in the Royal Ark, Chapter Qatar VILibyan Royal Family
{{Further|List of Ashraf tribes in Libya}}The Sayyids in Libya are Sunni, including the former royal family, which is originally Zaidi-Moroccan (also known as the Senussi family).WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121226195534weblink">weblink The Senussi family, 26 December 2012, The El-Barassa Family are Ashraf as claimed by the sons of Abdulsalam ben Meshish, a descendant of Hassan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib.Sherifs of Mecca
Jordan
The Hashemite Royal family of Jordan also claims descent from Muhammad in the line of the Sherifs of Mecca, vassals that were set by the Fatimids and recognized by the Ottomans, tracing their lineage back to Imam Hasan ibn Ali.BOOK, Salibi, Kamal S., The modern history of Jordan, I.B. Tauris, London, 1993, 1-85043-610-X, 28839449, 53â55, The Hashemite Royal Family under Sharif Hussein ibn Ali was crucial in ending Ottoman rule in the Arabian Peninsula, on the occasion of the spread of Pan-Turkism in the Arabian Peninsula.Karey in Oxford AQA History : A Level and AS Component 2: International Relations and Global Conflict C1890-1941, p. 113Brunei
The House of Bolkiah claims descent from Imam Hasan ibn Ali through Sharif Ali, the 3rd Sultan of Brunei, who succeeded his father in law as Sultan in virtue of his descent from Muhammad. Sharif Ali formerly served as Emir of Makkah and belonged to the Sherifians, migrating to Brunei for missionary purposes.WEB, Pusat Sejarah Brunei,weblink Malay, www.history-centre.gov.bn, 2016-08-23, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150415152209weblink">weblink April 15, 2015, mdy-all,Moroccan Royal family
The Alaouite Royal family of Morocco also claims descent from Muhammad in the line of Imam Hasan ibn Ali. Their pratriarch was Sharif ibn Ali, who founded the dynasty.WEB, اÙعÙÙÙÙÙ/اÙÙÙÙاÙÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙ٠غرب,weblink 2022-04-06, www.hukam.net,Sulu,Lanao and Maguindanao royal family
The Sultanates of Sulu, Lanao, and Maguindanao hold a significant place in Philippine history, rooted deeply in both cultural heritage and religious identity. It is widely acknowledged that these Sultanates trace their lineage to the esteemed lineage of the Prophet Muhammad ï·º, upholding the tenets of Sunni Ash'ari in Aqeeda (theological creed) and adhering to the Shafi'i school of thought in Fiqh (jurisprudence). Central to their spiritual and intellectual tradition are the teachings of Sufi missionaries from the Ba 'Alawi sada, whose influence has played a pivotal role in shaping the religious landscape of the region.JOURNAL, Quiling, Mucha-Shim, Lumpang Basih, Journal of Studies on Traditional Knowledge in Sulu Archipelago and Its People, and in the Neighboring Nusantara, 2020, 3,weblink 20 May 2023, The majority of Muslims in the Philippines adhere to the Sunni Ash'ari creed and follow the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence, reflecting the enduring influence of these traditions within the Sultanates and beyond. Furthermore, there exists a profound respect for, and in many cases, the practice of Sufism among Filipino Muslims. Sufism, with its emphasis on spiritual purification and the pursuit of inner knowledge, resonates deeply with the cultural and religious fabric of the Filipino Muslim community.BOOK, Abdurahman, Habib Jamasali Sharief Rajah Bassal, The Sultanate of Sulu, 2002, Astoria Print. & Publishing Company, University of Michigan, 9789719262701, 9719262702, 88,weblinkSee also
- Family tree of Muhammad
- Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, most probable originator of the title, influencing the Sunni opinion of definition
- Hazrat Ishaan, succeeding Hamadani's clerical legacy
- Mir (Persian Princes of the Sayyids)
- Naqib (Arabian Sheikhs of the Sayyids)
- Safavid Empire, whose clerics influenced the Shiite opinion of definition
- Sadat (disambiguation)
- Mirza (title)
Notes
{{Notelist}}References
{{reflist}}Sources
- {{EB1911|wstitle=Sayad}}
- ENCYCLOPEDIA, Van Arendonk, C., Graham, W.A., 1960â2007, SharÄ«f, Bearman, P. J., P. J. Bearman, Bianquis, Th., Bosworth, C. E., Clifford Edmund Bosworth, van Donzel, E., Heinrichs, W. P., W. P. Heinrichs, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition,weblink
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