Constantine Samuel Rafinesque>Rafinesque, 1815| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies| subdivision = Genus {{extinct}}AfrocascudoDelturinae Hypoptopomatinae Hypostominae Lithogeneinae Loricariinae Neoplecostominae Otothyrinae (sometimes included in Hypoptopomatinae) Genus Nannoplecostomus (incertae sedis)JOURNAL, 10.1643/ci-11-137, A New Genus and Species of a Minute Suckermouth Armored Catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Rio Tocantins Drainage, Central Brazil: The Smallest Known Loricariid Catfish, 2012, Ribeiro, Alexandre C., Lima, FlÃ¡vio C. T., Pereira, Edson H. L., Copeia, 2012, 4, 637â€“647, 84436639, }}Loricariidae is the largest and basalmost family of catfish (order Siluriformes), with over 90 genera and just over 680 species.WEB,weblink Loricariidae in Microcosmaquariumexplorer.com, 2012-07-15, 2014-11-29,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141129032026weblink">weblink dead, Loricariids originate from freshwater habitats of Costa Rica, Panama, and tropical and subtropical South America. Fossils indicate that they also inhabited Africa during the Cretaceous. These fish are noted for the bony plates covering their bodies and their suckermouths. Several genera are sold as "plecos", notably the suckermouth catfish, Hypostomus plecostomus, and are popular as aquarium fish.

Common names

Members of the family Loricariidae are commonly referred to as loricariids, suckermouth catfishes, armoured catfish, or suckermouth armoured catfish.BOOK, Fishes of the World, Nelson, Joseph, S., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006, 978-0-471-25031-9, The name "plecostomus", and its shortened forms "pleco" and "plec", are used for many Loricariidae, since Plecostomus plecostomus (now called Hypostomus plecostomus) was one of the first loricariid species imported for the fish-keeping hobby.Some loricariids are not normally considered "plecostomus", such as Farlowella catfish.In their native range, these fish are known as cascudos or acarÃs.JOURNAL,weblink Karyotype description of three species of Loricariidae (Siluriformes) and occurrence of the ZZ/ZW sexual system in Hemiancistrus spilomma Cardoso & Lucinda, 2003, Renildo Ribeiro, de Oliveira, Souza, Issakar Lima Souza, Venere, Paulo Cesar, Neotropical Ichthyology, 4, 1, 93â€“97, 2006, 10.1590/s1679-62252006000100010, free,

L-numbers

Some types of loricariids are often referred to by their 'L-number'; this has become common since imports of loricariid catfish from South America often included specimens that had not been taxonomically described. Currently, L-numbers are used not only by fish-keeping enthusiasts, but also by biologists, since they represent a useful stopgap until a new species of fish is given a full taxonomic name.WEB,weblink What are L Numbers?, Linder, Shane, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060422083038weblink">weblink 2006-04-22, In some cases, two different L-numbered catfish have turned out to be different populations of the same species, while in other cases, multiple (but superficially similar) species have all been traded under a single L-number. {{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

Taxonomy and evolution

Because of their highly specialized morphology, loricariids have been recognized as a monophyletic assemblage in even the earliest classifications of the Siluriformes, meaning they consist of a natural grouping with a common ancestor and all of its descendants.JOURNAL,weblink The genera of the Neotropical armored catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a practical key and synopsis, Raphael, Covain, Fisch-Muller, Sonia, Zootaxa, 1462, 1â€“40, 2007, 2009-06-23, 10.11646/zootaxa.1462.1.1, Loricariidae is one of seven families in the superfamily Loricarioidea, along with Amphiliidae, Trichomycteridae, Nematogenyidae, Callichthyidae, Scoloplacidae, and Astroblepidae. Some of these families also exhibit suckermouths or armor, although never in the same individual, as in loricariids.This is the largest catfish family, including about 684 species in around 92 genera, with new species being described each year. However, this family is in flux, and revisions are likely. For example, the subfamily Ancistrinae is accepted as late as the 2006 edition of Nelson's Fishes of the World; it later becomes grouped as a tribe, because of its recognition as a sister group to the Pterygoplichthyini.WEB,weblink Loricariid taxa list, J. W. Armbruster, Under Ambruster, six subfamilies are recognized: Delturinae, Hypoptopomatinae, Hypostominae, Lithogeneinae, Loricariinae, and Neoplecostominae.JOURNAL, Reis, Roberto E., Roberto Esser dos Reis, Pereira, Edson H.L., Armbruster, Jonathan W., 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00229.x, 147, 2, 277â€“299, 2006, Delturinae, a new loricariid catfish subfamily (Teleostei, Siluriformes), with revisions of Delturus and Hemipsilichthys, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, free, Monophyly for the family is strongly supported, except, possibly, the inclusion of Lithogenes.JOURNAL,weblink Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types, Carl J. Jr., Ferraris, Zootaxa, 1418, 1â€“628, 2007, 2009-06-23, 10.11646/zootaxa.1418.1.1, 10.1.1.232.798, Lithogenes is the only genus within the subfamily Lithogeneinae. This genus and subfamily, the most basal group in Loricariidae, is the sister group to the rest of the family.JOURNAL,weblink Relationships of Lithogenes villosus Eigenmann, 1909 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae): Evidence from High-Resolution Computed Microtomography, Scott A., Schaefer, American Museum of Natural History, 2003, American Museum Novitates, 3401, 1â€“55, 10.1206/0003-0082(2003)4012.0.CO;2, 2246/2827, 36180254, free, Neoplecostominae are the most basal group among the loricariids with the exception of Lithogeneinae. However, the genera of Neoplecostominae do not appear to form a monophyletic assemblage.JOURNAL, Neotropical Ichthyology, 3, 2, 271â€“276, 2005, Resurrection of Pareiorhaphis Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae), and description of a new species from the Rio IguaÃ§u basin, Brazil, Edson H. Lopes, Pereira, 10.1590/S1679-62252005000200004, free, The two subfamilies Loricariinae and Hypoptopomatinae appear to be generally regarded as monophyletic. However, the monophyly and composition of the other subfamilies are currently being examined and will likely be altered substantially in the future. The Hypostominae are the largest subfamily of Loricariidae. It is made up of five tribes. Four of the five tribes, Corymbophanini, Hypostomini, Pterygoplichthyini, and Rhinelepini, include about 24 genera. The fifth and largest tribe, Ancistrini (formerly recognized as its own subfamily), includes 30 genera.JOURNAL, Hemiancistrus guahiborum, a new suckermouth armored catfish from Southern Venezuela (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), Werneke, David C., Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K., Taphorn, Donald C., Neotropical Ichthyology, 3, 4, 543â€“548, 2005, Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia, 10.1590/S1679-62252005000400012, free, Loricariid fossils are extremely rare.JOURNAL, A fossil loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricarioidea) from the TaubatÃ© Basin, eastern Brazil, Maria Claudia, Malabarba, Lundberg, John G., Neotropical Ichthyology, 5, 3, 263â€“270, 2007, 10.1590/S1679-62252007000300005, free, With the discovery of Afrocascudo in 2024, the fossil record of Loricariidae (and Siluriformes as a whole) extends back to the Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous in North Africa (Kem Kem Group), making loricariids the basalmost family of catfish. The presence of a crown-group loricariid so far back suggests that significant diversification had already occurred within both the loricariids and loricarioids as a whole during the Early Cretaceous. Within the superfamily Loricarioidea, the Loricariidae are the most derived; in this superfamily, the trend is toward increasingly complex jaw morphology, which may have allowed for the great diversification of the Loricariidae, which have the most advanced jaws.JOURNAL, Historical Transformation of Functional Design: Evolutionary Morphology of Feeding Mechanisms in Loricarioid Catfishes, Schaefer, Scott A., 2413111, Lauder, George V., Systematic Zoology, 1986, Society of Systematic Biologists, 35, 4, 489â€“508, 10.2307/2413111, 86178220,

Distribution and habitat

The family Loricariidae is vastly distributed over both the east and west sides of the Andes mountains, however, most species are generally restricted to small geographic ranges.JOURNAL,weblink Pogonopoma obscurum: A New Species of Loricariid Catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Southern Brazil, with Comments on the Genus Pogonopoma, Rodrigo, Quevedo, Reis, Roberto E., Roberto Esser dos Reis, Copeia, 2002, 2, 402â€“410, 10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0402:POANSO]2.0.CO;2, 2002, 85769730, Schaefer, S. A., They are primarily found in freshwater habitats of South America, but several loricariines and hypostomines are native to Panama, and two species (Fonchiiichthys uracanthus and Hemiancistrus aspidolepis) are native to Costa Rica.JOURNAL, 10.15560/9.5.987, Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular Costa Rica: Additions and nomenclatural revisions, 2013, Angulo, Arturo, Garita-Alvarado, Carlos A., Bussing, William A., LÃ³pez, Myrna I., Check List, 9, 5, 987â€“1019, free, Species occur in swift-flowing streams from the lowlands up to {{convert|3000|m|abbr=on}} in elevation. They can also be found in a variety of other freshwater environments. They can be found in torrential mountain rivers, quiet brackish estuaries, black acidic waters, and even in subterranean habitats.

Description and biology

This family has extremely variable color patterns and body shapes. Loricariids are characterized by bony plates covering their bodies, similar to the bony plates in callichthyids. (In Latin, lorica means corselet).{{FishBase family | family = Loricariidae | year = 2011 | month = December}} These fish exhibit a ventral suckermouth, with (wiktionary:Papilla|papilla)e (small projections) on the lips. When present, the adipose fin usually has a spine at the forward edge. These fish have, when they are present, a unique pair of maxillary barbels. These fish have relatively long intestines due to their usually herbivorous or detrivorous diets. The body is characteristically flattened in this family. Taste buds cover almost the entire surface of the body and fin spines. Body lengths can range from {{convert|2.22|cm|in|abbr=on}} in Nannoplecostomus eleonorae to over {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} in Panaque, Acanthicus, and Pterygoplichthys.One of the most obvious characteristics of the loricariids is the suckermouth. The modified mouth and lips allow the fish to feed, breathe, and attach to the substrate through suction. The lips were once believed to be unable to function as a sucker while respiration continued, as the inflowing water would cause the system to fail; however, respiration and suction can function simultaneously. Inflowing water passing under the sucker is limited to a thin stream immediately behind each maxillary barbel; the maxillae in loricariids support only small maxillary barbels and are primarily used to mediate the lateral lip tissue in which they are embedded, preventing failure of suction during inspiration{{Vague|date=February 2009}}. To achieve suction, the fish presses its lips against the substrate and expands its oral cavity, causing negative pressure.JOURNAL,weblink A head with a suckermouth : a functional-morphological study of the head of the suckermouth armoured catfish Ancistrus cf. triradiatus (Loricariidae, Siluriformes), Tom, Geerinckx, Brunain, Marleen, Herrel, Anthony, Aerts, Peter, Adriaens, Dominique, Belg. J. Zool., 137, 1, 47â€“66, January 2007, 2007-07-24,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070927011611weblink">weblink 2007-09-27, dead, Also, unlike most other catfishes, the premaxillae are highly mobile, and the lower jaws have evolved towards a medial position, with the teeth pointed (wiktionary:rostroventral|rostroventrally); these are important evolutionary innovations. The fish rotates its lower and upper jaws to scrape the substrate. Of the two, the lower jaws are more mobile.Loricariid catfishes have evolved several modifications of their digestive tracts that function as accessory respiratory organs or hydrostatic organs. These complex structures would have been independently evolved a number of times within the family. This includes an enlarged stomach in the Pterygoplichthyini, Hypostomus, and Lithoxus, a U-shaped diverticulum in Rhinelepini, and a ring-like diverticulum in Otocinclus. It may be noted that even loricariids with unmodified stomachs have a slight ability to breathe air.JOURNAL,weblink Modifications of the Digestive Tract for Holding Air in Loricariid and Scoloplacid Catfishes, Copeia, 1998, 1998, 3, 663â€“675, 10.2307/1447796, 2009-06-23, 1447796, Armbruster, Jonathan W., Considerable sexual dimorphism occurs in this family, most pronounced during the breeding season. For example, in Loricariichthys, the male has a large expansion of its lower lip, which it uses to hold a clutch of eggs. Ancistrus males have snouts with fleshy tentacles. In loricariids, odontodes develop almost anywhere on the external surface of the body and first appear soon after hatching; odontodes appear in a variety of shapes and sizes and are often sexually dimorphic, being larger in breeding males. In most Ancistrini species, sharp evertible cheek spines (elongated odontodes) are often more developed in males and are used in intraspecific displays and combat.

Omega iris

(File:Loricaria-eye.png|thumb|The omega iris allows loricariids to adjust the amount of light that enters their eye.)Unusual for bony fish, many species have a modified iris called an omega iris. The dorsal segment of the iris expands downward over the pupil to form a loop which can expand and contract, called an iris operculum; when light levels are high, the pupil reduces in diameter and the loop expands to cover the center of the pupil, giving rise to a crescent-shaped, light-transmitting partial pupil. This feature gets its name from its similarity to an upside-down uppercase Greek letter omega (Î©). The origins of this structure are unknown, but breaking up the outline of the highly visible eye has been suggested to aid camouflage in what are often highly mottled animals.JOURNAL, Douglas, Ron H., Collin, Shaun P., Corrigan, Julie,weblink The eyes of suckermouth armoured catfish (Loricariidae, subfamily Hypostomus): pupil response, lenticular longitudinal spherical aberration and retinal topography, The Journal of Experimental Biology, 205, 22, 3425â€“3433, PDF, Journal of Experimental Biology, 2002-11-15, 10.1242/jeb.205.22.3425, 12364396, Species in the tribe Rhinelepini are an exceptional group among loricariids, having a circular iris.JOURNAL, Phylogenetic Relationships of the Suckermouth Armored Catfishes of the Rhinelepis Group (Loricariidae: Hypostominae), Jonathan W., 1447792, Armbruster, Copeia, 1998, 3, 620â€“636, 10.2307/1447792, 1998, The presence or absence of the iris operculum can be used for identification of species in the subfamily Loricariinae.

Genetics

As of 2000, only 56 loricariid species have been cytogenically investigated. The basal diploid number of chromosomes is 2n = 54 in this family,JOURNAL, Roberto Ferreira, Artoni, Bertollo, Luiz Antonio Carlos, Trends in the karyotype evolution of Loricariidae fish (Siluriformes), Hereditas, 134, 201â€“210, 2001, 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2001.00201.x, 11833282, 3, free, but with a wide variation in the chromosome number in this fish group, ranging from 2n = 36 in the Loricariinae, Rineloricaria latirostris, to 2n = 96 in a species of Upsilodus (Hemipsilichthys). Most members of the Ancistrini and Pterygoplichthyini have 52 chromosomes. Karyotypic evolution by means of centric fusions and centric fissions seems to be a common feature among loricariids; this is demonstrated by a higher number of biarmed chromosomes in species with lower diploid number and many uniarmed chromosomes in species with higher diploid numbers.JOURNAL,weblink Karyotypic diversity and evolution of Loricariidae (Pisces, Siluriformes), KF, Kavalco, Pazza, R, Bertollo, LAC, Moreira-Filho, O, Heredity, 2005, 94, 180â€“186, 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800595, 2009-06-23, 15562288, 2, 6149247, free, Studies conducted with representatives of some genera of Hypostominae showed, within this group, the diploid number ranges from 2n = 52 to 2n = 80. However, the supposed wide karyotypic diversity the family Loricariidae or the subfamily Hypostominaewould present is almost exclusively restricted to the genus Hypostomus, and the species from the other genera had a conserved diploid number.JOURNAL, Comparative cytogenetic analysis of eleven species of subfamilies Neoplecostominae and Hypostominae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), Anderson LuÃs, Alves, Oliveira, Claudio, Foresti, Genetica, 2005, 124, 127â€“136, 10.1007/s10709-004-7561-4, 16134327, 2â€“3, 8239240, In some species, there is a ZZ/ZW sex-determination system.

Ecology

File:Akwa02 panaque nigrolineatus.jpg|left|thumb|Panaque nigrolineatus Panaque nigrolineatusThe suckermouth exhibited by these catfish allows them to adhere to objects in their habitats, even in fast-flowing waters. The mouth and teeth also are adapted to feed on a variety of foods, such as algae, invertebrates, and detritus. Some species, notably the Panaque, are known for xylophagy, or the ability to digest wood.JOURNAL, Wood-eating catfishes of the genus Panaque: gut microflora and cellulolytic enzyme activities, Journal of Fish Biology, 1999, 54, 1069â€“1082, Nelson, J. A., Wubah, D. A., Daniel Asua Wubah, Whitmer, M. E., Johnson, E. A., Stewart, D. J., 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00858.x, 5, Most species of loricariids are nocturnal animals. Some species are territorial, while others, such as Otocinclus, prefer to live in groups.Air-breathing is well known among many loricariids; this ability is dependent on the risk of hypoxia faced by a species; torrent-dwelling species tend to have no ability to breathe air, while low-land, pool-dwelling species, such as those of Hypostomus, have a great ability to breathe air. Pterygoplichthys is known for being kept out of water and sold alive in fish markets, surviving up to 30 hours out of water. Loricariids are facultative air breathers; they will only breathe air if under stress and will only use their gills in situations when oxygen levels are high. The dry season is a likely time for this; there would be little food in the stomach, which would allow its use for air breathing.Loricariids exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies, including cavity spawning, attachment of eggs on the underside of rocks, and egg-carrying.JOURNAL,weblink Spawning in Ancistrus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with comments on the evolution of snout tentacles as a novel reproductive strategy: larval mimicry, Mark H., Sabaj, Armbruster, Jonathan W., Page, Lawrence M., Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 10, 3, 217â€“229, 1999, 2009-06-23, Parental care is usually good, and the male guards the eggs and sometimes the larvae. The eggs hatch after four to 20 days, depending on the species.Three species known from subterranean habitats are true troglobites with reduced pigmentation (appearing overall whitish) and eyes: Ancistrus cryptophthalmus, A. galani and A. formoso.Romero, A., editor (2001). The Biology of Hypogean Fishes. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes. {{ISBN|978-1402000768}}Sabino, J., and E. Trajano (1997). A new species of blind armoured catfish, genus "Ancistrus", from caves of Bodoquena region, Mato Grosso do Sul, southwestern Brazil (Siluriformes, Loricariidae, Ancistrinae). Revue franÃ§aise d'Aquariologie HerpÃ©tologie 24(3-4): 73â€“78{{multiref2|BOOK, Trajano, E, The biology of hypogean fishes, Habitat and population data of troglobitic armored cave catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987, from central Brazil (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), 2001, 21, 195â€“200, 10.1007/978-94-015-9795-1_14, Developments in environmental biology of fishes, 978-90-481-5848-5, Aldemaro Romero, |JOURNAL, Trajano, E, Habitat and population data of troglobitic armored cave catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987, from central Brazil (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), 2001, Environmental Biology of Fishes, 62, 195â€“200, 10.1023/A:1011884829498, }} Similar adaptions with reduced pigmentation are known from two loricariids found in deep water in large Amazonian rivers, Peckoltia pankimpuju and Panaque bathyphilus.Lujan, N.K., and C. Chamon (2008). Two new species of Loricariidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from main channels of the upper and middle Amazon Basin, with discussion of deep water specialization in loricariids. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 19: 271â€“282.
In the aquarium
File:Liposarcus multiradiatus 01 ssj 20050321.jpg|thumb|Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus, often sold as a common pleco, is an aquarium fish often purchased as an algae eater algae eaterLoricariids are popular aquarium fish, where they are often sold as "plecs", "plecos" or "plecostomus". These fish are often purchased because of their algae-eating habits, though this role may not be carried out.WEB,weblink Loricariids, Fenner, Robert, WetWebMedia.com, 2007-05-03, Loricariid are either vegetarian, omnivore, carnivore or wood-eaters.WEB,weblink Feeding Plecos, Part 2 â€¢ Who eats what?, Planetcatfish.com, 2022-02-11, A great many species of loricariids are also sold for their ornamental qualities, representing many body shapes and colors.Most species of loricariids are nocturnal and will shy away from bright light, appreciating some sort of cover to hide under throughout the day. As they often originate from habitats with fast-moving water, filtration should be vigorous.A number of species of loricariids have been bred in captivity.
References
{{Reflist|40em}}
External links
{{Wikispecies}}{{Commons category}}

THE LORICARIIDAE by Dr. Jonathan Armbruster - useful website including a taxonomic key.
Planet Catfish Catalogue of loricariid catfishes
All Catfish Species Inventory page for Loricariidae
Plecostomus.org

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