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Existential quantification
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{{Short description|Mathematical use of "there exists"}}{{redirect|â|the letter turned E|Æ|the Japanese kana ã¨|Yo (kana)}}{{redirect|â|the Ukrainian nightclub of that name|K41 (nightclub)}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Basics
Consider the formal sentence
For some natural number n, ntimes n=25.
This is a single statement using existential quantification. It is roughly analogous to the informal sentence "Either 0times 0=25, or 1times 1=25, or 2times 2=25, or... and so on," but more precise, because it doesn't need us to infer the meaning of the phrase "and so on." (In particular, the sentence explicitly specifies its the domain of discourse to be the natural numbers, not, for example, the real numbers.)This particular example is true, because 5 is a natural number, and when we substitute 5 for n, we produce the true statement 5times 5=25. It does not matter that "ntimes n=25" is true only for that single natural number, 5; the existence of a single solution is enough to prove this existential quantification to be true.In contrast, "For some even number n, ntimes n=25" is false, because there are no even solutions. The domain of discourse, which specifies the values the variable n is allowed to take, is therefore critical to a statement's trueness or falseness. Logical conjunctions are used to restrict the domain of discourse to fulfill a given predicate. For example, the sentence
For some positive odd number n, ntimes n=25
is logically equivalent to the sentence
For some natural number n, n is odd and ntimes n=25.
The mathematical proof of an existential statement about "some" object may be achieved either by a constructive proof, which exhibits an object satisfying the "some" statement, or by a nonconstructive proof, which shows that there must be such an object without concretely exhibiting one.Notation
In symbolic logic, "â" (a turned letter "E" in a sans-serif font, Unicode U+2203) is used to indicate existential quantification. For example, the notation exists{n}{in}mathbb{N}: ntimes n=25 represents the (true) statement
There exists some n in the set of natural numbers such that ntimes n=25.
The symbol's first usage is thought to be by Giuseppe Peano in Formulario mathematico (1896). Afterwards, Bertrand Russell popularised its use as the existential quantifier. Through his research in set theory, Peano also introduced the symbols cap and cup to each denote the intersection and union of sets.BOOK, Stephen Webb, Clash of Symbols, Springer Cham, 2018, 978-3-319-71349-6, 10.1007/978-3-319-71350-2,weblink 210â211, Properties
Negation
A quantified propositional function is a statement; thus, like statements, quantified functions can be negated. The lnot symbol is used to denote negation.For example, if P(x) is the predicate "x is greater than 0 and less than 1", then, for a domain of discourse X of all natural numbers, the existential quantification "There exists a natural number x which is greater than 0 and less than 1" can be symbolically stated as:
exists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, P(x)
This can be demonstrated to be false. Truthfully, it must be said, "It is not the case that there is a natural number x that is greater than 0 and less than 1", or, symbolically:
lnot exists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, P(x).
If there is no element of the domain of discourse for which the statement is true, then it must be false for all of those elements. That is, the negation of
exists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, P(x)
is logically equivalent to "For any natural number x, x is not greater than 0 and less than 1", or:
forall{x}{in}mathbf{X}, lnot P(x)
Generally, then, the negation of a propositional function's existential quantification is a universal quantification of that propositional function's negation; symbolically,
lnot exists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, P(x) equiv forall{x}{in}mathbf{X}, lnot P(x)
(This is a generalization of De Morgan's laws to predicate logic.)A common error is stating "all persons are not married" (i.e., "there exists no person who is married"), when "not all persons are married" (i.e., "there exists a person who is not married") is intended:
lnot exists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, P(x) equiv forall{x}{in}mathbf{X}, lnot P(x) notequiv lnot forall{x}{in}mathbf{X}, P(x) equiv exists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, lnot P(x)
Negation is also expressible through a statement of "for no", as opposed to "for some":
nexists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, P(x) equiv lnot exists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, P(x)
Unlike the universal quantifier, the existential quantifier distributes over logical disjunctions:
exists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, P(x) lor Q(x) to (exists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, P(x) lor exists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, Q(x))
Rules of inference
{{Transformation rules}}A rule of inference is a rule justifying a logical step from hypothesis to conclusion. There are several rules of inference which utilize the existential quantifier.Existential introduction (âI) concludes that, if the propositional function is known to be true for a particular element of the domain of discourse, then it must be true that there exists an element for which the proposition function is true. Symbolically,
P(a) to exists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, P(x)
Existential instantiation, when conducted in a Fitch style deduction, proceeds by entering a new sub-derivation while substituting an existentially quantified variable for a subjectâwhich does not appear within any active sub-derivation. If a conclusion can be reached within this sub-derivation in which the substituted subject does not appear, then one can exit that sub-derivation with that conclusion. The reasoning behind existential elimination (âE) is as follows: If it is given that there exists an element for which the proposition function is true, and if a conclusion can be reached by giving that element an arbitrary name, that conclusion is necessarily true, as long as it does not contain the name. Symbolically, for an arbitrary c and for a proposition Q in which c does not appear:
exists{x}{in}mathbf{X}, P(x) to ((P(c) to Q) to Q)
P(c) to Q must be true for all values of c over the same domain X; else, the logic does not follow: If c is not arbitrary, and is instead a specific element of the domain of discourse, then stating P(c) might unjustifiably give more information about that object.The empty set
The formula exists {x}{in}varnothing , P(x) is always false, regardless of P(x). This is because varnothing denotes the empty set, and no x of any description â let alone an x fulfilling a given predicate P(x) â exist in the empty set. See also Vacuous truth for more information.As adjoint
In category theory and the theory of elementary topoi, the existential quantifier can be understood as the left adjoint of a functor between power sets, the inverse image functor of a function between sets; likewise, the universal quantifier is the right adjoint.Saunders Mac Lane, Ieke Moerdijk, (1992): Sheaves in Geometry and Logic Springer-Verlag {{ISBN|0-387-97710-4}}. See p. 58.See also
- Existential clause
- Existence theorem
- First-order logic
- Lindström quantifier
- List of logic symbols â for the unicode symbol â
- Quantifier variance
- Uniqueness quantification
Notes
References
- BOOK, Hinman, P., Fundamentals of Mathematical Logic, A K Peters, 2005, 1-56881-262-0,
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