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Herophilos
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{{Short description|Greek physician (335â280 BC)}}{{for|the man identified by Valerius Maximus as Herophilus|Pseudo-Marius}}{{redirect|Europhiles|people with pro-European attitudes|Europhile}}File:Herophilos (1906) - Veloso Salgado.png|300px|thumb|right|Herophilos (right) teaching Anatomy, 1906, by Veloso Salgado (NOVA Medical School, LisbonLisbonHerophilos ({{IPAc-en|h|ɪ|Ë|r|É|f|ɪ|l|É|s}}; ; 335â280 BC), sometimes Latinised Herophilus, was a Greek physician regarded as one of the earliest anatomists. Born in Chalcedon, he spent the majority of his life in Alexandria. He was the first scientist to systematically perform scientific dissections of human cadavers. He recorded his findings in over nine works, which are now all lost. The early Christian author Tertullian states that Herophilos vivisected at least 600 live prisoners;Galen. On Semen. DeLacy P (trans.) Akademie Verlag, 1992. p. 147, line 22 however, this account has been disputed by many historians.Scarborough "Celsus on Human Vivisection at Ptolemaic Alexandria", Clio Medica. Acta Academiae Internationalis Historiae Medicinae. Vol. 11, 1976 He is often seen as the father of anatomy.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Herophilus, Britannica,weblink - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Life
Herophilos was born in Chalcedon in Asia Minor (now Kadıköy, Turkey), c. 335 BC. Not much is known about his early life other than he moved to Alexandria at a fairly young age to begin his schooling.As an adult Herophilos was a teacher, and an author of at least nine texts ranging from his book titled On Pulses, which explored the flow of blood from the heart through the arteries, to his book titled Midwifery, which discussed duration and phases of childbirth. In Alexandria, he practiced dissections, often publicly so that he could explain what he was doing to those who were fascinated. Erasistratus was his contemporary. Together, they worked at a medical school in Alexandria that is said to have drawn people from all over the ancient world due to Herophilos's fame.His works are lost but were much quoted by Galen in the second century AD. Herophilos was the first scientist to systematically perform scientific dissections of human cadavers.JOURNAL, von Staden, Heinrich, The discovery of the body: Human dissection and its cultural contexts in ancient Greece, The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 65, 3, 223â241, 1992, 1285450, 2589595, Heinrich von Staden (historian), Dissections of human cadavers were banned in most places at the time, except for Alexandria. Celsus in De Medicina and the church leader Tertullian state that he vivisected at least 600 live prisoners, though this has been contested as Herophilos appeared to have believed the arteries contained very little blood which he wouldn't have believed had he performed live dissections.After the death of Herophilos in 280 BC, his anatomical findings lived on in the works of other important physicians, notably Galen. Even though dissections were performed in the following centuries and medieval times, only a few insights were added. Dissecting with the purpose to gain knowledge about human anatomy started again in early modern times (Vesalius), more than 1600 years after Herophilos's death.Medicine
Herophilos emphasised the use of the experimental method in medicine, for he considered it essential to found knowledge on empirical bases. He was a forerunner of the Empiric school of medicine, founded by Herophilos's pupil Philinus of Cos,Bernardino Fantini Western Medical Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages p 109 which combined Herophilos's empirical impulses with critical tools borrowed from Pyrrhonist philosophy. However, the Empirics found Herophilos wanting, mounting two chief attacks against him:- that anatomy was useless to the therapeutic and clinical practice of medicine, as demonstrated by Herophilos's own acceptance of humoral pathology.
- it was useless and epistemologically unsound to try to find causal explanations from the evident to the non-evident.Bernardino Fantini Western Medical Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages p 91
See also
References
{{reflist}}Sources
- von Staden H. (ed. trans.) Herophilos: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria. Cambridge University Press, 1989 {{ISBN|978-0-521-23646-1}}
- Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawford, "Herophilos", The Oxford Classical Dictionary. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 699.
- "Herophilus", Encyclopedia of World Biography, Supplement Vol. 25 Thomson Gale. (Michigan: Gale).
- Adrian Wills, "Herophilus, Erasistratus, and the birth of neuroscience", The Lancet. (November 13, 1999): 1719 Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale, 30 Nov. 2008.
- "On the Localisation of the Functions of the Brain with Special Reference to the Faculty of Language", Anthropological Review, Vol. 6, (Oct., 1868) 336.
- Galen. On the natural faculties. Brock A. J. (trans.) Heinemann, London 1916. p. xii, 233
Further reading
- BOOK, Dean-Jones, Lesley, Women's bodies in classical Greek science, 1994, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 0-19-814767-8, Revised,
- BOOK, Lloyd, G. E. R., Greek science after Aristotle, 1973, Norton, New York, 0-393-04371-1, registration,weblink
- BOOK, Lloyd, G. E. R., Science, folklore and ideology : studies in the life sciences in ancient Greece, 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 0-521-25314-4,
- JOURNAL, Longrigg, James, Superlative achievement and comparative neglect: Alexandrian medical science and modern historical research, History of Science; an Annual Review of Literature, Research, and Teaching, 1981, 19, 45 pt 3, 155â200, 10.1177/007327538101900301, 11610979, 1981HisSc..19..155L, 29991308,
- JOURNAL, Potter, Paul, Herophilus of Chalcedon: an assessment of his place in the history of anatomy, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1976, 50, 1, 45â60, 769875,
- JOURNAL, Solmsen, Friedrich, Greek Philosophy and the Discovery of the Nerves, Museum Helveticum, 1961, 18, 150â197,
- BOOK, von Staden, Heinrich, Jewish and Christian Self-Definition: Self-Definition in the Graeco-Roman World, 1982, SCM Press, London, Ben F., Meyer, E. P., Sanders, Hairesis and Heresy,
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