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}}Ruby on Rails, or Rails, is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby under the MIT License. Rails is a model–view–controller (MVC) framework, providing default structures for a database, a web service, and web pages. It encourages and facilitates the use of web standards such as JSON or XML for data transfer, and HTML, CSS and JavaScript for display and user interfacing. In addition to MVC, Rails emphasizes the use of other well-known software engineering patterns and paradigms, including convention over configuration (CoC), don't repeat yourself (DRY), and the active record pattern.WEB, Getting Started with Rails: What Is Rails?,weblink Ruby on Rails Guides, 10 August 2014, Ruby on Rails' emergence in the 2000s greatly influenced web app development, through innovative features such as seamless database table creations, migrations, and scaffolding of views to enable rapid application development. Ruby on Rails' influence on other web frameworks remains apparent today, with many frameworks in other languages borrowing its ideas, including Django in Python, Laravel in PHP, Phoenix in Elixir, and Sails.js in Node.js.

History

David Heinemeier Hansson extracted Ruby on Rails from his work on the project management tool Basecamp at the web application company also called Basecamp.WEB, Lenz−−, Grimmer, February 2006, Interview with David Heinemeier Hansson from Ruby on Rails,weblink MySQL AB, 2008-06-08, yes,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130225091835weblink">weblink February 25, 2013, Hansson first released Rails as open source in July 2004, but did not share commit rights to the project until February 2005. {{Fact|date=September 2016}} In August 2006, the framework reached a milestone when Apple announced that it would ship Ruby on Rails with Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard",WEB , which was released in October 2007.Rails version 2.3 was released on March 15, 2009, with major new developments in templates, engines, Rack and nested model forms. Templates enable the developer to generate a skeleton application with custom gems and configurations. Engines give developers the ability to reuse application pieces complete with routes, view paths and models. The Rack web server interface and Metal allow one to write optimized pieces of code that route around Action Controller.WEB, David, Hansson, March 16, 2009, Rails 2.3: Templates, Engines, Rack, Metal, much more!,weblink On December 23, 2008, Merb, another web application framework, was launched, and Ruby on Rails announced it would work with the Merb project to bring "the best ideas of Merb" into Rails 3, ending the "unnecessary duplication" across both communities.WEB, 2008-12-27, The day Merb joined Rails,weblink yes,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130209055716weblink">weblink 2013-02-09, Merb was merged with Rails as part of the Rails 3.0 release.WEB,weblink Ruby on Rails 3.0 Release Notes — Ruby on Rails Guides, Edgeguides.rubyonrails.org, 2017-05-24, WEB, sdtimes.com, 2010-02-10, Ruby on Rails 3.0 goes modular,weblink 2010-08-06, Rails 3.1 was released on August 31, 2011, featuring Reversible Database Migrations, Asset Pipeline, Streaming, jQuery as default JavaScript library and newly introduced CoffeeScript and Sass into the stack.WEB, 2012-09-01, Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes,weblink Rails 3.2 was released on January 20, 2012 with a faster development mode and routing engine (also known as Journey engine), Automatic Query Explain and Tagged Logging.WEB, 2012-09-01, Ruby on Rails 3.2 Release Notes,weblink Rails 3.2.x is the last version that supports Ruby 1.8.7.WEB, 2012-09-01, Rails/master is now 4.0.0.beta,weblink Rails 3.2.12 supports Ruby 2.0.Rails 3.2.x is now compatible with Ruby 2.0.0 by sikachu · Pull Request #9406 · rails/rails · GitHub. Github.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-30.Rails 4.0 was released on June 25, 2013, introducing Russian Doll Caching, Turbolinks, Live Streaming as well as making Active Resource, Active Record Observer and other components optional by splitting them as gems.WEB,weblink Rails 4.0: Final version released! | Riding Rails, Weblog.rubyonrails.org, 2013-06-25, 2017-05-24, Rails 4.1 was released on April 8, 2014, introducing Spring, Variants, Enums, Mailer previews, and secrets.yml.WEB,weblink Rails 4.1.0: Spring, Variants, Enums, Mailer previews, secrets.yml, weblog.rubyonrails.org, Rails 4.2 was released on December 19, 2014, introducing Active Job, asynchronous emails, Adequate Record, Web Console, and foreign keys.WEB,weblink Rails 4.2: Active Job, Asynchronous Mails, Adequate Record, Web Console, Foreign Keys, Ruby on Rails, 5 Dec 2015, Rails 5.0 was released on June 30, 2016, introducing Action Cable, API mode, and Turbolinks 5.WEB,weblink Rails 5.0: Action Cable, API mode, and so much more, Ruby on Rails, 19 Nov 2016, Rails 5.0.0.1 was released on August 10, 2016, with Exclusive use of rails CLI over Rake and support for Ruby version 2.2.2 and above.Rails 5.1 was released on April 27, 2017, introducing JavaScript integration changes (management of JavaScript dependencies from NPM via Yarn, optional compilation of JavaScript using Webpack, and a rewrite of Rails UJS to use vanilla JavaScript instead of depending on jQuery), system tests using Capybara, encrypted secrets, parameterized mailers, direct & resolved routes, and a unified form_with helper replacing the form_tag/form_for helpers.WEB,weblink Rails 5.1: Loving JavaScript, System Tests, Encrypted Secrets, and more, Ruby on Rails, 10 May 2017, {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left;"|+ Version history! Version !! Date !! Notes

o	"Rails 1.0: Party like it's one oh oh!". Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010. >	2005	13}}

o	"Rails 1.2: REST admiration, HTTP lovefest, and UTF-8 celebrations" {{webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102040417weblink		2007	19}}

o	"Rails 2.0: It's done!". Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010. >	2007	7}}

o	Rails 2.1: Time zones, dirty, caching, gem dependencies, caching, etc {{webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102040223weblink		2008	1}}

o	"Rails 2.2: i18n, HTTP validators, thread safety, JRuby/1.9 compatibility, docs". Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010. >	2008	21}}

o	"Rails 2.3: Templates, Engines, Rack, Metal, much more!". Riding Rails. Retrieved June 9, 2010. >	2009	16}}

o	"Rails 3.0: It's ready!". Riding Rails. Retrieved August 30, 2010. >	2010	29}}

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Technical overview

Like other web frameworks, Ruby on Rails uses the model–view–controller (MVC) pattern to organize application programming.In a default configuration, a model in the Ruby on Rails framework maps to a table in a database and to a Ruby file. For example, a model class User will usually be defined in the file 'user.rb' in the app/models directory, and linked to the table 'users' in the database. While developers are free to ignore this convention and choose differing names for their models, files, and database table, this is not common practice and is usually discouraged in accordance with the "convention-over-configuration" philosophy.A controller is a server-side component of Rails that responds to external requests from the web server to the application, by determining which view file to render. The controller may also have to query one or more models for information and pass these on to the view. For example, in an airline reservation system, a controller implementing a flight-search function would need to query a model representing individual flights to find flights matching the search, and might also need to query models representing airports and airlines to find related secondary data. The controller might then pass some subset of the flight data to the corresponding view, which would contain a mixture of static HTML and logic that use the flight data to create an HTML document containing a table with one row per flight. A controller may provide one or more actions. In Ruby on Rails, an action is typically a basic unit that describes how to respond to a specific external web-browser request. Also, note that the controller/action will be accessible for external web requests only if a corresponding route is mapped to it. Rails encourages developers to use RESTful routes, which include actions such as create, new, edit, update, destroy, show, and index. These mappings of incoming requests/routes to controller actions can be easily set up in the routes.rb configuration file.A view in the default configuration of Rails is an erb file, which is evaluated and converted to HTML at run-time. Alternatively, many other templating systems can be used for views.Ruby on Rails includes tools that make common development tasks easier "out-of-the-box", such as scaffolding that can automatically construct some of the models and views needed for a basic website.WEB, Sean Lynch,weblink fairleads: Rails 2.0 and Scaffolding Step by Step, Fairleads.blogspot.com, 2007-12-15, 2017-05-24, Also included are WEBrick, a simple Ruby web server that is distributed with Ruby, and Rake, a build system, distributed as a gem. Together with Ruby on Rails, these tools provide a basic development environment.Ruby on Rails is most commonly not connected to the Internet directly, but through some front-end web server. Mongrel was generally preferred{{By whom|date=February 2015}} over WEBrick in the early days,{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} but it can also run on Lighttpd, Apache, Cherokee, Hiawatha, Nginx (either as a module – Phusion Passenger for example – or via CGI, FastCGI or mod_ruby), and many others. From 2008 onward, Passenger replaced Mongrel as the most-used web server for Ruby on Rails.WEB,weblink Archived copy, 2012-12-03, yes,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090707080544weblink">weblink 2009-07-07, Ruby is also supported natively on the IBM i.WEB, Maxcer, Chris, PowerRuby Brings Enterprise Ruby on Rails Support to IBM i,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131009010101weblink">weblink iPro Developer, 9 May 2014, yes, 9 October 2013, Ruby on Rails is also noteworthy for its extensive use of the JavaScript libraries, Prototype and Script.aculo.us, for scripting Ajax actions.WEB, Js_Escape_Map,weblink ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper, Api.rubyonrails.org, 2017-05-24, Ruby on Rails initially utilized lightweight SOAP for web services; this was later replaced by RESTful web services. Ruby on Rails 3.0 uses a technique called Unobtrusive JavaScript to separate the functionality (or logic) from the structure of the web page. jQuery is fully supported as a replacement for Prototype and is the default JavaScript library in Rails 3.1, reflecting an industry-wide move towards jQuery. Additionally, CoffeeScript was introduced in Rails 3.1 as the default JavaScript language.Since version 2.0, Ruby on Rails offers both HTML and XML as standard output formats. The latter is the facility for RESTful web services.Rails 3.1 introduced Sass as standard CSS templating.By default, the server uses Embedded Ruby in the HTML views, with files having an html.erb extension. Rails supports swapping-in alternative templating languages, such as HAML and Mustache.Ruby on Rails 3.0 has been designed to work with Ruby 1.8.7, Ruby 1.9.2, and JRuby 1.5.2+; earlier versions are not supported.WEB,weblink Rails 3.0: It's ready!, rubyonrails.org, Rails 3.0 has been designed to work with Ruby 1.8.7, Ruby 1.9.2, and JRuby 1.5.2+., 2010-08-30, Ruby on Rails 3.2 is the last series of releases that support Ruby 1.8.7.

Framework structure

Ruby on Rails is separated into various packages, namely ActiveRecord (an object-relational mapping system for database access), Active Resource (provides web services), Action Pack, Active Support and Action Mailer. Prior to version 2.0, Ruby on Rails also included the Action Web Service package that is now replaced by Active Resource. Apart from standard packages, developers can make plugins to extend existing packages. Earlier Rails supported plugins within their own custom framework; version 3.2 deprecates these in favor of standard Ruby "gems".WEB, 2012-09-01, Rails 3.2.0.rc2 has been released!,weblink Weblog.rubyonrails.org,

Deployment

Ruby on Rails is often installed using RubyGems, a package managerWEB,weblink Ruby on Rails: Download, RubyonRails.org, yes,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20091212173926weblink">weblink 2009-12-12, which is included with current versions of Ruby. Many free Unix-like systems also support installation of Ruby on Rails and its dependencies through their native package management system.Ruby on Rails is typically deployed with a database server such as MySQL or PostgreSQL, and a web server such as Apache running the Phusion Passenger module.

Philosophy and design

Ruby on Rails is intended to emphasize Convention over Configuration (CoC), and the Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) principle."Convention over Configuration" means a developer only needs to specify unconventional aspects of the application. For example, if there is a class Sale in the model, the corresponding table in the database is called sales by default. It is only if one deviates from this convention, such as calling the table "products sold", that the developer needs to write code regarding these names. Generally, Ruby on Rails conventions lead to less code and less repetition. "Don't repeat yourself" means that information is located in a single, unambiguous place. For example, using the ActiveRecord module of Rails, the developer does not need to specify database column names in class definitions. Instead, Ruby on Rails can retrieve this information from the database based on the class name."Fat models, skinny controllers" means that most of the application logic should be placed within the model while leaving the controller as light as possible.

Trademarks

In March 2007, David Heinemeier Hansson filed three Ruby on Rails-related trademark applications to the USPTO. These applications regard the phrase "RUBY ON RAILS",WEB, "Ruby on Rails" Trademark Status,weblink USPTO, 2007-08-01, the word "RAILS",WEB, "Rails" Trademark Status,weblink USPTO, 2007-08-01, and the official Rails logo.WEB, Rails Logo Trademark Status,weblink USPTO, 2007-08-01, As a consequence, in the summer of 2007, Hansson denied permission to Apress to use the Ruby on Rails logo on the cover of a new Ruby on Rails book written by some authoritative community members. The episode gave rise to a polite protest in the Ruby on Rails community.WEB, Pete, Forde, 2007-07-23, Beginning Rails: From Novice to Professional,weblink 2007-08-01, yes,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070805232643weblink">weblink August 5, 2007, WEB, Peter, Cooper, 2007-07-24, David Heinemeier Hansson says No to Use of Rails Logo,weblink 2007-08-01, In response to this criticism, Hansson replied:I only grant promotional use [of the Rails logo] for products I'm directly involved with. Such as books that I've been part of the development process for or conferences where I have a say in the execution. I would most definitely seek to enforce all the trademarks of Rails.

Reception

Scalability

Rails running on Matz's Ruby Interpreter (the de facto reference interpreter for Ruby) had been criticized for issues with scalability.WEB, radicalbehavior.com, 2007-03-29, 5 Question Interview with Twitter Developer Alex Payne, By various metrics Twitter is the biggest Rails site on the net right now. Running on Rails has forced us to deal with scaling issues - issues that any growing site eventually contends with – far sooner than I think we would on another framework.,weblink 2014-11-04, yes,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090423002030weblink">weblink April 23, 2009, These critics often mentioned various Twitter outages in 2007 and 2008, which spurred Twitter's partial transition to Scala (which runs on the Java Virtual Machine) for their queueing system and other middleware.WEB, artima.comauthor2=Alex Payne last-author-amp=yes, 2009-04-03, Twitter on Scala,weblink We had a Ruby-based queuing system that we used for communicating between the Rails front ends and the daemons, and we ended up replacing that with one written in Scala. The Ruby one actually worked pretty decently in a normal steady state, but the startup time and the crash behavior were undesirable., 2009-07-18, WEB, theregister.co.uk, 2009-04-01, Twitter jilts Ruby for Scala,weblink By the end of this year, Payne said, Twitter hopes to have its entire middleware infrastructure and its APIs ported to the new language. Ruby will remain, but only on the front end. "We're still happy with Rails for building user facing features... performance-wise, it's fine for people clicking around web pages. It's the heavy lifting, asynchronous processing type of stuff that we've moved away from.", 2009-07-18, The user interface aspects of the site continued to run Ruby on RailsWEB, evan weaver, ryan king, 2009-09-25, Twitter on Ruby,weblink We use Scala for a few things at Twitter, but the majority of the site is Ruby., 2009-09-29, until 2011 when it was replaced due to concerns over performanceWEB,weblink Twitter Search is Now 3x Faster, Twitter, June 6, 2014, In 2011, Gartner Research noted that despite criticisms and comparisons to Java, many high-profile consumer web firms are using Ruby on Rails to build scalable web applications. Some of the largest sites running Ruby on Rails include Airbnb, GitHub, Scribd, Shopify, Hulu, and Basecamp.WEB,weblink Here's Why Ruby On Rails Is Hot, Business Insider, February 10, 2012, yes,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111221011816weblink">weblink December 21, 2011, As of January 2016, it is estimated that more than 1.2 million web sites are running Ruby on Rails.WEB, Ruby on Rails Usage Statistics,weblink trends.builtwith.com, 2016-01-04, WEB, Ruby on Rails Token Usage Statistics,weblink trends.builtwith.com, 2016-01-04,

Security

In March 2012, security researcher Egor Homakov discovered a "mass assignment" vulnerability that allowed certain Rails applications to be remotely exploited, and demonstrated it by non-maliciously hacking GitHub after his earlier attempts at responsible disclosure were dismissed.WEB, Protalinski, Emil,weblink How GitHub handled getting hacked, Zdnet.com, 2017-05-24, On September 24, 2013, a session cookie persistence security flaw was reported in Ruby on Rails. In a default configuration, the entire session hash is stored within a session cookie known as CookieStore, allowing any authenticated session possessing the session cookie to log in as the target user at any time in the future. As a workaround, administrators are advised to configure cookies to be stored on the server using mechanisms such as ActiveRecordStore.NEWS, Brook, Chris,weblink Security Issue in Ruby on Rails Could Expose Cookies, Threat Post, The Kaspersky Lab Security News Service, 2013-09-25, 2014-06-04, Researchers Daniel Jackson and Joseph Near developed a data debugger they called "Space" that can analyze the data access of a Rails program and determine if the program properly adheres to rules regarding access restrictions. On April 15, 2016, Near reported that an analysis of 50 popular Web applications using Space uncovered 23 previously unknown security flaws.WEB,weblink Patching up Web applications, MIT News, 2016-04-21,

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

• JOURNAL, Sam, Ruby, Dave, Thomas, David, Hansson, March 28, 2009, Agile Web Development with Rails, Third, Pragmatic Bookshelf, 850, 1-934356-16-6,weblink

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• JOURNAL, Simon St., Laurent, Edd, Dumbill, November 28, 2008, Learning Rails, First, O'Reilly Media, 442, 0-596-51877-3,weblink

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• JOURNAL, Patrick, Lenz, May 1, 2008, Simply Rails 2, Second, SitePoint, 450, 0-9804552-0-0,weblink

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• JOURNAL, Bruce, Tate, Curt, Hibbs, August 22, 2006, Ruby on Rails: Up and Running, First, O'Reilly Media, 182, 0-596-10132-5,weblink

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• JOURNAL, Steve, Holzner Ph.D., November 29, 2006, Beginning Ruby on Rails, First

Wrox Press>Wrox, 380, 0-470-06915-5,weblink

• JOURNAL, Jeffrey, Allan Hardy, Cloves, Carneiro Jr, Hampton, Catlin, July 20, 2007, Beginning Ruby on Rails E-Commerce: From Novice to Professional, First

Wrox Press>Wrox, 361, 1-59059-686-2,weblink

• JOURNAL, Mike, Clark, May 15, 2008, Advanced Rails Recipes, First, Pragmatic Bookshelf, 464, 0-9787392-2-1,weblink

,

External links

• {{Official website}}
• The Rails Tutorial – The Ruby on Rails Tutorial book and screencast series teach you how to develop and deploy Ruby on Rails apps
• Rails source code
• Rails guides
• Rails API

{{Ruby programming language}}{{Application frameworks}}