Peace


{{Expandarticle|date=December 2007}}{{Refimprove|date=January 2007}}{{cleanup-rewrite}}{{otheruses}} Peace can be a state of harmony or the absence of hostility. "Peace" can also be a non-violent way of life. "Peace" is used to describe the end of a violent conflict. Peace can mean a state of quiet or tranquility — an absence of disturbance or agitation. Peace can also describe a relationship between any people characterized by respect, justice, and goodwill. Peace can describe calmness, serenity, and silence. This latter understanding of peace can also pertain to an individual's sense of himself or herself, as to be "at peace" with one's own mind. peace can be also the living of the family calmly together without any quarrels.

Nobel Peace Prize

The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually to notable peacemakers and visionaries who have overcome violence, conflict or oppression through their moral leadership, those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations". The prize has often met with controversy, as it is occasionally awarded to people who have formerly sponsored war and violence but who have, through exceptional concessions, helped achieve peace.

Understandings of peace

{{expand-section|date = April 2008}}Many different theories of "peace" exist in the world of peace studies, which involves the study of conflict resolution, disarmament, and cessation of violence. weblink The definition of "peace" can vary with religion, culture, or subject of study.

Peace as the presence of justice

Mahatma Gandhi suggested that if an oppressive society lacks violence, the society is nonetheless not peaceful, because of the injustice of the oppression.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Gandhi articulated a vision of peace in which justice is an inherent and necessary aspect; that peace requires not only the absence of violence but also the presence of justice.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Galtung described this peace, peace with justice, as "positive peace," because hostility and further violence could no longer flourish in this environment.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}During the 1950s and 60s, when Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement carried out various non-violent activities aimed at ending segregation and racial persecution in America, they understood peace as more than just the absence of violence. They observed that while there was not open combat between blacks and whites, there was an unjust system in place in which the government deprived African Americans of equal rights.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} While some opponents criticized the activists for "disturbing the peace", Martin Luther King observed that "True peace is not merely the absence of tension: it is the presence of justice."Galtung coined the term structural violence to refer to such situations, which although not violent on the surface, harbor systematic oppression and injustice.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}

Peace in the presence of injustice

Since classical times, it has been noted that peace has sometimes been achieved by the victor over the vanquished by the imposition of ruthless measures. In his book Agricola the Roman historian Tacitus includes eloquent and vicious polemics against the rapacity and greed of Rome. One, that Tacitus says is by the British chieftain Calgacus, ends Auferre trucidare rapere falsis nominibus imperium, atque ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant. (To ravage, to slaughter, to usurp under false titles, they call empire; and where they make a desert, they call it peace. — Oxford Revised Translation).

Peace and development

One concept or idea that often complements peace studies is development. Economic, cultural, and political development can supposedly take "underdeveloped" nations and peoples out of poverty, thus helping bring about a more peaceful world. As such, many international development agencies carry out projects funded by the governments of industrialized countries, mostly the western, designed to "modernize" poor countries.(1)The concept of peace has been linked to the wide idea of development, assuming that development is not the classical pursuit of wealth.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Peaceful development can be a set of many different elements such as good governance, healthcare, education, gender equality, disaster preparedness, infrastructure, economics, rule of law, human rights, environment and other political issues. {{Fact|date=December 2007}} The measuring of development uses not only GDP but also numerous measures such as:

• Literacy rates
• Life expectancy
• Gini coefficient
• Per capita income
• Maternal survival rate
• HIV infection rates
• Number of doctors per capita
• Human Development Index
• and others

In this frame, the problem of peace fully involves the complex matter of human development, what explains the complexity of any peace-building processus.{{Cquote|Peace is what happens when all peoples are free to develop themselves in the way they want, without having to fight for their rights.|||Bruno Picozzi(2)}}

Democratic peace

Proponents of the democratic peace theory argue that strong empirical evidence exists that democracies never or rarely make war against each other. An increasing number of nations have become democratic since the industrial revolution, and thus, they claim world peace may become possible if this trend continues.

Plural peaces

Following Wolfgang Dietrich, Wolfgang Sützl, and the Innsbruck School of Peace Studies, some "peace thinkers" have abandoned any single and all-encompassing definition of peace. Rather, they promote the idea of many peaces. They argue that since no singular, correct definition of peace can exist, peace should be perceived as a plurality.(3)For example, in the Great Lakes region of Africa, the word for peace is kindoki, which refers to a harmonious balance between human beings, the rest of the natural world, and the cosmos. This vision is a much broader view of peace than a mere "absence of war" or even a "presence of justice" standard.(4)These thinkers also critique the idea of peace as a hopeful or eventual end. They recognize that peace does not necessarily have to be something humans might achieve "some day." They contend that peace exists in the present, we can create and expand it in small ways in our everyday lives, and peace changes constantly. This view makes peace permeable and imperfect rather than static and utopian.(5)Such a view is influenced by postmodernism.

Inner peace

One meaning of peace refers to inner peace, a state of mind, body and mostly soul, a peace within ourselves. People that experience inner peace say that the feeling is not dependent on time, people, place, or any external object or situation, asserting that an individual may experience inner peace even in the midst of war. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} One of the oldest writings on this subject is the Bhagavad Gita, a part of India's Vedic scriptures.(6)Sevi Regis describes inner peace as, "the state or condition of restfulness, harmony, balance, equilibrium, longevity, justice, resolution, timelessness, contentment, freedom, and fulfillment, either individually or simultaneously present, in such a way that it overcomes, demolishes, banishes, and/or replaces everything that opposes it."{{Fact|date=December 2007}}

Nonviolence and pacifism

Mahatma Gandhi's conception of peace was not as an end, but as a means: "There is no way to peace; peace is the way." Gandhi envisioned nonviolence as a way to make a political statement.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}Judeo-Christian tradition declares "Thou shalt not kill," although there is no consensus on the most accurate interpretation.Followers of some religions, such as Jainism, go to great lengths to avoid harming any living creatures, including insects. Pacifists, such as Christian anarchists, perceive any incarnation of violence as self-perpetuating. Other groups take a wide variety of stances, many maintaining a Just War theory.Peace alta Peace euda

Words of peace from over the world

peace flag
Afrikaans: Vrede
Albanian: Paqja
Arabic: سلام (as salam)
Bosnian: Mir
Bulgarian: جèً
Catalan: Pau
Chamorro: Pهs
Chinese: 和平 (he ping)
Croatian: Mir
Czech: Mír
Danish: Fred
Dutch: Vrede
English: Peace
Esperanto: Paco
Estonian: Rahu
Filipino: Kapayapaan
Finnish: Rauha
French: Paix
Galician: Paz
Georgian: მშვიდობა (mšvidoba)
German: Frieden
Greek: ειρήνη (eirini)
Hebrew: שלום (shalom)
Hindi: Shanti शांति
Hungarian: Bיke (béke)
Icelandic: Friًur
Indonesian: Damai / Perdamaian
Italian: Pace
Japanese: 平和 (heiwa)
Korean: 평화 (pyeong hwa)
Latin: Pax
Lithuanian: Taika
Macedonian: ּטנ (mir)
Maltese: Paci
Norwegian: Fred
Persiana:آشتی(Ashti)/صلح(Solh)Polish: Pokףj (pokoj)
Portuguese: Paz
Punjabi: Aman; Shanti
Quechua: Thak
Romanian: Pace
Russian: мир (mir)
Serbian: ּмир (mir)
Sinhala: සාමය
Slovak: Mier / Mir
Spanish: Paz
Swedish: Fred
Tahitian: Pau
Tajik: ׁףכҳ (sulh)
Thai: สันติภาพ (sântiphāp)
Tibetan: ཞི་བདེ་ནི་ (zhi-bde-ni)
Turkish: Barış
Ukrainian: ּטנ (mir)
Vietnamese: Hעa bלnh

See also

• The McGill Middle East Program of Civil Society and Peace Building
• Islamic Peace
• Democratic peace theory
• Anarchy
• Inner peace (or peace of mind)
• Moral syncretism
• Pacifism
• Peace and Conflict Studies
• Peace symbol
• Peacetime
• Satyagraha: philosophy of non-violent resistance most famously employed by Mahatma Gandhi.
• Peace War Game, not a wargame as such, rather a simulation of economic decisions underlying war, with surprising results.
• Children's Peace Pavilion
• University for Peace
• Dayton International Peace Museum
• Japanese Peace Bell
• Nobel Peace Prize
• Catholic Peace Traditions
• Peace In Islamic Thought
• International Festival of Peace Poetry

Notes

1. The website of the United States Agency for International Development website states: "Our Work supports long-term and equitable economic growth and advances U.S. foreign policy objectives by supporting: economic growth, agriculture and trade; global health; and democracy, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance.weblink



2. Picozzi, Bruno (2007). BIPPI independent pro-peace initiative



3. A Call for Many Peaces, in: Dietrich/Echavarría/Koppensteiner: Key Texts of Peace Studies, Vienna, LIT Verlag, 2006. pages 282-305.weblink



4. Ibid.



5. Ibid.



6. BOOK, Tirtha, Swami Sadashiva, Bhagavad Gita for Modern Times, Sat Yuga Press, 2007, New York, USA, commentary and translation, 978-0-9658042-6-4,

References

1. The Path to Peace, by Laure Paquette

External links

{{sisterlinks|Peace}}

• United Nations/peace
• Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
• Peace Corps
• All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates

• {{dmoz|Society/Issues/Peace|Peace}}

VredeسلامMir (stanje)PauMírHeddwchFredFriedenRahuPazPacoBakePaixPaz평화MirDamaiFriðurPaceשלוםმშვიდობაPaxTaikaBékeМирVrede平和FredPokój (polityka)PazThakМир (отсутствие войны)PaqjaසාමයPeaceMierМирMirRauhaFredสันติภาพHòa bìnhСулҳBarışМирפרידן和平

(...as imported from WP)

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