{{Short description|Early Greek New Testament manuscript}}{{New Testament manuscript infobox| form = Papyrus| number = 75| image = Papyrus 75a.gif| isize = | caption = End of the Gospel of Luke and beginning of the Gospel of John

Bodmer Papyri>P. Bodmer XIV–XV

75}}

Gospel of Luke>Luke 3:18–24:53 + John 1–15 (extensive portions)

{{papyrus link>66}}, '''Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209

''', Uncial 0162>0162}}Papyrus 75 (formerly Papyrus Bodmer XIVâ€“XV, now Hanna Papyrus 1), designated by the siglum {{papyrus|75}} (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is an early Greek New Testament manuscript written on papyrus. It contains text from the Gospel of Luke 3:18â€“24:53, and John 1:1â€“15:8.{{r|Aland|p=101}} It is generally described as "the most significant" papyrus of the New Testament to be discovered so far.{{r|Aland|p=244}} Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been traditionally dated to the third century.{{r|Aland|p=101}} It is due to this early dating that the manuscript has a high evaluation, and the fact its text so closely resembles that of the fourth-century Codex Vaticanus (B).{{r|nongbri-rec|pp=405-407}}It is currently housed in the Vatican Library (Hanna Papyrus 1) in Rome.

Description

The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), made of papyrus, in single quire format (a single quire being a collection of pages placed on top of each other, then folded in half to create a book), measuring 27 x 13 cm. It has between 38â€“45 lines per page,{{r|INTF}} containing most of the text of the Gospel of Luke and the beginning of the Gospel of John.{{r|nongbri-rec|p=405}} It originally contained about 144 pages, 102 which have survived, of which 20 are fragmentary.BOOK, Bruce Manning, Metzger, Bruce M. Metzger, Ehrman, Bart D., Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, 4th, 2005, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 0-19-516667-1, {{rp|58}} {{r|edwards|p=194}} The papyrus is of a smooth and fine quality, with the verso (vertical striped side) nearly as smooth as the recto (horizontal striped side), and feels like hand-woven linen.{{r|edwards|p=195}} The writing is a clear and careful majuscule.{{r|metz-ehrman|p=58}} {{papyrus|75}} is one of the earliest manuscripts (along with {{papyrus link|4}}) of the Gospel of Luke,BOOK, Andrew, Gregory, The Reception of Luke and Acts in the Period Before Irenaeus, 28, 2003, Mohr Siebeck, Hemsbach, 3-16-148086-4, , p. 28Gregory (2003) p.28 containing most of Luke 3:18–24:53.{{r|Gregory}}WEB, Wieland, Willker, A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels,weblink An unusual feature of this codex is that when the Gospel of Luke ends, the Gospel of John begins on the same page.{{r|edwards|p=194}}It uses a staurogram (â³¨) in Luke 9:23, 14:27, and 24:7.BOOK, Larry W., Hurtado, Larry Hurtado, The Earliest Christian Artifacts, 141, 2006, Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan; Cambridge, United Kingdom, U.K, 0-8028-2895-7,

Text

The Greek text of this codex is considered a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. (The text-types are groups of different manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups, which are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine).{{r|metz-ehrman|p=p205-230}} Textual critic and biblical scholar Kurt Aland placed it in Category I of his New Testament manuscript text classification system.BOOK, Kurt, Aland, Kurt Aland, Barbara, Aland, Barbara Aland, Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.), The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism, 101, 1995, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 978-0-8028-4098-1, {{rp|101}} Category I manuscripts are described as being manuscripts "of a very special quality, i.e., manuscripts with a very high proportion of the early text, presumably the original text, which has not been preserved in its purity in any one manuscript."{{r|Aland|p=335}}The text is closer to Codex Vaticanus (B) than to Codex Sinaiticus ({{larger|{{script|Hebr|×}}}}). Agreement between {{papyrus|75}} and B is 92% in John,JOURNAL, Sarah Alexander, Edwards, P75 under the Magnifying Glass, Novum Testamentum, 18, 3, 190â€“212, 1976, 10.2307/1560562, 1560562,weblink 3 June 2022, {{rp|211-212}} and 94% in Luke.BOOK, Gordon D., Fee, Eldon J., Epp, {{papyrus, 75, , {{papyrus link|66}}, and Origen: The Myth of Early Textual Recension in Alexandria | title=Studies in the Theory & Method of NT Textual Criticism | pages=247-273 | year=1993 | publisher=Eerdmans | location=Grand Rapids | isbn=978-0802827739}} It concurs with {{papyrus link|111}}.BOOK, Philip Wesley, Comfort, Philip Comfort, Encountering the Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography & Textual Criticism, 76, 2005, Broadman & Holman Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee, 0-8054-3145-4, According to Aland, {{papyrus|75}} is the key for understanding the primitive textual history of New Testament,Reconsidering {{papyrus|75}} in the Frame of a Various Egyptian Tradition but recently palaeographer and religious history scholar Brent Nongbri has argued that restricting the date of {{papyrus|75}} to the late second or early third century is not realistic, and that the similarity of the text of {{papyrus|75}} to that of Codex Vaticanus might be better explained by considering both books as products of the fourth century.JOURNAL, Brent, Nongbri, Reconsidering the Place of Papyrus Bodm XIVâ€“XV ({{papyrus, 75, ) in the Textual Criticism of the New Testament | journal=Journal of Biblical Literature | volume=135 | issue=2 | pages=405â€“437 | year=2016 | doi=10.15699/jbl.1352.2016.2803}}JOURNAL, Pasquale, Orsini, I papiri Bodmer: scritture e libri, Journal of the Italian Research Group on "Origen and the Alexandrian Tradition", 21, 77, 1995,

Some notable readings

The manuscript lacks the Pericope of the Adulteress, usually placed in translations at John 7:53â€“8:11. This omission is supported by: {{papyrus link|66}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|×}}}} B A{{sup|(vid)}} C{{sup|(vid)}} L N T W X Î” Î˜ Î¨ 0141 0211 3 9* 22 33 72 96 97 106 108 123 131 139 157 179* 249 250 253 565 1241 1333 1424 2768 a f l q sy ly pbo bopt; Or Hiermss; plus according to Tischendorf, at least 50 others (see manuscript evidence against PdA).BOOK, Constantin von, Tischendorf, Constantin von Tischendorf, Novum Testamentum Graece, 8th, 1, 826â€“830, 1869, Giesecke & Devrient, Leipzig,weblink BOOK, Barbara, Aland, Kurl, Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, Bruce Manning, Metzger, Novum Testamentum Graece, 28, 2012, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 978-3-438-05159-2, {{rp|322}}{{bibleref|Luke|8:21}}

(him) â€“ {{papyrus|75}} 705 b (them) â€“ Majority of manuscripts{{r|nestle-aland|p=213}}

(but deliver us from evil)

omit â€“ {{papyrus|75}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|×}}}}{{sup|*, 2b}} B L Æ’{{sup|1}} 700 vg sys sa, bo{{sup|bt}} incl. â€“ Majority of manuscripts{{r|nestle-aland|p=230}}

(There was a rich man, with the name N[in]eue, who clothed himself) â€“{{papyrus|75}} 36 37 sa (There was a rich man, who clothed himself) â€“ Majority of manuscriptsBOOK, Philip Wesley, Comfort, Philip Comfort, David P., Barrett, The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts, 2, 551, 2001, Tyndale House Publishers, Wheaton, Illinois, 978-0-8423-5265-9, {{r|nestle-aland|p=214}}

(A scholion of uncertain date have (There is also found, in certain copies, the name of the rich-man being called Ninevah).)BOOK, Bruce Manning, Metzger, Bruce M. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission, and Limitations, 136, 1977, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 978-0-19-826170-4,weblink registration,

(And Jesus said: Father forgive them, they know not what they do.)

omit â€“ {{papyrus|75}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|×}}}}{{sup|2a}} B D{{sup|*}} W Î˜ 070 579 1241 a d sy{{sup|s}} sa bo{{sup|pt}} incl. â€“ Majority of manuscripts{{r|nestle-aland|p=283}}

(Luke 22:43â€“44)

omit â€“ {{papyrus|75}} {{larger|{{script|Hebr|×}}}}{{sup|2a}} A B N T W 579 â„“ 844 sy{{sup|s}} sa bo{{sup|pt}} incl. â€“ Majority of manuscripts{{r|nestle-aland|p=278}}

(kingdom) â€“ {{papyrus|75}}* (glory) â€“ majority of mss{{r|nestle-aland|p=289}}

} (shepherd) â€“ {{papyrus|75}} sa, ac (door) â€“ majority{{r|nestle-aland|p=332}}

History

The codex was discovered in the 1950s and once belonged to the Swiss book collector Martin Bodmer (thus its original designation, P. Bodmer XIVâ€“XV). It was sold in 2006 and donated to the Vatican Library, which now refers to the manuscript as "Hanna Papyrus 1 (Mater Verbi)".WEB, Peter M., Head, Evangelical Textual Criticism: A New Name for {{papyrus, 75, | website=Evangelical Textual Criticism | url=http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.com/2015/02/a-new-name-for-p75.html | date=2015-02-19 | access-date=2020-04-13}} The history before its discovery is unknown, but it is generally agreed the codex was originally made and used in Egypt.{{r|edwards|pp=195-196}} Evidence for this comes from a piece of papyrus stuck to the back of the codex's leather case, on which there was Coptic writing.{{r|edwards|p=196}} Its writing appearance and use of paragraphos to indicate a change of speaker, also points towards an Egyptian provenance.{{r|edwards|p=196}}

Date

The codex was originally assigned palaeographically to 175–225 CE by Victore Martin and Rodolphe Kasser.{{r|nongbri-rec|p=408}} They compared the handwriting to manuscripts P.Oxy.XXI 2293, P.Oxy.XXII 2322, P.Oxy.XXIII 2362, P.Oxy.XXIII 2363, and P.Oxy.XXII 2370.{{r|nongbri-rec|p=408}} However this palaeographical comparison was called into question in 2016, where Brent Nongbri argued on the basis of comparative evidence, that handwriting very similar to that of {{papyrus|75}} was still in use in the fourth century.{{r|nongbri-rec}} There were also other codicological features which accorded with manuscripts firmly dated to the fourth century.{{r|nongbri-rec}}One of Nongbri's arguments against the original dating was due to the manuscripts used as comprandi were themselves mainly dated based on palaeographical grounds, hence served no independent value for determining the date of {{papyrus|75}}.{{r|nongbri-rec|p=408}} As such, as they're not securely dated manuscripts, having no definitive terminus ante or post quem (before/after) dates gives nothing objective to use when dating undated manuscripts.{{r|nongbri-rec|p=408}} Martin and Kasser did provide two dateable examples, P.Flor. I 61 and P.FuadUniv. 19, albeit Nongbri argued the writing on either were not as alike as the original editors suggested.{{r|nongbri-rec|p=409}}An alternative dating of 225â€“275 was suggested by Eric G. Turner,BOOK, Eric G., Turner, The Typology of the Early Codex, 95, 1977, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 978-151-280786-8, however he does not appear to have provided any palaeographical parallels for this dating.{{r|nongbri-rec|p=413}}It is currently dated by the INTF to 200â€“225 CE.WEB, Document ID: 10075,weblink 2 June 2022,

References

Bibliography

V. Martin, R. Kasser, Papyrus Bodmer XIVâ€“XV: Evangiles de Luc et Jean, Vol. 1, Papyrus Bodmer XIV: Evangile de Luc chap. 3â€“24; vol. 2, Papyrus Bodmer XV: Evangile de Jean chap. 1â€“15, Cologny-Geneva: Biblioteca Bodmeriana, 1961.
JOURNAL, Kurt, Aland, Neue Neutestamentliche Papyri III, New Testament Studies, 22, 4, 375â€“96, 2009, 10.1017/S0028688500010080, 170642717,

Images

Image of a page of Papyrus 75 (accessed 2007-09-26)

External links

Waltz, Robert B. NT Manuscripts: Papyri, Papyri {{papyrus|75}}.
Bodmer Papyrus 14â€“15 arrives at the Vatican (accessed 2007-09-26)
Digital facsimile images of {{papyrus|75}} at the CSNTM.
Colour images of {{papyrus|75}} at the Vatican Digital Library.

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Papyrus 75

Description

Text

Some notable readings

History

Date

See also

References

Bibliography

Images

External links