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Golden Horseshoe
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Etymology
File:Golden Horseshoe snowily wrapping the end of Lake Ontario.jpeg|thumb|left|The western end of Lake Ontario. The region takes its name from the horseshoehorseshoeThe horseshoe part of the region's name is derived from the characteristic horseshoe shape of the west end of Lake Ontario. The golden part is historically attributed to the region's wealth and prosperity, according to the Canadian Oxford Dictionary.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Barber, Katherine, Canadian Oxford Dictionary, Golden Horseshoe,weblink 11 September 2017, 2nd, 2005, Oxford University Press, 9780195418163, ORIGIN: So called with reference to the area's wealth and horseshoe-like shape., The phrase Golden Horseshoe was first used by Westinghouse Electric Corporation president Herbert H. Rogge in a speech to the Hamilton Chamber of Commerce on January 12, 1954:
long and {{convert|50|mi|km|disp=sqbr}} wide ... It will run from Niagara Falls on the south to about Oshawa on the north and take in numerous cities and towns already there, including Hamilton and Toronto.WEB, Fast Facts from Hamilton's Past,weblink 2007-01-08, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060905060213weblink">weblink 2006-09-05, }}
The speech writer who actually penned the phrase was Charles Hunter MacBain, executive assistant to five Westinghouse presidents including Rogge.WEB, Strada, Eric, Looking Back: The Golden Truth,weblink Biz Magazine, Postmedia Network, September 13, 2017, Definition
The Golden Horseshoe has been recognised as a geographic region since the 1950s, but it was only on July 13, 2004, that a report from the provincial Ministry of Public Infrastructure Renewal titled Places to Grow coined the term Greater Golden Horseshoe, extending the boundaries west to Waterloo Region, north to Barrie / Simcoe County, and northeast to the county and city of Peterborough.WEB,weblink Places to Grow, 2006-09-13,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060907081829weblink">weblink 2006-09-07, dead, A subsequent edition released on February 16, 2005, broadened the term further, adding Brant, Haldimand and Northumberland Counties to the now quasi-administrative region. The Greater Golden Horseshoe region is officially designated in Ontario Regulation 416/05WEB, Places to Grow Act, 2005 - Ontario Regulation 416/05 - Growth Plan Areas, 24 July 2014,weblink Government of Ontario, January 30, 2019, under the Places to Grow Act. The designation Greater Golden Horseshoe has legal significance with respect to taxation: in April 2017, the Government of Ontario announced plans to impose a 15 per cent Non-Resident Speculation Tax (NRST) on non-Canadian citizens, non-permanent residents and non-Canadian corporations (with exceptions or rebates for refugees, qualifying students and certain people working in OntarioNEWS, Ontario slaps 15% tax on foreign buyers, expands rent control in 16-point plan to cool housing, Marr, Garry,weblink Financial Post, 20 April 2017, 30 April 2017, ) buying residential properties containing one to six units in the Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH).WEB, Office of the Premier, News Release: Making Housing More Affordable,weblink Queen's Printer for Ontario, 30 April 2017, April 20, 2017, introducing a 15 per cent Non-Resident Speculation Tax (NRST) on non-Canadian citizens, non-permanent residents and non-Canadian corporations buying residential properties containing one to six units in the Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH)., The provincial transit authority Metrolinx makes use of the term Greater Golden Horseshoe. The Metrolinx definition is consistent with the original 2004 Places to Grow definition. However, the city and county of Peterborough is not included.WEB,weblink For a Greater Region, Metrolinx, June 30, 2018, March 7, 2022,weblink dead,Demographics
Population
{{see also|Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area}}{{Historical populationsEthnicity
The Golden Horseshoe is among the most multicultural regions in Canada. In 2021, there were 3,762,090 people of European heritage, forming a plurality of the population (49.0%); the next largest groups were those of South Asian descent (1,273,525 people or 16.6%) and those of East Asian heritage (813,015 people or 10.6%){| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"Economy
{{update|section|date=July 2012}}The economy of this region is very diverse. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the third-largest in North America by market capitalization (after the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq), and seventh-largest in the world.WEB,weblink Toronto Stock Exchange is the Third Largest in North America, 2Ontario.com,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070211113516weblink">weblink February 11, 2007, File:Oakville Assembly.jpg|thumb|left|A worker installing car batteries at Ford's Oakville AssemblyOakville AssemblyCities including Hamilton, Oshawa, Oakville, Whitby and Kitchener all contain major large-scale industrial production facilities, Hamilton being dominated by the steel industry and Oakville and Oshawa primarily in the automotive industry. Other significant automotive-production facilities also exist in Brampton, and St. Catharines. While manufacturing remains important to the economy of the region, the manufacturing sector has experienced a significant decline since 2000 as a result of unfavourable currency exchange rates, increasing energy costs, and reduced demand from the United States, which is by far the largest market for Ontario's goods.The Port of Hamilton and the Port of Toronto are the two largest seaports on Lake Ontario. The Welland Canal system handles tanker ship and recreational traffic through the Great Lakes. Large rail and truck distribution facilities are located in Toronto, Vaughan and Brampton. Food processing is also a key ingredient in the economy. File:Wine grapes nearing harvest in Ontario-also example of trellis wire.jpg|thumb|The Niagara Peninsula is Canada's largest wine-growing region and a major producer of Ontario wineOntario wineNiagara Falls has one of the world's largest per-capita tourist economies, benefiting from millions of tourists coming to see its waterfalls, shop in its numerous stores, and visit its many attractions. The winemaking and fruit-growing industries of the Niagara Peninsula produce wines, in particular, the ice wine for which the region is known.As of 2014, sectors such as information technology, health care, Agtech, tourism, research and finance provide the bulk of growth in the Golden Horseshoe. The cities of Brampton, Markham, Waterloo Region and Mississauga, are emerging as hubs for technology and innovation.WEB,weblink Innovation & Technology, www.brampton.ca, The region is one of the largest tech cluster in North America outside of Silicon Valley. The area is home to more than 15,000 tech companies, including 5,000+ startups, and nearly 300,000 employees in high-tech industries. About two-thirds of those employees are classified as “tech workers,†which includes programmers, developers, etc. with 8 percent of the total workforce employed in tech.WEB,weblink The Corridor, thecorridor.ca, WEB,weblink What is the Toronto-Waterloo Corridor?, Waterloo, EDC, blog.waterlooedc.ca,Education
{{unsourced|section|date=September 2021}}File:UofTConvocationHall.jpg|thumb|Convocation Hall in the University of TorontoUniversity of TorontoThe Golden Horseshoe is home to several universities, including the University of Toronto and McMaster University in Hamilton, which are ranked 1st and 4th in Canada, respectively, by the Academic Ranking of World Universities. Other universities in the region include Brock University in St. Catharines, Trent University in Peterborough, York University in northern Toronto near Vaughan, OCAD University in downtown Toronto, Ontario Tech University in Oshawa, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), the University of Guelph, the University of Waterloo, Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, and the Université de l'Ontario français in downtown Toronto.Public primary and secondary schooling is typically provided by school boards, largely organized at the municipal or county/regional level. The only school board that operates throughout the Golden Horseshoe is Conseil scolaire Viamonde, a public French-language school board, and Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir, a public French-language separate school board. Both of these public French-language school boards operate across the Ontario Peninsula.Attractions
{{More citations needed|section|date=September 2021}}File:Caribana 2009 (2).jpg|thumb|Toronto Caribbean Carnival, also known as CaribanaCaribanaThe CN Tower in downtown Toronto is among the most internationally notable attractions in the Golden Horseshoe. Other major attractions include the Royal Ontario Museum, the Art Gallery of Ontario, and the Hockey Hall of Fame.The region is home to several shopping malls such as Yorkdale Shopping Centre, Toronto Eaton Centre,WEB, Canadian Shopping Centre Study,weblink Retail Council of Canada, 18 January 2017, December 2016, Fairview Mall, Scarborough Town Centre, and Sherway Gardens. Located in the suburbs of Toronto are Vaughan Mills in Vaughan, Bramalea City Centre in Brampton, Square One Shopping Centre in Mississauga, and Pacific Mall and Markville Shopping Centre in Markham.Annual cultural festivals that draw tourists and locals alike include the Toronto Caribbean Carnival (formerly known as Caribana) and Taste of the Danforth in Toronto.File:Webster Falls - Laslovarga1.jpg|thumb|left|View of Webster's Falls in Hamilton. The falls is a part of the Niagara Escarpment Biosphere ReserveNiagara Escarpment Biosphere ReserveThe Niagara Escarpment, a world biosphere reserve as designated by the United Nations, runs from the north at Bruce Peninsula and then east through the region cutting the Niagara Gorge at Niagara Falls. The Bruce Trail runs along the escarpment through mostly protected woodlands. The Cheltenham Badlands in Caledon is an environmentally degraded area along the Niagara Escarpment. Similar protection of some wooded areas exists on the Oak Ridges Moraine running east–west in the north end of the Greater Toronto Area, although development pressures continue to threaten the natural habitat.The Niagara Region has become one of the major wine-production areas in Canada. The Golden Horseshoe contains many small towns with historic main streets, most notably the community of Niagara-on-the-Lake, located near the Niagara River. Niagara Falls has one of the world's largest waterfalls and attracts millions to Clifton Hill, a neighbourhood with souvenir stores, small attractions, restaurants and skyline-defining hotels. There are also two casinos: Casino Niagara and Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort.Hamilton has the historical reputation of being a blue-collar city; however, waterfront redevelopments and large-scale gentrification have been rapidly changing the perception of the city, although it retains a dominant industrial base. Hamilton has over 100 waterfalls and cascades throughout the region.File:Leviathan Lift and Sculpture.jpg|thumb|View of the Leviathan roller coaster at Canada's Wonderland in VaughanVaughanSeasonal amusement parks in the Golden Horseshoe include Canada's Wonderland, run by Cedar Fair in Vaughan; Wet'n'Wild Toronto (formerly Wild Water Kingdom) in Brampton; African Lion Safari in Hamilton and Cambridge; and Marineland in Niagara Falls. Though technically a provincial fair, the Exhibition Place hosts the annual Canadian National Exhibition, while the nearby Ontario Place is being redeveloped.Sports
File:Toronto vs Tampa Aug 11 2018.jpg|thumb|right|A Toronto Blue Jays game at the Rogers Centre in 2018 ]]The Golden Horseshoe is home to many amateur and professional sports clubs, and university and college varsity programs. Many professional sports clubs in the city form a part of a larger sports league. Most university varsity programs are regulated by U Sports, while college varsity programs are regulated by the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association. In addition to the number of sports clubs and programs based in the region, the Golden Horseshoe has also hosted a number of international multi-sport events, including the 1930 British Empire Games (predecessor to the Commonwealth Games), the 1976 Summer Paralympics, the 2015 Pan American Games and Parapan American Games, the 2017 Invictus Games, the 2017 North American Indigenous Games, and the 2018 NACAC Championships. Although the 1976 Summer Olympics was held in Montreal, several matches for the event's soccer tournament were played in Toronto. Toronto is among various cities in North America to host select matches for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.{| class="wikitable"|+Professional sports teams based in the Golden Horseshoe:!Team!City!League!SportTransportation
{{see also|Transportation in Toronto}}File:QEW into Mississauga.png|thumb|The Queen Elizabeth Way is a major controlled-access highway that connects the Greater Toronto AreaGreater Toronto AreaThe Golden Horseshoe is served by a network of expressways; central among these are the Queen Elizabeth Way and Highway 401, the latter of which is one of the widest and busiest expressways in the world.File:Davisville_TTC_Rocket_5836_d40.JPG|thumb|A Toronto Rocket train at the Toronto subway's Davisville stationDavisville stationPublic transit in the region is coordinated by Metrolinx.WEB,weblink About Us, Metrolinx, June 30, 2018, Regional transit is provided by GO Transit trains and buses, and by intercity bus operators such as Ontario Northland and Coach Canada. GO Transit's train network encompasses seven commuter rail lines linking municipalities in the Golden Horseshoe to Toronto's Union Station, which is the busiest railway station in Canada and the second-busiest railway station in North America, with 72 million passengers per year.WEB, 2016-05-08,weblink Archived copy, 2020-09-17,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160508141957weblink">weblink 2016-05-08, Expansion is underway to facilitate all-day 15-minute or better commuter train service, electrification and increased ridership on five of the busiest lines.WEB, Metrolinx: It's Happening - GO Expansion,weblink 2020-09-17, www.metrolinx.com, Local transit is provided by municipal agencies, the largest of which is the Toronto Transit Commission, which operates three subway lines and one former light metro line and an extensive bus and streetcar network. Rapid transit systems that operate primarily outside Toronto include the VIVA bus rapid transit in York Region, the ION light rail system in Kitchener-Waterloo, and the Mississauga transitway. Line 5 and Line 6 are under construction LRT lines in Toronto that are part of its subway system. The Hurontario LRT is currently under construction in Peel Region, as well as various bus rapid transit projects in Peel and York Regions.WEB, Metrolinx: For a Greater Region - Projects,weblink 2020-09-17, www.metrolinx.com, The primary airport of the region is Toronto Pearson International Airport (officially Lester B. Pearson International Airport), located in Mississauga. Handling 50.5 million passengers in 2019, it is the busiest in Canada and the 31st busiest in the world. Other regional airports of significance include John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport located in southern Hamilton, which is a major regional freight and courier location as well as the Region of Waterloo International Airport in Kitchener; Buttonville Airport and Billy Bishop airport in the Greater Toronto Area. Within driving distance is Buffalo Niagara International Airport in Cheektowaga, New York, in the United States. Buffalo Niagara carries the second-largest passenger volume in the region, serving over 5 million passengers in 2018.WEB,weblink BNIA celebrates major milestone, wgrz.com, 28 December 2018, It is frequently used by Canadian passengers flying to US destinations.WEB,weblink From Buffalo to Bellingham, U.S. airports court Canadian fliers, USA Today, 2016-02-08, File:Downtown Toronto in September 2018 (Early Sunday Morning, view from a kayak).jpg|right|thumb|alt=A spear-like tower is between a white-domed structure and small buildings on the left, and increasingly taller buildings to the right. In the foreground is a lake, with a few visible buoys, and the background is a deep blue sky with a few clouds near the horizon.|Skyline of Downtown TorontoDowntown Torontomissing image!
- HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG -
right|alt=A tree-lined highway is in the foreground, angled diagonally from bottom right to middle left of the image. Buildings are in the centre, and the background is a sky meeting rolling hills in the distance.|Hamilton lies at the western edge of Lake Ontario.
File:Cataratas del Niágara 31.jpg|thumb|alt=A spike tower with a pod is lit along its length on the right. Other buildings sit on the right while a river and large waterfall occupies the left.|Niagara Falls is a major tourist destination, situated at the southeastern portion of the Golden Horseshoe.]]- HamiltonOntarioSkylineC.JPG -
right|alt=A tree-lined highway is in the foreground, angled diagonally from bottom right to middle left of the image. Buildings are in the centre, and the background is a sky meeting rolling hills in the distance.|Hamilton lies at the western edge of Lake Ontario.
Notes
{{notelist}}References
{{reflist}}External links
- {{wikivoyage-inline|Golden Horseshoe}}
- The City Of Waterfalls
| Northwest = Georgian Triangle
| North = Central Ontario
| Northeast = Central Ontario / Eastern Ontario
| West = Southwestern Ontario
| Centre = Golden Horseshoe
| East = Eastern Ontario / Western New York
| Southwest = Southwestern Ontario
| South = Upstate New York / Niagara Frontier
| Southeast = Lake Ontario / Finger Lakes
| image =
{edih}{{Great Lakes Megalopolis}}| North = Central Ontario
| Northeast = Central Ontario / Eastern Ontario
| West = Southwestern Ontario
| Centre = Golden Horseshoe
| East = Eastern Ontario / Western New York
| Southwest = Southwestern Ontario
| South = Upstate New York / Niagara Frontier
| Southeast = Lake Ontario / Finger Lakes
| image =
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